Apes Flashcards Diseases

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Malaria

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Numbers: 350 to 500 million cases each year
1.2 million deaths per year

Rank: most serious disease in tropics

Pathway: anopheles mosquito bite pass plasmodium sporozoites from its saliva to human bloodmultiply in livermultiply in RBC’s causing rupture and release of toxins causing fever, chills, and malaise

Risk: increased due to resistance to treatment drugs, deforestation, irrigation and dam building

Prevention:
•choloroquine is typical drug used, but no longer effective in Africa (now use artemisinin in combination with other antimalarials)

WHO found insecticide-treated bed nets to reduce mortality and spraying walls of homes with DDT

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Tuberculosis:
Caused by mycobacteria attacking the lungs

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Numbers: 252 deaths per 100,000. 1,592,000 total in the last year.

Pathway: Spreads through the air when people sneeze, cough, or spit. Results in bloody cough, fever, and night chills. If left untreated kills 50% of people.

Prevention: Identify carriers and treat them, give children a vaccine. There is no vaccine for adults.
Impossible to erradicate because so many adults are carriers.

Front 3

rotavirus:
genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae.
Often caused the stomach flu, but not related to influenza.

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Numbers:500,000 children under five years of age die from rotavirus infection each year and almost two million more become severely ill.
In the US causes 2.7 million sever cases of gastroenteritis and 37 deaths per year.

Pathway: Fecal particles of an infected host enter the mouth of a non invected host. Causes severe diarrea. Children are most vulnerable but become more immune into adulthood.

Prevention: The primary form of prevention is through vaccine.

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pneumonia:
Abnormal inflamation of the lungs

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Numbers: Leading cause of death for children under five.

Pathway: It is not certain what causes pneumoia so there is no defined pathway. There appear to be many different possible causes. The symptoms involve the lungs filling with liquid.

Prevention: Treating the underlying diseases as well as vacines against Streptococcus pneumoniae have reduced certain types of pneumonia.

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cholera:
severe bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae

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Numbers: Mortality rate if untreated is 20-70%

Pathway: Transmitted by bacteria ususally in water from effulent. Causes very wattery diarrea and vomiting which can cause extreme dehydration.

Prevention: Sanitation practices and water treatment can practically eliminate the disease.

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Esherichia coli:
a Gram negative rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms

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Numbers:

Pathway: It is usually transmitted through fecal particles. Most strains are harmless, but a few can cause intense gastronomical infections.

Prevention: E. coli is the target of phage therapy as well as various vaccines that prevent infection by E. coli.

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bovine spongiform encephalopathy:
AKA Mad-Cow disease, a neurodegenerative disease in cattle.

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Numbers: 179,000 cattle have been infected and 4.4 million slaughtered during the eradication programme

Pathway: Transmitted throught the brain and spinal fluids of bovines.

Prevention: Many countries have banned the feeding of bovine meat to bovines as well as to humans which contains Mad-Cow

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H5N1 Avian Flu:
A subtype of Type A Influenza which is most common in birds and has caused mass dyeoffs. However it is possible to transmitt it to humans

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Numbers: There have been a total of 447 cases, 263 resulted in death. The amount has been decreasing as there were only 11 cases in June of 2008 compared to 55 in June of 2007 and 65 in June of 2006.
Worlds largest pandemic threat becuase of continued mutation

Pathway: Transmission from poultry to human in inefficent, but most cases come from handling infected meat. Results in symptoms that include fever, cough, sore throat, muscle aches, conjunctivitis, and, in severe cases, breathing problems and pneumonia that may be fatal.

Prevention: There are several vaccines but many are limited in effectiveness due to the speed of the mutation. There has been lots of governmental cooperation in order to control the virus in animals.

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H1N1 Swine Flu
A subtype of Influenza A which was responsible for the 2009 pandemic.

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Numbers: In the United States, there have been 9,820 deaths, worldwide there have been 14,286 deaths.

Pathway: The disease came from contact with contaminated meats and swine. It is transmitted through repitory droplets. Results in fever, sore throat, cough, headache, muscle or joint pains, and nausea, vomiting, or diarrhea. Some patients develop viral pneumonia.

Prevention: It is recomended that those infected stay at home and away from crowded places. There is a vaccine, but it is in limited supply. There are also thermal imaging systems to detect the infected as well as facial masks and normal precautionary measures such as hand washing.

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HIV/AIDS
Acquired immune deficiency syndrome or acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) caused by human immunodeficiency virus (HIV).

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Numbers: In 2007 about 33.2 million people had the disease, it was responsible for 2.1 million deaths, 330,000 of which were children.

Pathway: It is passed through the transmission of bodily fluid through processes like sex, blood transfusion, and hypodermic needles. It is also transfered to a child during pregnancy.

Prevention: There is no virus and any drugs to slow the virus or reduce the morbidity are very expensive. Contraceptives such as condoms are very effective at reducing the probabilty that AIDS is transmitted during sex. Being cautious around blood and disposing of needles properly also reduces the risk.