Aphasia Manual Chapter 1

Front 1

Anterior Lesions generally produce _____ aphasias.

Back 1

Nonfluent Aphasias

Front 2

Posterior Lesions generally produce _____ aphasias.

Back 2

Fluent Aphasias

Front 3

Producing a word involves the following brain structures: (x8)

Back 3

1. Reticular activating system
2. Cerebellum
3. Basal Ganglia
4. Limbic System
5. Regions of the R Hem
5. L Hem regions of supplementary motor area
6. Wernicke's Area
7. Broca's Area

Front 4

What do nerve cells comprise of?

Back 4

The basic elements - the building blocks of the nervous system. Each consists of a cell body and branching processes called nerve fibers. They are generally organized in clusters.

Front 5

What are short nerve fibers that receive electochemical impulses and transport them toward the cell body?

Back 5

Dendrites

Front 6

Which nerve fiber transports impulses AWAY from the cell body?

Back 6

Axons (long nerve fiber)

Front 7

What is the transfer of electrochemical impulses, or information, from one neuron to another called? Where do they take place?

Back 7

Neural Transmissions. They take place at a synapse or junction between two neurons.

Front 8

The afferent fiber carries a neural impulse _________ the cell body, whereas the efferent fiber carries the impulse _______ the cell body.

Back 8

toward, away from

Front 9

A cluster of nerve cell bodies located WITHIN the brain or spinal cord is called a ______.

Back 9

Nucleus

Front 10

A cluster of nerve cell bodies located OUTSIDE the brain and spinal cord is called a _______.

Back 10

Ganglion

Front 11

What is Gray matter?

Back 11

-Refers to the regions of the brain or spinal cord containing clusters of nerve cell bodies.
-Mainly responsible for information processing.
-Composed of dendrites, neural cell bodies and shorter axons.
-The cerebral cortex consists of layers of nerve cells, appears gray in color and is included with cerebral nuclei as the gray matter of the brain.

Front 12

What are cream-colored nerve fibers responsible for information transmission called?

Back 12

White Matter.
-composed of axons
-connects gray matter clusters by means of nerve fiber pathways

Front 13

What does the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) consist of?

Back 13

-Cranial Nerves and Spinal Nerves
-Nerves may be motor or sensory

Front 14

Which fibers (sensory/motor) receive stimuli (touch, pressure, pain, heat, cold) from peripheral receptor organs and transmit information centrally toward the cerebral hemispheres?

Back 14

Sensory

Front 15

What does the Central Nervous System (CNS) include?

Back 15

-The brain (gray and white matter of the cerebral hemispheres, brain stem and cerebellum)
- The Spinal cord.

Front 16

What structure consists primarily of the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, and amygdala and is associated with learning and motor functions?

Back 16

Basal Ganglia
(the Extrapyramidal system also includes the caudate, putamen, and globus pallidus)

Front 17

What structure is responsible for sensory transmission and sensory integration along with memory and focusing attention?

Back 17

Thalamus
-Main part of the diencephalon
-Thalamic lesions = fluctuation attention and problems with verbal memory

Front 18

What does the Pyramidal System do?

Back 18

activates muscles and influences their power or strength

Front 19

What does the Extrapyramidal System do?

Back 19

-Controls the smoothness or finesse of movements
-Execution of voluntary motor activity is regulated, modulated, modifies, sped up or slowed down and increased or decreased in amplitude by the extrapyramidal system.

Front 20

What structure is responsible for integrating or coordinating muscle groups throughout the body?

Back 20

The cerebellum
-Sits like a roof over the brain stem and is composed of a surface layer of gray matter and an inner core of white matter and cerebellar nuclei.

Front 21

What structure, made up of a thick band of white matter, sits at the base of the median longitudinal fissure and links corresponding regions of the two hemispheres?

Back 21

Corpus Callosum

Front 22

What will damage to the corpus callosum do?

Back 22

Interrupt the transfer of info from one hem to another and may result in the appearance of abnormalities of cognitive function.

Front 23

What do Cortico-Cortical Association fibers do?

Back 23

Connects different regions of the cortex to each other.

