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39 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What are the important classes and subclasses of the Apicomplexa parasites
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Conoidasida (gregarines and coccidians)
Aconoidasida (Plasmodium and piroplasms) |
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What is the morphology of Apicomplexan parasites
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This category contains organisms that are all pathogenic. The parasites are nonmotile in most stages, use micropores, and are often covered in a surface coat. Their nucleus is always at the posterior end. They contain golgi, microtubules, ribosomes, mitochondrion, an apicocomplex, and an apicoplast.
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What are the structures of the Apicocomplex
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System containing the structures:
Polar rings Rhoptries: Pear-shaped dense bodies. Secretory organelles Micronemes: Secretory organelles anterior to, smaller, and more numerous than rhoptries Dense granules: Secretory organelles Conoid: Spiral fibrils in polar ring structure in the anterior portion |
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What is the Apicoplast
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Organelle with 4 membranes. A remnant of plastid from cyanobacteria- has its own genome of 35 kb.
- Essential for survival- Synthesizes fatty acids * Not present in Cryptospridium spp. |
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What are the subclass, order, and suborders of Class Coccidiasina
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Subclass Coccidiasina
Order Eucoccidioridae 2 suborders: Adeleorina; Eimeriorina |
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What are the Eimeria species that parasitize chickens and what areas of the host are parasitized
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E. acervulina- foregut
E. maxima- midgut E. tenella- hindgut |
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What is the Eimeria Oocyst
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Developmental form produced by sexual reproduction. Surrounded by two walls of lipids and proteins. Unsporulated form is shed in the feces. Sporulation takes place in the external environment.
* Four sporoblasts are formed through reductional division, become sporocysts, each containing two sporozoites. |
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What is form(s) of reproduction are used for Eimeria parasites, which developmental forms undergo and are produced, and where does the it occur
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The parasite undergoes
Asexual reproduction (within host) - trophozoite ⇒ schizogony within target intestinal epithelium cell ⇒ merozoites Sexual reproduction (within host) - gametogony ⇒ fertilization - merozoites ⇒ gametocytes ⇒ mature gametes ⇒ fuse to form a zygote: oocyst |
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What are the species of Eimeria that cause Intestinal Coccidiosis
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Disease caused by the species:
Eimeria magna Eimeria media Eimeria irresidua Eimeria peforans |
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What is the parasite that causes Hepatic coccidiosis
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Disease caused by:
Eimeria stiedai |
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What is Hepatic Coccidiosis
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Disease of rabbits, infects bile ducts of the liver.
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What are the infective forms of Toxoplasma gondii for cats
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Host that may be infected by these developmental forms:
• Bradyzoites • Tachyzoite • Sporocyst |
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What is the T. gongii Oocyst
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Developmental form produced by sexual reproduction. Surrounded by two walls of lipids and proteins. Unsporulated form is shed in the feces. Sporulation takes place in the external environment.
* Two sporoblasts are formed through reductional division, becoming sporocysts, each containing four sporozoites. |
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What is form(s) of reproduction are used for T. gondii parasites, which developmental forms undergo and are produced, and where does the it occur
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The parasite undergoes:
Asexual reproduction (within host) - bradyzoite ⇒ schizogony ⇒ bradyzoites (form zoitocyst) - endodyogeny/endopolyogeny Sexual reproduction (within host) - gametogony ⇒ fertilization - merozoites⇒ gametocytes ⇒ mature gametes ⇒ fuse to form a zygote: oocyst |
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What is the Acute Toxoplasmosis Infection
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Disease type characterized by rapid parasite multiplication within extraintestinal sites: mesenteric lymph nodes, liver.
First Signs: swollen cervical, inguinal (groin), and supraclavicular lymph nodes. Signs (appear about 15 days after exposure): painful swollen lymph nodes (usually first sign), fever, headache, muscle pain, anemia, and flu-like symptoms. |
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What is the Subacute Toxoplasmosis Infection
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Disease type characterized by similar symptoms to the acute form of the infection but less severe
Includes involvement of the lung, liver, heart, brain, and eye - CNS lesions (tachyzoite) |
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What is the Chronic Toxoplasmosis Infection
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Disease type characterized by slower division of tachyzoites. Usually occurs after "immunity"
- Zoitocyst formation in heart or brain: no symptoms - Breakdown of cyst wall: intense inflammation around bradyzoite (glial cell nodules in brain). - May lead to encephalitis, spastic paralysis, blindness, pneumonia, and myocarditis. |
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What is Congenital Toxoplasmosis Hydrocephalus
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Disease resulting in parasite crossing the placenta
- Before the first trimester the parasite can cause the most damage - After first trimester the parasite has a higher likelihood of crossing the pacental barrier - Formation of cysts in the brain causes inflammation and swelling - Often leads to mental retardation |
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What are the suborder and family names of the parasite Cryptosporiidae parvum
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Suborder Eimeriorina
Family Cryptosporiidae |
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What is the C. parvum Oocyst
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Developmental form produced by sexual reproduction. Surrounded by two walls of lipids and proteins. Sporulated form is shed in the feces.
