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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
What are the subdivisions of the frontal lobe and what are they associated with?
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Orbitofrontal: Social Bx, Personality
Medial Frontal: Arousal, Motivation |
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T/F
The frontal lobe has many connections with subcortical areas, therefore damage to the subcortical areas may also present similar clinical symptoms. |
True
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What is the ability to maintain a coherent line of thought or action?
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Attention
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What is the degree of wakefulness or level of consciousness?
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Arousal
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What are the 3 mental operations involved in moving attention from one location to another?
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1. Disengagement of attn from its current focus (parietal lobe engagement)
2. Moving attn to another location (midbrain engagement) 3. Engaging attn at that location (frontal-diencephalon system) |
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What are the 5 models of attention?
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1. Focused
2. Sustained 3. Divided 4. Selective 5. Alternating |
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What is the ability to respond simultaneously to multiple tasks or single tasks with multiple task demands?
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Divided attention (multi-tasking)
-Associated with frontal lobes |
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What is a localized bx response to internal sensations (pain, temp, thirst, hunger, discomfort) and/or external sensations (visual, auditory, kinesthetic, gustatory, olfactory)?
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Focused attn
-lowest form of attn |
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What is the ability to shift one's attn back and forth b/t tasks or from one task to the next?
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Alternating attn
-associated with dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (bilaterally) |
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What is selective attention?
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The ability to maintain a behavioral response to an activity in the face of distracting internal (irrelevant thoughts) or external stimuli. One has to selectively attend to relevant info and inhibit irrelevant info.
-Right frontal lobe particularly involved. -Able to tune out distractions |
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What is sustained attention?
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The ability to maintain a consistent behavioral response during a continuous activity that is specifically related to that activity.
-Can you stay on task for a period of time? Events occur slowly and vigilance is required. Associated particularly with the right prefrontal cortex. |
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What kind of negative affects occur with older adult's attention?
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-Fatiguing elements (extended vigiliance)
-Increasing memory demands -Task complexity -Time pressure -Not personally relevant |
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What is memory?
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Stored knowledge and the process of manipulating and retrieving knowledge.
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What is the expression of memory influenced by?
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-Attention
-Motivation -Rehearsal -Fatigue and other factors |
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What plays an active role in concurrent info processing and storage activities, and involves large bilateral portions of the dorsolateral frontal cortex?
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Working Memory (Short-term memory)
-Ability to hear something, temporarily hold it, retrieve it, and respond. |
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What is responsible for the selection and execution of strategies for maintaining and shifting attention, coordinating and manipulating information?
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The Central Executive System
-Encode, consolodate, retrieve |
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What are the two "Slave Systems" of the Central Executive System?
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1. Verbal System
2. Spatial Sketchpad |
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What is a phonological loop that acts as a brief acoustic store with an articulatory rehearsal mechanism?
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The Verbal System
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What is the Spatial Sketchpad?
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Stores and manipulates nonverbal spatial representations.
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When does working memory begin to decline and what are some hypotheses why?
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-Declines noted > 70 yr
-Hypotheses: -Change in speed of cognitive processing -Can't inhibit irrelevant info, therefore more susceptible to interference] -Ineffective association techniques such as visual imagery and sentence formation |
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***
What are the two types of Long Term Memory? |
Declarative (Explicit) Memory
Procedural (Implicit) Memory |
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What is Declarative Memory?
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-Memory you DECLARE
-Ability to consciously recollect facts, names or events when needed -Conscious Learning (i.e., remembering someone's name) -Includes episodic memory, concepts (semantic) memory and word (lexical) memory |
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***
What type of long term memory is largely the hippocampus? |
Declarative Memory
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What type of long term memory is largely the Basal Ganglia? |
Procedural Memory
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What happens to speech when episodic memory is poor?
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-Can't remember what they have just done
-Difficulty remaining on topic -Fragmented Speech -Lack of cohesion, vague |
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What is Episodic Memory?
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-Factual knowledge of events or episodes
-Recollection of conscious experiences from personal past -Involves both recall and recognition -Hippocampus and projections to temporal and frontal lobes |
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With Parkinson's Disease, there is a _______ Memory deficit, but ______ Memory still in tact.
