Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
55 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What is Astronomy?
|
The study of the universe.
|
|
|
Who is Claudius Ptolemy?
|
1. wrote and 8 volume guide to geography
2. an earth centered universe 3.140 CE 4.predicted more accurate motions of the planets |
|
|
Who is Nicolaus Copernicus?
|
1. 1543 CE
2. introduced the Heliocentric theory - the sun is the center of the universe and all the planets orbit around it |
|
|
Who is Tycho Brahe?
|
1. late 1500's
2. used tools to make the most detailed astronomical observations yet. 3. modified geocentric theory - sun and moon revolve around the earth all other planets revolve around the sun |
|
|
Who is Johannes Kepler?
|
1. introduced heliocentric theory with eliptical orbits
2. laws of planetary motion |
|
|
What are Keplers laws of planetary motion?
|
1st: planets orbit the sun in elliptical orbits (sun is a focus)
2nd : planets move faster when closer to the sun 3rd: orbit period is proportional to the radius of the orbit |
|
|
Who is Galileo Galilei?
|
1. 1609
2. first to be using telescopes to observe objects in space 3. Saw craters and mountains on the moon, sunspots on the sun, four of Jupiter’s moons and the phases of Venus 4. showed that planets are not wanderind stars but bodies like earth |
|
|
Who is Sir Issac Newton?
|
1. 1687
2. all objects have an attraction through gravitational force 3. depends on mass and distance between two objects 4. explains why the sun is the center of the universe |
|
|
What is the Big Bang Theory?
|
The explosion that started everything
|
|
|
What is the Nebular Hypothesis?
|
A large, diffuse, slowly rotating cloud of "dust and gas" began to contract due to gravitational forces. Because of the need to conserve angular momentum, as the cloud got smaller, it rotated faster (just like an ice skater spinning on one skate and pulling in her or his arms). This increased velocity caused the cloud to bulge in the middle. In the end the central portion, where most of the mass ended up, became the sun, with the planets forming from the material in the bulge.
|
|
|
What is refracting?
|
Using a lens to form an image
|
|
|
What is reflecting?
|
uses curved mirrors to form an image.
|
|
|
What is radio?
|
operate in the radio frequency of the electromagnetic spectrum.
|
|
|
What is optical?
|
operates in the visible part of the electromagnetic spectrum.
|
|
|
What is space (types of sensing)?
|
an optical or radio telescope in space.
|
|
|
Who is Alfred Wegner?
|
proposed the continents were all a part of a single landmass
|
|
|
What is coastline patterns?
|
the idea that the countries fit together like a puzzle
|
|
|
What is continental drift?
|
the idea that continents have moved over time.
|
|
|
What is some evidence of continental drift?
|
1. coastline patterns
2. climatic patterns 3. matching fossil remains 4. age and date of rocks |
|
|
What is paleomagnetism?
|
the alternation of magnetic signatures in rock at a spreading center meaning it is the mechanism for plate tectonics.
|
|
|
What is sea floor spreading?
|
The process by which new oceanic lithosphere forms as magma rises toward the surface and solidifies.
|
|
|
What is the mid atlantic ridge?
|
the submerged mountain ranges in the atlantic ocean.
|
|
|
Who is Henry Hess?
|
suggested that the rift was a break in the Earth where magma was welling upwards.
Hess: “As the ocean floor was moving away from the ridge, it is being replaced with cooling magma that turns to rock.” |
|
|
Who is Robert Dietz?
|
named hess's theory sea floor spreading
Dietz: “If the Ocean Floor is spreading, perhaps the continents are moving as well.” |
|
|
What is the crust of the earth?
|
Crust - brittle, rocky outer layer of the Earth (5-40 km thick).
1% of Earth’s mass. There are two major types of crust: Continental Crust- thicker (30-70 km thick; 60 km in some mountain ranges. Oceanic Crust – thinner but more dense (about 5- 10 km). |
|
|
What is the mantle?
|
solid rocky layer, dense, high pressure. A solid that flows.
