Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
72 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are the three primary functions of the lymphatic system?
|
1 Return excess fluid to the blood stream
2 Return leaked protein to the blood 3 Carry absorbed fat from the intestines to the blood |
|
|
What are the lymph organs?
|
lymphatic vessels
lymph lymph nodes spleen, thymus, tonsils, lymphoid tissues |
|
|
Why must leaked fluid and plasma proteins that escape from the bloodstream be returned to the cardiovascular system?
|
lymphedema?!?
|
|
|
What is interstitial fluid that enters the lymphatic system called?
|
lymph ("clear water")
|
|
|
Where does excess fluid in the CNS drain?
|
CNS fluid →
Dural Sinuses >> Arachnoid granulations >> Jugular veins >> Brachiocephalic Veins >> SVC |
|
|
Major Lymphatic Trunks
|
Lumbar Trunk
Bronchomediastinal Trunk Subclavian Trunk Jugular Trunk Single Interstitial Trunk |
|
|
RT Lymphatic Duct
drains what? where to? |
drains lymph from the RT upper limb and RT side of head and thorax
to the terminal duct located at the junction of the RT internal jugular vein and RT subclavian vein |
|
|
Thoracic Duct
drains what? where to? |
drains lymph from entire body EXCEPT the RT upper limb and RT side of head and thorax
to the terminal duct located at the junction of the LT internal jugular vein and LT subclavian vein |
|
|
Cistera Chyli
drains what? where to? |
an enlarged sac that collects lymph from the two large lumbar trunks that drain the digestive organs
754 |
|
|
What is chyle?
|
"juice"
milky white lymph draining from the digestive viscera that is filled with fat from the intestines |
|
|
What are lacteals?
|
highly specialized lymphatic capilaries
|
|
|
What happens when lymphatic vessels are severely inflamed?
|
lymphangitis
the related vessels of the vasa vasorum become congested with blood and the pathway of the associated superficial lymphatics becomes visible through the skin as red lines that are tender to the touch 754 |
|
|
How is lymph able to move in lymphatic vessels?
|
lymph vessels are low pressure conduits
the milking action of active skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax during breathing, and valves to prevent backflow |
|
|
Which cells are the "Main Warriors" of the immune system?
where do they arise? |
Lymphocytes
Arising from the red bone marrow 756 |
|
|
Immunocompetent cells protect the body against what?
|
Immunocompetent cells are matured lymphocytes, either T lymphocytes or B lymphocytes
They protect the body against antigens 756 |
|
|
What are the basic functions of the two immunocompetent cells?
|
T Cells - manage the immune response, some actively attack and destroy infected cells
b Cells - produce plasma cells that secrete antibodies into the blood (Antibodies mark antigens for destruction) |
|
|
What do Dendritic Cells capture?
|
capture antigens and bring them back to the lymph nodes
|
|
|
Where are the three large clusters of lymph nodes located?
|
cervical
axillary inguinal areas 756 |
|
|
What are the two main functions of lymph nodes?
|
1 - lymph "filters"
2 - immune system activation |
|
|
What type of dividing cells are located in the cortex region of a lymph node?
|
Dividing B Cells
Contained within germinal centers of packed follicles |
|
|
What are the vessels where lymph enters?
exits? |
Afferent vessels (enter convex side of node)
Efferent vessels (exit concave side of node) More afferent than efferent - allows fluid to stagnate and more time for lymphocytes and macrophages to carry out their protective functions |
|
|
Spleen
function? related functions? |
site for lymphocyte proliferation
immune surveillance and response blood cleansing - extract aged and defective RBCs and platelets - macrophages remove debris & foreign matter stores breakdown products of RBCs stores blood platelets site of erythrocyte production in fetus site of a large concentration of erythrocytes (RBCs) 758 |
|
|
Who takes over the function of the spleen if it is removed?
|
liver and bone marrow
the spleen can regenerate in children if a small portion is left in the body and in most cases it is able to repair itself, decreasing necessity of splenectomy |
|
|
What is Thymopoietin?
|
hormone that regulates platelet formation
648 |
|
|
What happens to the thymus as we age?
|
thymus atrophies gradually and gradually is replaced almost entirely by fibrous and fatty tissue
(becomes difficult to distinguish from surrounding connective tissue) 759 |
|
|
Which is the only lymphoid organ that does not directly fight antigens?
|
thymus
site of maturation of T Lymphocytes ONLY! 759 |
|
|
Why are the most often infected the tonsils?
|
tonsils function by gathering and removing many of the pathogens entering the pharynx in
(a) food eaten or (b) inhaled air 760 |
|
|
What are adenoids?
|
pharyngeal tonsils - when enlarged
located in the posterior wall of the nasopharynx |
|
|
What is the main function of tonsillar crypts?
|
deep, blind-ended invaginations in the epithelium overlying the tonsils
trap bacteria and particulate matter then causes this material to work its way through the mucousal epithelium, into the lymphoid tissue - where they are destroyed used primarily in childhood, this strategy produces a variety of "memory" immune cells that contributes to future heightened immunity and health 760 |
|
|
What are Peyer's Patches?