With Alzheimer's Disease, the _____ Memory is still in tact, but there is a deficit with _____ Memory. |
(Both sentences)
Procedural, Declarative |
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Why do you remember emotional events more?
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Explicit (Declarative) memory goes from the hippocampus and ends at the amigdala, which deals with emotion.
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What is Concepts (Semantic) Memory?
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-Sum total of our knowledge (facts about the world, meaning of words and concepts)
-Structures surrounding the hippocampus are critical for new semantic memory -storage appears to involve the lateral temporal lobes in the form of a distributed network (Strength of Connections) |
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What happens to speech when there is impaired conceptual memory?
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-Speech is empty: lack of content words
-Bizarre content -Poor understanding |
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What happens to speech when your memory for wods is impaired?
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Dysnomia
-Word finding problems -Decreased Vocabulary -Redundant words |
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What type of long term memory is contained within learned skills or modifiable cognitive operations?
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Procedural (Implicit) Memory
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What is remote memory?
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-Memory of our distant past
-Reminiscence bump: Memories of our teen years and early adult years seem to be most resilient to decay |
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What is proactive interference?
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What you've learned before interferes with what you're trying to remember now
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What is Retroactive interference?
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Info you've just learned interferes with ability to remember previous info
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Memory: ________, rather than ________ is most effected by age.
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Retrieval, encoding (storage)
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What is the ability to recognize and monitor one's own memory capabilities and effectiveness?
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Metamemory
-Frequently impaired with frontal lobe injury |
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What is Retrospective memory?
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Ability to remember past events
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What is the ability to remember upcoming events?
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Prospective Memory
-people with this impairment rely on prosthetic systems like appt books, reminders from others, or electronic reminder systems |
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What are the memory processes? (x3)
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-Encoding: organization or manipulation of incoming info
-Consolidation: process whereby a memory is transferred for later retrieval, resistant to disruption -Retrieval, recollection, recall: Ability to access from long term storage |
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When forming memory, which is the active organization or manipulation of incoming information?
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Encoding (Acquisition)
-Taking notes, underlining, visualizing, relating to situations -Can be impaired with depression, ADDs |
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What type of memories typically are the last to be affected by brain damage?
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Procedural memories
-Pt's with otherwise poor memory are able to perform previously learned routine activities. |
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Why does a frontal lobe injury result in poor recall?
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Encodes very passively
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What is memory consolidation?
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-Can mean the process whereby a memory is transferred for later retrieval
-Can mean the process by which memory becomes resistant to disruption by an amnesic agent -Can continue for a long time -Has no fixed lifetime -Medial temporal system is less involved or not involved |
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What is executive function?
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-Allows one to operate in a regulates fashion beyond that of instinct, habit, or impulse
-The ability to project action into internal or external environments ->Ability to act above and beyond basic instincts ->Ability to have goal-directed bx and figure out steps to accomplish that goal (or re-work one's strategy if not succeeding) |
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What is a person like if their executive functioning is impaired?
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-Concrete thinker
-Egocentric -Impulsive -Child-like -Volatile -Socially inappropriate -Aggressive -Impatient -Nonreflective -Nonstrategic -Disorganized -Inattentive -Inflexible |
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What is Rehearsal?
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Repetition to facilitate recall
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***
Operationally, what is executive function? |
-Ability to know self strengths and limitationsa
-Ability to set realistic goals -Ability to plan and organize bx designed to achieve the goals -Ability to initiate bx toward achieving goals and inhibit bx incompatible with achieving goals (Brain Dmged ppl can't do this) -Ability to monitor and evaluate performance -Ability to flexibly revise plans and strategically solve problems in the event of difficulty and failure |
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Where in the brain is executive function carried out?
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-Prefrontal tissue (dorsolateral prefrontal)
-Limbic Regions -Interconnections b/t these areas |
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What are the domains in linguistic/cognitive evaluation and therapy?
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-Attention and Concentration Skills
-Visuospatial Skills -Memory Tasks -Executive Fxning -Orientation to person, place, time -Reasoning, judgment, problem solving |