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90 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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characteristics of living organisms |
Responsive Adaptability Growth & Reproduction Movement Respiration Circulation Digestion Excretion |
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Responsive |
*Organism recognizes changes in its internal or external environment
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Adaptability |
*changes in the organism's behavior, capabilities, or structures *requires responsiveness |
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Growth & Reproduction |
*organism generates subsequent generation *growth must occur before reproduction *indicative of a successful organism |
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Movement includes:
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*distributing materials throughout large organisms (food, blood) *changing orientation or position (moving, like sitting or moving arms) *movement around the environment (from point a to point b) |
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Respiration
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refers to the absorption and utilization of oxygen, and the generation and release of carbon dioxide *oxygen is necessary for releasing energy *carbon dioxide is a byproduct of chemical reactions |
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circulation |
(blood & lymph...moving within a closed network of vessels) *movement of FLUID within the organism *involves a pump and a network of blood vessels *important for providing internal distribution |
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digestion |
*chemical breakdown and use of complex material for absorption *chemicals will provide energy or support growth (ie nutrient) |
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excrition |
elimination of waste products |
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Anatomy |
study of internal and external structures of the body and the physical relationships among body parts |
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macroscopic (aka-gross) |
examination of relatively large structures |
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microscopic |
examination of structures that cannot be seen without magnification |
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Physioloy |
Study of function More difficult to examine than most anatomical structures |
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Anatomist |
a person who studies or is an expert in anatomy |
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Physiologist |
a person who studies or is an expert in physiology
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Levels of organization (building blocks of life) |
chemical cellular tissue organ organ system organism |
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cells |
the smallest independent organisms will work together while having specific function size and shape designed to support function of cell will respond and adapt to changes in its local environment |
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principles of cell theory |
cells are structural building blocks of all plants and animals cells are produced by the divisions of pre-existing cells cells are the smallest structural units that perform all vital functions |
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roughly how many different cell types within the body? |
200 |
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tissues are |
specialized groups of cell and cell products |
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histology is |
the study of tissues |
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4 primary tissue types |
epithelium connective muscle nervous |
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epithelium tissue |
designed to create a barrier with specific properties (lines surface including inside) |
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connective tissue |
contains cells and an extracellular matrix (gives support, holds things together ie bone, tendon, ligaments, blood, fat, cartilage) |
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muscle tissue |
cells have the ability to contract forcefully (contraction means gets shorter/smaller) |
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nervous tissue |
specialized to carry information or instructions from one place in the body to another (brain, spinal cord) |
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organs |
a functional unit composed of more than one tissue type. particular combination and organization of tissues within an organ determines and limits the function of the organ |
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organ system |
consists of organs that interact to perform a specific range of functions |
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11 organ systems |
integumentary skeletal muscular nervous endocrine cardiovascular lymphatic respiratory digestive urinary reproductive |
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integumentary system |
protection from environmental hazards and temperature control (hair, skin, sweat glands) |
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skeletal system |
support and protect soft tissues, mineral storage and blood formation (blood cells, bone marrow, bones, cartilage) |
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muscular system |
locomotion, support and heat production (tendons, muscles and things that attach them. maintain body temp) |
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nervous system |
directing immediate responses to stimulil (coordinates activities of other systems; brain, spinal cord) |
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endocrine system |
direct long-term changes in the activites of other organ systems (adrenal gland, pancreus, brain, petuitory, thyroid) |
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cardiovascular system |
internal transport of cells and dissolved materials (nutrients, wastes, gases; heart, arteries) |
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lymphatic system |
defense against infection and disease (keeps you healthy, filters fights off fungus; lymph nodes, spleen, thymus) |
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respiratory system |
delivery of air to sites where gas exchange can take place between the air and the blood (lungs, nose) |
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digestive system |