|
aggregated lymphoid nodules, similar to tonsils, scattered throughout the wall of the distal portion of the small intestine
- heavily concentrated in the wall of the appendix |
|
|
What is MALT?
|
mucousa-associated lymphatic tissue
small lymphoid tissues located in the mucousa of the genitourinary organs -protects passages open to the exterior 761 |
|
|
What are the main components of the FIRST line of defense?
|
external body membranes (innate)
-skin -mucousae 767 |
|
|
What are the main components of the SECOND line of defense?
|
cellular protection called into action when first line has been penetrated - "generalized" (innate)
-phagocytes -NK Cells -** inflammation ** [enlists macrophages, mast cells, and WBCs] -Antimicrobial proteins -fever 767 |
|
|
What are the main components of the THIRD line of defense?
|
cellular protection that is "specific" to particular foreign substances (adaptive)
-takes a little longer [works hand in hand with the 2nd line] -B Cells -T Cells 767 |
|
|
How do mucous membranes function as the first line of defense?
|
-physical barrier: keratinized epithelial tissue
- acidic skin secretions - inhibit bacterial growth [lipids in sebum] [dermacidin in eccrine secretions] [acidic vaginal secretions] -stomach mucousa secretes HCl and protein-digesting enzymes -saliva and lacrimal fluid contain lysozyme - sticky mucous in digestive and respiratory tracts capture microorganisms -mucous-coated hairs and cilia in the respiratory tract sweep pathogens out 768 |
|
|
What happens once monocytes enter tissue?
|
monocytes leave bloodstream and enter tissue then, develop into macrophages
768 |
|
|
What are NK Cells?
are they specific or nonspecific? |
a unique group of defensive cells (innate, 2nd line) that lyse and kill CA-cells and virus-infected cells before the adaptive immune system is activated
"police" the body in blood and lymph large granular lymphocytes that are NONSPECIFIC and detect a lack of "self" cell-surface receptors, they work by recognizing foreign surface sugars kill by inducing apoptosis [programmed cell death] secrete potent chemicals that enhance inflammatory response 769 |
|
|
What are the beneficial effects of the inflammatory response?
|
takes place when body tissues are injured
- prevents the spread of damaging agents to nearby tissues - disposes of cell debris and pathogens - sets the stage for repair 769 |
|
|
What are the Ultimate Goals of the Inflammatory Response?
|
Clear injured area of:
-pathogens -dead tissue cells -any other debris so tissues can be repaired |
|
|
What are the cardinal signs of acute inflammation?
|
4 signs
- redness - heat - swelling - pain [5th - impairment of function (allowing rest and healing time)] 769 |
|
|
What are the special inflammatory chemicals?
|
-histamine
-kinins -prostaglandins PDGF -complement -cytokines - leukotrienes 769 |
|
|
When is the inflammatory Response triggered?
|
when tissues are injured by:
-physical trauma (a blow) -intense heat -irritating chemicals -infection by virus, fungi, bacteria |
|
|
In an injured area, what do inflammatory chemicals cause blood vessels to do?
|
vasodilation of arterioles
increased permeability of capillaries attraction of WBCs to the site Fig21.3 - 770 |
|
|
What is hyperemia?
|
congestion of blood
accounts for redness and heat of the inflamed region 770 |
|
|
What is exudate?
|
fluid containing clotting factors and antibodies
causes edema that presses on adjacent nerve endings, contributing to the sensation of pain 770 |
|
|
Injured cells promote the release of Leukocytosis-inducing factors that release what?
|
neutrophils are released from red bone marrow
within a few hours, the # of neutrophils increases X4 or X5 and results in leukocytosis (increased WBCs - characteristic of inflammation) 771 |
|
|
What is diapedesis?
|
"leaping across"
a process that WBCs can perform, slipping from the capillary blood vessels to the other areas of the body (loose connective tissue and lymphoid tissues) to mount inflammatory and immune responses 643 |
|
|
What is positive chemotaxis?
|
when WBCs migrate up the gradient of chemotactic agents (up to higher concentration) to the site of injury - so that there is a high concentration in the area to devour all foreign material present
773 |
|
|
What is an abscess?
|
a severely infected area
walled off by collagen fibers forms when the inflammatory response is not completely successful in clearing the area of debris wound is filled with creamy yellow pus [made of mixture of dead and dying neutrophils, broken-down tissue cells, and living and dead pathogens] 773 |
|
|
What do INFs protect?
|
interferons (protect cells not yet infected)
diffuse to nearby cells and stimulate the synthesis of proteins that interfere with viral replication in the still-healthy cells by blocking protein synthesis and degrading viral RNA 773 |
|
|
Why are INFs considered anti-cancer?
|
Interferons activate macrophages and mobilize NK cells (who both act against malignant/CA cells)
774 |
|
|
**What is the major mechanism that Complement provides?
|
a group of about 20 plasma proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive state
**Major MOA: destroying foreign substances** activation unleashes chemical mediators that amplify the inflammatory process 774 |
|
|
what is CRP?
|
C-Reactive Protein
produced by the liver activates complement, facilitates phagocytosis, targets cells for disposal *Clinical Marker to assess for presence of acute infection or inflammatory condition (Immune 5) |
|
|
What are pyrogens?
