Apes Ap Test Review Vocab

Front 1

Ionizing radiation

Back 1

enough energy to knock electrons from atoms forming ions, capable of causing cancer (ex gamma-Xrays-UV)

Front 2

High Quality Energy

Back 2

organized & concentrated, can perform useful work (ex fossil fuel & nuclear)

Front 3

Low Quality Energy

Back 3

disorganized, dispersed (heat in ocean or air wind, solar)

Front 4

First Law of Thermodynamics

Back 4

energy is neither created nor destroyed, but may be converted from one form to another

Front 5

Second Law of Thermodynamics

Back 5

when energy is changed from one form to another, some useful energy is always degraded into lower quality energy (usually heat)

Front 6

Natural radioactive decay

Back 6

unstable radioisotopes decay releasing gamma rays, alpha & beta particles

Front 7

Half life

Back 7

the time it takes for ½ the mass of a radioisotope to decay

Front 8

Estimate of how long a radioactive isotope must be stored until it decays to a safe level

Back 8

approximately 10 half-lives

Front 9

Nuclear Fission

Back 9

nuclei of isotopes split apart when struck by neutrons

Front 10

Nuclear Fusion

Back 10

2 isotopes of light elements (H) forced together at high temperatures till they fuse to form a heavier nucleus. Expensive, break even point not reached yet

Front 11

Ore

Back 11

a rock that contains a large enough concentration of a mineral making it profitable to mine

Front 12

Organic fertilizer

Back 12

slow acting & long lasting because the organic remains need time to be decomposed

Front 13

Best solution to Energy shortage

Back 13

conservation and increase efficiency

Front 14

Surface mining

Back 14

cheaper & can remove more mineral, less hazardous to workers

Front 15

Humus

Back 15

organic, dark material remaining after decomposition by microorganisms

Front 16

Leaching

Back 16

removal of dissolved materials from soil by water moving downwards

Front 17

Illuviation

Back 17

deposit of leached material in lower soil layers (B)

Front 18

Loam

Back 18

perfect agricultural soil with equal portions of sand, silt, clay

Front 19

Conservation

Back 19

allows the use of resources in a responsible manner

Front 20

Preservation

Back 20

setting aside areas & protecting them from human activities

Front 21

Parts of the hydrologic cycle

Back 21

evaporation, transpiration, runoff, condensation, precipitation, infiltration

Front 22

Aquifer

Back 22

any water bearing layer in the ground

Front 23

Cone of depression

Back 23

lowering of the water table around a pumping well

Front 24

Salt water intrusion

Back 24

near the coast, overpumping of groundwater causes saltwater to move into the acquifer

Front 25

ENSO

Back 25

El Nino Southern Oscillation, see-sawing of air pressure over the S. Pacific

Front 26

During an El Nino year

Back 26

winds weaken & warm water sloshed back to SA

Front 27

During a Non El Nino year

Back 27

Easterly trade winds and ocean currents pool warm water in the western Pacific, allowing upwelling of nutrient rich water off the West coast of South America

Front 28

Effects of El Nino

Back 28

upwelling decreases disrupting food chains, N US has mild winters, SW US has increased rainfall, less Atlantic Hurricanes

Front 29

Nitrogen fixing

Back 29

because atmospheric N cannot be used directly by plants it must first be converted into ammonia by bacteria

Front 30

Ammonification

Back 30

decomposers covert organic waste into ammonia

Front 31

Nitrification

Back 31

ammonia is converted to nitrate ions (NO-3)

Front 32

Assimilation

Back 32

inorganic N is converted into organic molecules such as DNA/amino acids & proteins

Front 33

Denitrification

Back 33

bacteria convert ammonia back into N

Front 34

Phosphorus does not circulate as easily as N because

Back 34

it does not exist as a gas, but is released by weathering of phosphate rocks

Front 35

Sustainability

Back 35

the ability to meet humanities current needs without compromising the ability of future generations to meet their needs

Front 36

Excess phosphorus is added to aquatic ecosystems by

Back 36

runoff of animal wastes, fertilizer discharge of sewage

Front 37

Photosynthesis

Back 37

plants convert atmospheric C (CO2) into complex carbohydrates (glucose C6H12O6)

Front 38

Aerobic respiration

Back 38

oxygen consuming producers, consumers & decomposers break down complex organic compounds & convert C back into CO2

Front 39

Largest reservoirs of C

Back 39

carbonate rocks first, oceans second

Front 40

Biotic/abiotic

Back 40

living & nonliving components of an ecosystem

Front 41

Producer/Autotroph

Back 41

photosynthetic life

Front 42

Fecal coliform

Back 42

indicator of sewage contamination

Front 43

Energy flow in food webs

Back 43

only 10% of the usable energy is transferred because usable energy lost as heat (2nd law), not all biomass is digested & absorbed, predators expend energy to catch prey

Front 44

Chlorine

Back 44

(good>disinfection of water)( bad>forms trihalomethanes)

Front 45

Primary succession

Back 45

development of communities in a lifeless area not previously inhabited by life (lava)

Front 46

Secondary succession

Back 46

life progresses where soil remains (clear cut forest)

