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50 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What happened in the Central Case?
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-Mirrar clan confronts the Jabiluka Uranium Mine
-In Australia (home to Aborigines) with irreplaceable resources -Large amounts of uranium -Creates conflicts between corporations and natives -CEO announced cancellation of mining plans -Uranium price has risen |
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What is culture?
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Ensemble of knowledge, beliefs, values, and learned ways of life shared by a group of people
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What is a worldview?
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Reflects a person's beliefs about the meaning, operation, and essence of the world
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What are factors that shape our worldviews (Central Case)?
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1. Traditional culture
2. Aborigines believe spirit ancesters left signs in the land 3. Given social group may share a view of it's environment b/c of similar experience 4. Political ideology can shape attitudes 5. Economic factors |
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What are ethics?
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Study of good and bad and right and wrong
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What are relativists?
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Ethics do and should vary with social context
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What are universalists?
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Objection notions of right and wrong across all cultures
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What are ethical standards
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Criteria that help differentiate right from wrong
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What are environmental ethics?
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Application of ethical standards to relationships between humans and nonhumans
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What is anthropocentrism?
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Human-centered view of our relationship with the environment. Denies or ignores rights of any nonhuman entity
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What is biocentrism?
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vales to actions, entities on the basis of their effects on all living things
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What is ecocentrism?
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Actions in terms of their benefit of harm to the whole ecological system
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How has environmental ethics had ancient roots?
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-Religious tradition
-Impact during industrial revolution |
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Who were the environmental philosophers of the industrial revolution?
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-John Ruskin= British, criticized industrial cities
-Ralph Waldo Emerson, Thoreau, and Walt Whitman= transcendentalism, viewed nature as a manifestation of the divine |
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Who was a preservationist and what is one?
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-John Muir
-Untouched wilderness |
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Who was a conservationist and what is one?
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-Gifford Pinchot
-Emphasizes that humans should put natural resources to use but should manage them wisely |
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Who was Aldo Leopold?
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-Healthy ecological systems depend on the protection of all parts (predator and prey)
-Humans should view themselves as "the land" |
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What is deep ecology?
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Humans are inseparable from nature, all living things have equal value
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What is ecofeminism?
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Patriarchal structure is a cause of both social and environmental problems
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What is environmental justice and what does it seek?
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-Equal treatment for all races and classes in environmental issues
-Lung cancer in Navajo miners -Uranium mining in Australia -Poor people and minorities exposed to more pollution -North Carolina protest by African Americans against toxic waste dump |
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What are economics?
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Studies allocation of scarce resources
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What are some types of economies?
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-Subsistence= people meet most of daily needs directly from nature
-Capitalist= buyers and sellers interact to determine amounts of goods and services to make -Centrally Planned= government determines how to allocate resources |
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What is an economy?
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Social system that converts resources into goods and services
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How is the environment and the economy linked?
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-Earth is a closed system, inputs Earth can provide are limited
-Economic activity utilizes resources from the environment -Ecosystem services= purifying air/water, pollination, ect. -Environment enables economic activity by providing goods and services |
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Who was Adam Smith?
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-Classical economics
-People are free to pursue own economic interest -Market is guided by "an invisable hand" -Laissez-faire |
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What are neoclassical economics?
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-Psychological factors underlying consumer choices
-Conflict between buyers and sellers results in compromise price |
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What is cost-benefit analysis?
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-Estimates cost for a proposed action and compared to the sum of benefits estimated to result from the action
-Not all costs can be indentified -Economic ones can be more easily defined than envrinomental ones |
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What are the four assumptions of neoclassical economics?
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1. Resources are infinite/substantial
2. Long-term effects should be discounted 3. Cost and benefits are internal 4. Growth is good |
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What are externalities and external cost?
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-Externalities= costs or benefits that involve ppl other than buyer or seller
-External cost= cost to someone not involved in the transaction |
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Is growth example good?
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-Economy 7x larger than 50 years ago
-Worry that growth has become an end to itself -Economies are still expanding despite limited resources -Technological innovation push back limits of growth |
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What are the differences of opinion on economic growth?
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-Cornucopians= technology can solve everything
-Ecological economists= history has shown civilization do not overcome limitations in the long run, need reform as steady-state economies= neither shrinking or growing -Environmental economists= we can attain sustainability with current economy by modifying principles of neoclassicalism to address challenges |
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Who was John Stuart Mill?
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-British economist
-As resources become harder to find and extract economic growth will slow |
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What is GDP?
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-Gross Domestic Product
-Total monetary value of goods and services calculated to to determine economic robustness of a nation |
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What is GPI?
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-Genuine Progress Indicator
-Account for nonmarket values -Includes positive contributions and subtracts negative factors |
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What are nonmarket values?
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Values not usually included in the price of a good or service
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What are the differences of opinion on economic growth?
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-Cornucopians= technology can solve everything
-Ecological economists= history has shown civilization do not overcome limitations in the long run, need reform as steady-state economies= neither shrinking or growing -Environmental economists= we can attain sustainability with current economy by modifying principles of neoclassicalism to address challenges |
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Who was John Stuart Mill?
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-British economist
-As resources become harder to find and extract economic growth will slow |
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What is GDP?
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-Gross Domestic Product
-Total monetary value of goods and services calculated to to determine economic robustness of a nation |
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What is GPI?
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-Genuine Progress Indicator
-Account for nonmarket values -Includes positive contributions and subtracts negative factors |
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What are nonmarket values?
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Values not usually included in the price of a good or service
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What is contingent valuation?
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Technique of assigning nonmarket value, surveys to determine how much ppl would be willing to pay to protect
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What is market failure?
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-Occurs wen markets do not tkae into account the full benefits from the environment or do not reflect the markets' negative effect
-Can be countered by government invention |
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What is ecolabeling?
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-Addresses market failure
-Informs consumers which brands use processes that harm the environment or vice versa |
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What is permit-trading?
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-Addresses market failure
-Allows companies to buy and sell the rights |
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What are the three main points of this chapter?
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1. Permit-trading, ecolabeling, and valuation of ecosystem are recent developments that use an economic approach to protect and conserve
2. Sustainability is the key to ethical treatment of future generations 3. If economic welfare can be enhanced without growth, economies and environments can benefit from each other |
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What is LCA?
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-Life Cycle Assesment
-Cycle of a product, all the resources it takes -Environmental impact of a product from life to death |
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What are the Delta Smelt and why are they important?
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-Small fish found in California only (endemic)
-Pumps that pump water south for irrigation being built (from California Bay to San Juaquin) -Pumps chopped up fish -Indicator species= indicated health of that ecosystem |
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What is the framework for a collaspe according to Jared Diamonds?
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1. Environmental damage
2. Climate change 3. Hostile neighbors 4. Lack of friendly trade partners 5. Society's response to environmental problems |
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What are two examples of how envrironmental justice has played out in our society?
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1. Tennesse Fly Ash= contained heavy metals from coal burning, scooped it up and shipped to poor Alabama town
2. Ecuador= oil companies, Texaco extracted then sold pumps to Petroecuador, leftovers causing cancer |
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What are economic assumptions?
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1. Resources are infinite/subsititutable
2. Long-term effects discounted 3. Cost and benefits are internal 4. Growth=good |
