Apes Disease Flashcards

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Malaria
-mosquito-borne (Anopheles) infectious disease caused by a eukaryotic protist of the genus Plasmodium

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- every year approximately 350–500 million cases of malaria, killing between one and three million people
-parasites are injected with bite, spend months in liver then multiply in blood
-antimalarial drugs of quinine or artemisinin derivative treat malaria; preventative measures of mosquito sprays and nets work too

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Escherichia coli
-Gram negative rod-shaped bacterium

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-commonly found in the lower intestine of warm-blooded organisms
-various vaccines can prevent infections

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Bovine Spongiform Encephalopathy
-infectious agent in BSE is believed to be a specific type of misfolded protein called a prion

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-arise in animals that carry an allele which causes previously normal protein molecules to contort by themselves from an alpha helical arrangement to a beta pleated sheet; transmission happens when healthy animals come in tissue contact with the disease
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Rotavirus
-a genus of double-stranded RNA virus in the family Reoviridae

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-transmitted by the faecal-oral route, via contact with contaminated hands, surfaces and objects, and possibly by the respiratory route
-improved sanitation does not decrease the prevalence of rotaviral disease, so reliance on vaccines is high

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Tuberculosis
-caused by mycobacteria, usually Mycobacterium tuberculosis in humans

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-spread through the air, when people who have the disease cough, sneeze, or spit; infections in humans result in an asymptomatic, latent infection with 10% to become active
-prevention is two-pronged: people with TB and their contacts are identified and then treated and children are given vaccines

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Pneumonia
-caused by microorganisms, irritants and unknown causes

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-caused by the invasion of the lungs by microorganisms and by the immune system's response to the infection
-bacterial pneumonia is treated with antibiotics while vaccines prevent other types of pneumonia are available

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Cholera
-a severe bacterial infection caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae

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-transmission is primarily by the acquisition of the pathogen through contaminated drinking water or infected food
-universal advanced water treatment and sanitation practices eliminate most cases of cholera

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H1N1 Swine Flu
-an infection by any one of several types of swine influenza virus

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-people who work with poultry and swine are at increased risk of zoonotic infection with influenza virus endemic in these animals
-Vaccination of these workers against influenza and surveillance for new influenza strains among this population may therefore be an important public health measure

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H5N1 Avian Flu
-viruses that cause influenza in birds belong to the species influenza A virus

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-direct transmission from birds to humans through prolonged exposure or infected meat
-vaccines have been formulated against several of the avian H5N1 influenza varieties

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HIV/AIDS
- a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome; a condition in humans in which the immune system begins to fail, leading to life-threatening opportunistic infections

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-infection occurs by the transfer of blood, semen, vaginal fluid, pre-ejaculate, or breast milk through four major routes of transmission: unsafe sex, contaminated needles, breast milk, and transmission from an infected mother to her baby at birth
-treatment with anti-retrovirals increases the life expectancy of people infected with HIV; prevention is by identifying people with HIV or just sex with protection