Front 47

Cogeneration

Back 47

using waste heat to make electricity

Front 48

Mutualism

Back 48

symbiotic relationship where both partners benefit

Front 49

Commensalism

Back 49

symbiotic relationship where one partner benefits & the other is unaffected

Front 50

Parasitism

Back 50

relationship in which one partner obtains nutrients at the expense of the host

Front 51

Biome

Back 51

large distinct terrestrial region having similar climate, soil, plants & animals

Front 52

Carrying capacity

Back 52

the number of individuals that can be sustained in an area

Front 53

R strategist

Back 53

reproduce early, many small unprotected offspring

Front 54

K strategist

Back 54

reproduce late, few, cared for offspring

Front 55

Positive feedback

Back 55

when a change in some condition triggers a response that intensifies the changing condition (EX: warmner Earth - snow melts - less sunlight is reflected & more is absorbed, therefore warmer earth)

Front 56

Natural selection

Back 56

organisms that possess favorable adaptations pass them onto the next generation

Front 57

Malthus

Back 57

said human population cannot continue to increase..consequences will be war, famine & disease

Front 58

Doubling time

Back 58

rule of 70 70 divided by the percent growth rate

Front 59

Replacement level fertility

Back 59

the number of children a couple must have to replace themselves (2.1 developed, 2.7 developing)

Front 60

World Population is

Back 60

almost 6 1/2 billion

Front 61

US Population

Back 61

290 million

Front 62

Preindustrial stage

Back 62

birth & death rates high, population grows slowly, infant mortality high

Front 63

Transitional stage

Back 63

death rate lower, better health care, population grows fast

Front 64

Industrial stage

Back 64

decline in birth rate, population growth slows

Front 65

Postindustrial stage

Back 65

low birth & death rates

Front 66

Age structure diagrams

Back 66

(broad base, rapid growth)(narrow base, negative growth)(uniform shape, zero growth)

Front 67

1st & 2nd most populated countries

Back 67

China & India

Front 68

Most important thing affecting population growth

Back 68

low status of women

Front 69

Ways to decrease birth rate

Back 69

family planning, contraception, economic rewards & penalties

Front 70

Percent water on earth by type

Back 70

97.5% seawater, 2.5% freshwater

Front 71

Salinazation of soil

Back 71

in arid regions, water evaporates leaving salts behind

Front 72

Ways to conserve water

Back 72

(agriculture, drip/trickle irrigation)(industry,recyling)(home, use gray water, repair leaks, low flow fixtures)

Front 73

Point vs non point sources

Back 73

(Point, from specific location such as pipe)(Non-point, from over an area such as runoff)

Front 74

BOD

Back 74

biological oxygen demand, amount of dissolved oxygen needed by aerobic decomposers to break down organic materials

Front 75

Eutrophication

Back 75

rapid algal growth caused by an excess of N & P

Front 76

Hypoxia

Back 76

when aquatic plants die, the BOD rises as aerobic decomposers break down the plants, the DO drops & the water cannot support life

Front 77

Minamata Disease

Back 77

mental impairments caused by mercury

Front 78

Primary air pollutants

Back 78

produced by humans & nature (CO,CO2,SO2,NO,hydrocarbons, particulates)

Front 79

Negative feedback

Back 79

when a changing in some condition triggers a response that counteracts the changed condition (EX: warmer earth - more ocean evaporation - more stratus clouds - less sunlight reaches the ground - therefore cooler Earth)

Front 80

Particulate matter (source,effect,reduction)

Back 80

(burning fossil fuels & car exhaust) (reduces visibility & respiratory irritation) (filtering, electrostatic precipitators, alternative energy)

Front 81

Nitrogen Oxides

Back 81

(Source: auto exhaust) (Effects: acidification of lakes, respiratory irritation, leads to smog & ozone) ( Equation for acid formation: NO + O2 = NO2 + H2O = HNO3) (Reduction: catalytic converter)

Front 82

Sulfur oxides

Back 82

(Source: coal burning) (Effects: acid deposition, respiratory irritation, damages plants) (Equation for acid formation: SO2 + O2 = SO3 + H2O = H2SO4) (Reduction: scrubbers, burn low sulfur fuel)

Front 83

Carbon oxides

Back 83

(Source: auto exhaust, incomplete combustion) (Effects: CO binds to hemoglobin reducing bloods ability to carry O, CO2 contributes to global warming) (Reduction: catalytic converter, emission testing, oxygenated fuel, mass transit)

Front 84

Ozone

Back 84

(Formation: secondary pollutant, NO2+UV=NO+O O+O2=O3, with VOC’s) (Effects: respiratory irritant, plant damage) (Reduction: reduce NO emissions & VOCs)

Front 85

Radon

Back 85

radioactive gas, formed from the decay of Uranium, causes lung cancer and is a problem in the Reading Prong

Front 86

Photochemical smog

Back 86

formed by chemical reactions involving sunlight (NO, VOC,O)

Front 87

Acid deposition

Back 87

caused by sulfuric and nitric acids resulting in lowered pH of surface waters

Front 88

Greenhouse gases

Back 88

(Examples: H2O, CO2, O3, methane (CH4), CFC’s) (EFFECT: they trap outgoing infrared (heat) energy causing earth to warm
84. Effects of global warming: rising sealevel (thermal expansion), extreme weather, droughts (famine), extinctions

Front 89

Ozone depletion caused by

Back 89

CFC’s, methyl chloroform, carbon tetrachloride, halon, methyl bromide all of which attack stratospheric ozone

Front 90

Effects of ozone depletion

Back 90

increased UV, skin cancer, cataracts, decreased plant growth