processing food and absorption nutrients, minerals, vitamins, and water (mouth, stomach, colon) |
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urinary system |
eliminates excess water, salts, and waste products; controls pH (bladder, kidney) |
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reproductive system |
production of sex cells and hormones (testis, ovaries) |
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homeostasis |
the presence of a stable internal environment |
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homeostasis regulation |
the adjustment of physiological systems to preserve homeostasis in environment that are often inconsistent, unpredictable, and potentially dangerous |
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components required to maintain homeostasis |
reception (sensor) (this is what i feel) control center (integrating center)(this is what i SHOULD be) effector (says, change something to get normal) |
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feedback occures when |
receptor stimulation triggers a response that changes the environment at the receptor |
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negative feedback |
effector activated by the control center opposes the original stimulus (tends to minimize change and keeps the key body systems within limits |
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positive feedback |
produces a response that exaggerates or enhances the change in the original conditions (tends to produce extreme responses) |
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ANATOMICAL POSITION |
hands at sides, palms facing forward, feet together |
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SUPINE POSITION |
person laying on back |
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PRONE POSITION |
person laying face down |
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CEPHALIC REGION |
head (cephalon) |
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CERVICAL REGION |
neck (cervicis) |
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THORACIC REGION |
thorax/chest (thoracis) |
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BRACHIAL REGION |
arm (brachium) (shoulder to elbow) |
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ANTEBRACHIAL REGION |
forearm (antibrachium) |
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CARPAL REGION |
wrist (carpus) |
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MANUAL REGION |
hand (manus) |
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ABDOMINAL REGION |
abdomen (below rib cage, above waist) |
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LUMBAR REGION |
loin (lumbus) lower back |
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GLUTEAL REGION |
buttock (gluteus) |
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PELVIC REGION |
pelvis (waistline to genitalia) |
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PUBIC REGION |
anterior pelvis (pubis) front of pelvic region |
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INGUINAL REGION |
groin (inguen) crease where leg bend to attach to waist |
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FEMORAL REGION |
thigh (femur) |
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CRURAL REGION |
anterior leg (crus) knee to ankle shin front |
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SURAL REGION |
calf (sura) back of knee to ankle |
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TARSAL REGION |
ankle (tarsus) |
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PEDAL REGION |
foot (pes) |
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PLANTAR REGION |
sole (planta) |
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abdominopelvic quadrants |
perpendicular lines that intersect at the umbilicus. right & left upper and right and left lower quadrants |
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abdominopelvic region |
divide the trunk into 9 zones right & left hypochondriac regions, epigastric region, r&l lumbar region, umbilical region, r&l inguinal region, hypogastric regiion |
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anterior or ventral |
front surfacep |
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osterior or dorsal |
back surface |
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cranial or cephalic |
the head |
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superior |
above (toward the head) |
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caudal |
the tail |
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inferior |
below (toward teh feet) |
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medial |
toward the body's longitudinal axis (toward midline) |
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lateralaway f |
rom the body's longitudinal axisp |
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proximal |
toward an attached basedi |
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stal |
away from an attached bases |
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superficial |
at, near or relatively close to the body's surface |
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deep |
farther from the body's surface |
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sectional planes |
transverse sagittal frontal |
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transverse |
horizontal perpendicular to long axis separates superior and inferior positions of the body I |
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sagittal |
parallel to long axis separates right and left portion of the body midsagittal equal r & l halves parasagittal unequal r & l parts __ |
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frontal |
coronal parallel to long axis separates anterior and posterior portions of the body |
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body cavities |
house organs subdivision of the interior aspect of the body as established by the body wall typically fluid-filled spaces protect delicate organs from shocks and impacts permit significant changes in size and shape of internal organs |
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viscera |
and internal organ that is partially or completely enclosed by body cavities |
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body cavities |
cranial-brain thoracic-heart, ungs and other structures abdominopelvic-abdominal viscera and pelvic viscera |
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body cavities are lined by |
a serous membrane known as the peritoneum |