60% of Earth’s mass. (2870 km thick). |
|
|
What is the asthenosphere?
|
Solid rock that can flow due to heat and pressure. (200 km).
has plasticity |
|
|
What is Mohorovicic discontinuity (Moho)?
|
Boundary between the crust and the mantle.
|
|
|
What is plasticity?
|
meaning it can change shape or be formed.
|
|
|
What is the lithosphere?
|
Upper part of mantle that is solid and includes the crust. (65-100 km). Divided into plates that float on the Asthenosphere.
|
|
|
What is the outer core?
|
molten Fe with some Ni (~2190 km)
|
|
|
What is the inner core?
|
solid Fe with some Ni (~2680 km)
|
|
|
What is plate techtonics?
|
is the study of forms and features of the Earth’s crust.
Based upon theories of continental drift and seafloor spreading. |
|
|
What is a convergent boundary?
|
Two plates colliding together due to the pushing of plates.
Ocean-Continental = Ocean is subducted (forms a trench.) Continental-Continental = Same density, create mountains. Ocean-Ocean = partial subduction, creates island arcs (volcanic islands) |
|
|
What is a divergent boundary?
|
Two plates moving away where molten rock fills the middle in between the moving plates.
Form mountains on the Ocean Floor (Mid-Ocean Ridges) Example: The Mid-Atlantic Ridge Form valleys on land called Rift Valleys Examples: Red Sea, Rio Grande Rift, Great Rift Valley in Eastern Africa |
|
|
What is a transform fault?
|
A place where two plates slip past each other, moving in opposite directions.
Two plates are grinding past each other in sudden spurts. Causes Earthquakes in CA Crust is neither created nor destroyed. Example: San Andreas Fault, CA |
|
|
How do plates move?
|
Convection currents within the asthenosphere push the plates of the lithosphere.
|
|
|
What is slab-pull?
|
the cool, dense oceanic crust sinks into the asthenosphere and “PULLS” the trailing lithosphere along.
|
|
|
What is Ridge-push?
|
Gravity “Pushes” the elevated lithosphere, found along the mid-ocean ridge, down the slope of the ridge.
|
|
|
What is thermal convection cells?
|
Any time that heat rises and then cools down and spreads out
|
|
|
what is an earthquake?
|
Shaking and Vibrations caused by sudden movements of the Earth’s crust.
|
|
|
What causes an earthquake?
|
Faulting. When stress overcomes friction at convergent boundaries.
|
|
|
What is the elastic rebound theory?
|
Rocks that are stressed beyond a certain point will fracture and rebound to their original shape.
|
|
|
What is the focus?
|
point along a fault where the rocks slip, below the earth’s surface
|
|
|
What is the epicenter?
|
the point on the earth’s surface directly above the focus.
|
|
|
What is an aftershock?
|
small tremors that occur after an earthquake as rock springs back.
Can be very powerful! |
|
|
What is a primary wave?
|
fastest, travel through solids and liquids, faster through denser material, push-pull waves (compress and expand rocks in the direction they travel.)
|
|
|
What is a secondary wave?
|
slower than P waves, travel only through solids, can’t move through liquid mantle, move side to side. (Move at right angles to direction of travel.)
|
|
|
What is a surface wave?
|
(Love waves or L-waves) slowest waves, travel along the surface like ocean waves, cause the most damage. (Side to side motion damages foundations.)
|
|
|
What do primary waves travel through?
|
solids liquids and gases
|
|
|
what do secondary waves travel through?
|
Only through solids
|
|
|
What is a shadow zone?
|
Locations where neither S nor P waves are detected of only P waves detected.
|
|
|
What is a seismograph?
|
An instrument used to detect and measure seismic waves, developed in 1893 by John Milne.
|
|
|
What does seismograph mean?
|
seismos = “shake”
and gramma = “what is written.” |
|
|
how does a seismograph work?
|
1 records vertical motion and the other two horizontal motion (east-west and north-south)
|
