A&pii-Endocrine System

Front 1

Endocrine system - secretes _________, substances that alter the ________ of other _____. Think of the endocrine system as a 2nd comm. system whose signals are _____, sustained, and more ________ than the signals of the _______ system.

Back 1

Hormones, activities, cells.
slower, variable than nervous system.

Front 2

Exocrine glands release ____ into _____ that lead to ____ or _____ surfaces. While Endocrine glands release ______ directly into ____ ____ such as ______. Exo are NOT part of the endocrine system.

Back 2

hormones, ducts, internal or external.
hormones, body fluids, blood.

Front 3

Secretory cells are those that _________ the hormones. Target cells are those that are _____ by the _________.

Back 3

release, altered by the hormones.

Front 4

Endocrine ______ into
Hormone to ______ on.

Back 4

secrete
urge

Front 5

Nervous system message goes from ___ ____to a _____ _____.
vs Endocrine message goes _______. ___ the cells get ______ but only _____ cells _______.

Back 5

one spot to a specific spot
vs everywhere. all cells get message only certain cells respond.

Front 6

Hormones
is a messenger that can have many _____, the amount needed is very ______.

Back 6

forms, small

Front 7

Enzymes- assists ______ ____ but is not ________ by the _________. A ________ can switch on a _______ which is the 2nd messenger.

Back 7

chemical reaction, changed by the reaction.
hormone, enzyme

Front 8

Amplification hormone activates MANY ______ ______, which then switches on an ______ which makes MANY, MANY molecules of ______. this is why only a _____ amount of _______ is needed.

Back 8

2ndary messengers, enzyme, product. small amount of hormone.

Front 9

Eplain Negative feedback. Think of a thermostat/heater

Back 9

if cold and want more heat, turn up the thermostat. The furnace makes more heat. the thermostat senses the heat then turns off the furnace.

Front 10

Hypothalamus located where? It ____ bodily ___ and then sends______ via _____to the _____pituitary.

Back 10

near thalamus and 3rd ventricle. Monitors bodily states and then sends signals via hormones to the Anterior Pituitary

Front 11

describe the Hypothalmic-pituitary portal system

Back 11

a special connection using cappilaries and veins between the hypothalamus and the Anterior Pituitary that allow for a direct connection between the two.

Front 12

The anterior and posterior pituitary receive ________ from the ______. The signals they receieve come from 2 very different systems. Identify the which delivery method accompanies each.

Back 12

signals from the hypothalamus. ANT: via bloodstream
POST: via nerves

Front 13

Hypothalamus maintains _________ in the body. It acts on the ________ gland which is located ________ it.

Back 13

homeostasis. pituitary, beneath hypothalamus.

Front 14

Posterior Pituitary Gland- does not _____ ________. It secretes 2 hormones name them.

Back 14

does not produce hormones, only stores them.
ADH-anti-diuretic hormone
OT-Oxytocin

Front 15

Posterior Pituitary hormones
1.ADH causes the body to _____ water. causes ______ of blood vessels.
2. Oxytocin- causes stimulation of _____ contractions. Causes breast milk to be ________ so it's available to baby. stimulates ____ and male _____

Back 15

ADH-retain, constriction
Oxy- uterine contractions, ejected, orgasm, male bonding.

Front 16

ADH (secreted by the _____ pituitary) release is controlled by ______receptors in the _____. and also by ____ receptors in the blood vessels. when ___ _____ blood in vessels ____ADH is released.

Back 16

Posterior. Osmoreceptors, hypothalamus. stretch receptors. not enough more ADH released.

Front 17

If osmolarity is high, we are too ____ and need ____ which triggers signal to increase release of ___. when just right, signal stops and so no more release of ___. The higher the osmolarity the ____ the water content.

Back 17

salty, water. ADH, ADH
lower

Front 18

ADH (secreted by the _____ pituitary) release is controlled by ______receptors in the _____. and also by ____ receptors in the blood vessels. when ___ _____ blood in vessels ____ADH is released.

Back 18

Posterior. Osmoreceptors, hypothalamus. stretch receptors. not enough more ADH released.

Front 19

If osmolarity is high, we are too ____ and need ____ which triggers signal to increase release of ___. when just right, signal stops and so no more release of ___. The higher the osmolarity the ____ the water content.

Back 19

salty, water. ADH, ADH
lower

Front 20

define Paracrine secretions & autocrine secretions

Back 20

para local-short distance stay in interstitial fluid and do not enter blood
auto-secretory cell is also target cell.

Front 21

Anterior Pituitary gland secrets 6 hormones. Name them. FLAT PiG

Back 21

F= FSH follicle stimulating hormone
L= luteinizing hormone
A= ACTH adrencorticotropic
T= TSH thyroid stimulating hormone.
P= PRL Prolactin
G= GH (human) growth hormone

Front 22

Growth Hormone (hGH) imbalances: explain the cause and effect.
Pituiatry Dwarfism
Pituitary Giantism
Acromegaly

Back 22

Dwarfism-hyposecretion of hGH, during childhood, slow bone growth and closing of epi plates B4 normal height is reached.proportional (just looks little) very rare
Giantism- hypersecretion of hGH during childhood. ab. increase in the length of bones.
Acromegaly-hypersecretion of hGH during adulthood, bones thicken, soft tissue also grows.

Front 23

Endocrine glands include:
Happy 4Pizza. 3Times Always Out.

Back 23

Hypothalamus, Pituitary, Pineal, Parathyroid, Pancreas, Thyroid, Thymus, Testes, Adrenals, Ovaries.