Front 24

The outermost surface of the brain is covered by gray matter called ___?____.

Back 24

The Cerebral cortex

Front 25

The ridges of the outside of the brain are called ____ and he grooves are called ____.

Back 25

Gyri, Sulci

Front 26

The four major lobes and their functions are:

Back 26

Frontal Lobe: Voluntary control of mvmt throughout the body, synthesizing sensory stimuli, abstract thinking, problem-solving and judgement
Temporal Lobe: Hearing, or analysis of aud. signals to the point of comprehension
Parietal Lobe: Perception and elaboration of somosthetic sensations (body awareness sensations - touch, pressure, and spatial)
Occipital Lobe: Vision

Front 27

What system mediates emotions?
-Memories
-Desire to produce language
-Feelings
-Emotional Coloring of thought

Back 27

Limbic System

Front 28

What is the region in the left hemisphere responsible for language?

Back 28

The Zone of Language
-Located within the distribution of the MCA, surrounding the Sylvian Fissure on the lateral surface of the hem.
-Anteriorly, includes Broca's
-Posteriorly, includes Wernicke's

Front 29

T/F
We should consider the Zone of Language as the "center" for language (i.e., a region where language is located).

Back 29

FALSE. ZoL should be regarded as a critical component (a major intersection) of several overlapping neural netwoks, widely distributed throughout the brain, whose total combined activity has the effect of producing languages as we know it.

Front 30

What is Aphasia?

Back 30

Aphasia is an acquired disorder of language processing secondary to brain disease or injury. It excludes developmental or congenital language problems, motor speech, or artic disorders and impaired thought processes.

Front 31

How big is the brain?

Back 31

-Size of a grapefruit
-Weighs 1250 grams

Front 32

What is known as the Sensorimotor Relay Center?

Back 32

The thalamus

Front 33

Which cranial nerves activate mscles derived from somites, including skeletal, extraocular and glossal muscles?

Back 33

General Efferent (motor)


->Special efferent projects to muscles of face, palate, mouth, pharynx, larynx, NOT eye and tongue.

Front 34

Which cranial nerves project to muscles of visceral organs (pupillary constriction, gland secretion, and regulation of heart and tracheal muscles)?

Back 34

General Visceral Efferent

Front 35

Which cranial nerves mediate sensory innervations from somatic muscles, skin, ligaments and joints?

Back 35

General Afferent


->Special Afferent mediates special sensations of vision from retina, auditory, and equilibrium from inner ear

Front 36

Which cranial nerves mediate sensory innervation from organs, including larynx, pharynx, and abdomen?

Back 36

General Visceral Afferent

->->Special visceral afferent mediates visceral sensations of taste from tongue, olfaction from nose

Front 37

What is responsible for integrating or coordinating muscle groups throughout the body?

Back 37

Cerebellum

Front 38

What are the two fissures that divide the brain into 4 sections. Where are they located?

Back 38

Sylvian (lateral): Temporal Lobe lies beside and below; Parietal lobe sits behind and above

Rolando (Central Sulcus): Downward and forward from top of brain just past midpoint almost to sylvian. Front= Frontal Lobe;

Front 39

Sensorimotor Strip

Back 39

-Work together to control willed mvmts on the body opposite the hemisphere
-Sends msgs via Pyramidal System

Front 40

Which subdivision of the frontal lobe is linked with executive functioning, motor programming, hypothesis generation, set shifting as well as short-term memory?

Back 40

Dorsolateral (top front of head)
-TBI patients
-Damage may result in exec. dysfxn and memory probs

Front 41

Which subdivision of the frontal lobe is associated with social behavior and personality?

Back 41

Orbitofrontal (forehead)
-Windshield entry
-Damage may result in:
-Disassociation
-Personality
-Disinhibition

Front 42

Which subdivision of the frontal lobe is associated with arousal and motivation?

Back 42

Medial frontal (above thalamus)
-Inside the brain
-Damage may result in a picture of apathy

Front 43

The temporal lobe connects ____ to ____.

Back 43

Wernicke's to Broca's

Front 44

What can damage in the occipital lobe do?

Back 44

-Cause CHH (contralateral Homonomous Hemi