* Contains no sporocysts, but four sporozoites |
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What are the families of Piroplasmida
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Babesiidae
Theileriidae |
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What are the species in the Family Babesiidae
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- Babesia bigemina
- Babesia microti - Babesia bovis - Babesia divergens - Babesia berbera |
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What is the morphology of the Family Babesiidae
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These parasites are small, pear-shaped cells, that have a reduced apical complex (no dense granules & no conoid)
- They do not form spores or have cilia, flagella, or pseudopods - Infect blood cells (red and white) and undergo asexual reproduction in blood cells |
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What is the vector of Babesia bigemina
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Parasite transmitted by a tick of the species Boophilus annulatus
* the tick is the definitive host |
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What is Babesiosis / Texas red fever / Water Fever
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Disease with sudden fever, anemia, red color urine, jaundice, and listlessness.
- Severe in adult, not very young, deer, water buffalo, zebu, and cattle |
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What is the vector of Babesia microti
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Transmitted by a tick; Ixodes scapularis
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What are the species of Theileria
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- Theileria parva
- Theileria annulata - Theileria mutans - Theileria hireii - Theileria ovis - Theileria camelensis |
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What is the vector of Theileria parva
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Parasite transmitted by the brown headed tick; Rhipicephalus appenduculatus
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What are the Plasmodium species infective to humans
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- Plasmodium vivax
- Plasmodium ovale - Plasmodium malariae - Plasmodium knowlesi - Plasmodium falciparum |
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What are the geographic distributions of Plasmodium species
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- P. falciparum in West Africa
- P. ovale in East Africa - P. vivax in Central and South America |
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What is the vector for Malaria
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Transmitted by mosquittos of the genus Anopheles
- Definitive host |
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What are the invasive stages of Malaria
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Merozoite
- Erythrocytes Sporozoite - Salivary glands - Hepatocytes Ookinete - Epithelium lining of mosquito |
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What is the lifecycle for Malaria parasites
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Parasite lifecycle:
Sporozoites injected during feeding on vertebrate host, invade liver cells, exoerythrocytic schizogony, Merozoites invade RBCs. Repeated erythrocytic schizogony. Gametocytes infective for mosquito, fusion in gut, and Sporogony on gut wall in hemocoel. Sporozoites invade salivary glands |
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What are the clinical manifestations of uncomplicated malaria
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Disease with clinical presentation of:
- Fever - Headache - Body aches - Malaise |
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What are the clinical manifestations of severe malaria
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Disease with clinical presentation, predominantly in children under five years of age and people from nonendemic areas, of:
- Convulsions - Coma - Severe anemia - Respiratory distress |
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What are the steps of Malarial parasite merozoite invasion
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Initial Contact
Reorientation/deformation Junction formation: Receptor-ligand dependent Entry: Requires actin and myosin |
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What are the important ligands associated with Malarial parasite pathogenesis
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Parasite uses the DBL Family as Invasion Ligands
Other P. Falciparum Ligands - Apical Membrane Antigen-1: AMA1 - Merozoite Surface Proteins: MSP (9) - Reticulocyte Homology family (5) |
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What are erythrocyte modifications by Malarial parasites
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Changes by the parasite included:
- Increase rigidity - Formation of Maurer’s clefts and tubulovesicular network - Proteinous knobs are created by the parasite and inserted into the host’s cell membrane (occurs after 26 hours within the RBC) - Change in membrane permeability and resistance to temperature increase. |
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What is the drug Artemisinin
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Latest drug for treatment of Malaria:
A plant-derived compound originating in China. - Documented 1700 years, yet its activity was only rediscovered in 1972. - Potent & fast acting malaria treatments available, killing up to 99.99 percent of parasites. - Kill young form of the parasite & acts earlier during the 48 hour cycle |