Front 24

hGH promotes _______ ____ and decreased ___. Since it promotes ____ growth, it could also be promoting growth of ____ _____.

Back 24

muscle mass, decreased fat, cell growth, cancer cells.

Front 25

Thyroid Gland located where? Requires _____to produce hormones and can remove ____ from the blood. Produces 3 hormones when stimulated by TSH name them

Back 25

in throat, just below larynx (adam's apple)
Iodine, can remove iodine from blood.
1&2 T4, T3
3. Calcitonin

Front 26

Follicle of thyroid includes _____ and _____-_____ but not _________ cells. So it is a sphere of ____ surrounded by ____ cells. The colloid contains thyroglobulin which stores the ______ hormone until they are _____ from the gland.

Back 26

colloid and follicular cells, not extrafollicular cells.
Colloid, follicular.
Thyroid, released.

Front 27

Effects of T3/T4:
sets _____ rate
Needed for _____ growth
Needed for ______ of nervous system.

Back 27

metabolic rate
normal growth
maturation of NS

Front 28

To increase Thyroid hormone level: TRH (releasing) is released from _____ which stims the release of ___from the _____ pituitary which causes the ______to make and release _______. The T3T4 then feed back to the ________ and the ________to decrease the release of ___ & ____.

Back 28

TRH released from Hypothalamus stims release of TSH from ANT. pituitary, which causes the thyroid to make and release T3T4. which feeds back to the hypothalamus and ANT. Pituitary to decrease the release of TRH, TSH.

Front 29

If cousin BettySue takes Grandmas T3T4 meds (doesn't need them) what happens to her own production of T3T4? up or down?
what about her production of TSH-up or down?

Back 29

T3T4 down
TSH down

Front 30

Hypothyroidism symptoms
TSH-high or low?
Causes

Back 30

tired, cold, constipated, slow growht of hair, nails, skin, increased chol.

HIGH
Causes: auto immunidy, end stage graves, Goiter, Cretinism

Front 31

Hyperthyroidism symptoms
TSH high or low?

Back 31

Increased heart rate, respiration rate, CNS stimulation, GI stim (diarrhea) tremors, Impotence in men, menstruation disturbance, LOW

Front 32

Cretinism due to ___-secretion of ______ during childhood.

Back 32

Hypo of T3T4

Front 33

Graves disease -body makes a substance that acts like ____ . Also causes growth of _____ and _____secretion of thyroid hormones. (no neg. feedback happening)

Back 33

TSH, thyroid, hyper

Front 34

Calcitonin produced by ______. What does Calcitonin do? (Toes are low and OOK)

Back 34

Decreases Ca++ level by: stimulating Osteoblasts to make bone and inhibiting osteoclasts to stop the breakdown of bone. Stimulates the kidneys to release Ca++

Front 35

Ca++ is vital for _____ and ____ action.

Back 35

muscle and nerve

Front 36

If Ca++ is high _____ (produced by _____) is release to lower Ca++. If Ca++ is low ______ (produced by _____) is released to raise Ca++.

Back 36

Calcitonin -thyroid
PTH (parathyroid hormone) -parathyroid.

Front 37

PTH is what hormone? Produced by?
does what?

Back 37

Stimulates osteoclasts to breakdown bone, inhibits osteoblasts to stop making bone. Stimulated Kidneys to absorb Ca++ and Stimulates Kidneys to activate Vitamin D.

Front 38

TX of hyperthyroidism

Back 38

-remove thyroid surgically
-destroy it with radioactive iodine
-pretreat meds

Front 39

Ca++ homeostasis is maintained by what 2 hormones?

Back 39

Calcitonin, PTH

Front 40

Adrenal Cortex has __ layers. Produces many ____ hormones when stim. by ACTH. Name 3 hormones. (Alli's stressed Aboutsex)

Back 40

3 layers, steroid
Aldosterone, Cortisol and Androgens

Front 41

Aldosterone affects the _____ in regards to decreasing__+ and increases__+ concentrations.
(Al, Kerri, Nanci) one has a direct effect one does not. which is which.

Back 41

kidneys, K+, Na+
K-direct
Na not

Front 42

If K+ too high, then Aldosterone goes up or down?

Back 42

UP

Front 43

If Na+ too low what happens? Kidney's release _____ which causes formation of _____ which stims the secretion of _____ which increases _____ which suppresses further release of ____.

Back 43

Renin, Angiotensin, Aldosterone, Na+, Renin.

Front 44

Cortisol :______ serum _____ concentration. Control of secretion: release of ____ by _____ and _____ secreted by _______.

Back 44

increases serum glucose.
CRH by hypothalamus, ACTH by pituitary.

Front 45

Cortisol: stims ____ to make _____. Suppresses _____ system. Reduces ______ reaction.

Back 45

liver, glucose
immune
allergic

Front 46

Androgens: are ____ hormones. Females have _____ amounts and it regulates their ___ ______.
It triggers _______.

Back 46

male, small, sex drive, puberty

Front 47

Adrenal Medulla-think of this as a post ganglionic nerve: it acts like SNS, but thru _____ not ______. Produces _____ and ______

Back 47

blood, nerves.
Epi and norepi

Front 48

Epi gets you ready for ___ or ____.

Back 48

fight or flight

Front 49

Stress causes an increase in SNS, and adrenal hormones from which? cortex, medulla or both?

Back 49

both

Front 50

Short-term stress mediated by: SNS and ?

Long term stress mediated by?

Back 50

adrenal medulla hormones epi and norepi.

Adrenal cortex-Cortisol

Front 51

Pineal Gland secretes one hormone named?

Back 51

melatonin