Who produces them? |
chemicals released by leukocytes and macrophages when exposed to foreign substances
- resets the "thermostat" [hypothalamus] upward produces fever 775 |
|
|
How does fever keep bacteria under control?
|
1 - denatures proteins
2 - liver and spleen sequester IRON and ZINC (needed for bacterial replication) 3 - increases metabolic rate of tissue cells (speeding up repair processes) 775 |
|
|
Describe the mechanism of phagocytosis.
|
1 - Phagocyte adheres to pathogens or debris
2 - Phagocyte forms pseudopods that eventually engulf the particles forming the phagosome 3 - Lysosome fuses with the phagocytic vesicle, forming a phagolysosome 4 - Lysosomal enzymes digest the particles, leaving a residual body 5 - Exocytosis of the vesicle removes indigestible and residual material 768 |
|
|
What is Opsonization?
|
"to make tasty"
a process in which complement proteins/antibodies coat foreign particles and thus, provide "handles" to which phagocyte receptors can bind - makes pathogens more easily "grip-able" by phagocytes 768 |
|
|
What is Respiratory Burst?
|
response stimulated by helper T Cells
event liberates a deluge of free radicals (including nitric oxide and superoxide) that have potent cell-killing abilities -more widespread killing - caused by oxidizing chemicals (H2O2) that acts like bleach - K+ enters the phagolysosome, pH rises and cells becomes hyperosmotic →this activates protein digesting enzymes that digest the invader 768 & I6 |
|
|
What cell produces defensins?
What does this chemical do? |
antimicrobial chemicals (granules) produced by neutrophils
when released it pierces the pathogen's membranes neutrophils die in this process :( macrophages are more robust and do not die 768 |
|
|
What are three important aspects of the Adaptive Defense System.
|
1 - Specific
(directed against PARTICULAR pathogens) 2 - Systemic (immunity not restricted to initial infection site) 3 - has "Memory" (after initial exposure it recognizes and mounts even stronger attacks on previously encountered pathogens) 775 |
|
|
What cells are involved in Humoral Immunity?
|
[Antibody-mediated Immunity]
- protection provided by antibodies (float freely in the blood and lymph, initially produced by lymphocytes, they are only MARKERS for destruction - the DO NOT KILL ANYTHING THEMSELVES!) -they temporarily inactivate bacteria, bacterial toxins, and free viruses |
|
|
What cells are involved in Cellular Immunity?
|
[Cell-mediated Immunity]
-protection provided by lymphocytes (T Cells!) act directly by killing target or act indirectly by releasing chemical mediators that enhance the inflammatory response or activate other lymphocytes or macrophages |
|
|
Where do T and B Cells mature?
|
T-cells - mature in the THYMUS
B-cells - mature in the RED BONE MARROW (become immunocompetent and self-tolerant) |
|
|
What are the Primary Lymphoid Organs?
|
THYMUS and BONE MARROW
sites for T-cell (thymus) and B-cell (bone marrow) maturation (become immunocompetent and self-tolerant) |
|
|
What are naive cells?
|
an Immunocompetent Lymphocyte (T or B-cell) that has not yet been exposed to antigen
exported to the lymph nodes, spleen, and other secondary lymphoid organs, where encounters with antigens may occur 777 |
|
|
What are APCs?
|
cells that engulf antigens and then present fragments (like signal flags) on their own surfaces where they can be recognized by T-Cells
-dendritic cells -macrophages -B-Lymphocytes 779 |
|
|
What is involved in Primary Immune Response?
|
occurs on first exposure to a particular antigen
B Cells grow and multiply, forming clones and plasma cells (that secrete antibodies) - the cell proliferates about 12 generations, about 3-6 days, then peak at 10 days and decrease at 12 days |
|
|
What is involved in Secondary Immune Response?
|
occurs on second and every other exposure to antigen
new army of plasma cells that secrete antibody are made (much faster and greater affinity) function for longer than the 4-5 days that 1º response does 781 |
|
|
What are two important functional properties of antigens?
|
-Immunogenicity
(stimulate proliferation of WBCs and antibodies) -Reactivity (ability to react with WBCs and antibodies) *Proteins are the strongest antigens |
|
|
What are antigenic determinants?
|
parts of an antigen that are immunogenic
site that free antibodies and lymphocytes bind to 776 |
|
|
What are MHC proteins?
|
Major Histocompatibility Complex Protein
a glycoprotein on the cell surface that marks a cells as self Class I - on all body cells Class II - on certain cells that act in immune response 777 |
|
|
Cytokines include what two chemical mediators?
|
interferons
and interleukins 790 |
