Ape Retorical 2

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Allegory

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the device of using character and/or story elements symbolically to represent an abstraction in addition to literal meaning. For example, an author may intend the characters to personify an abstraction like hope or freedom. This usually deals with moral truth or a generalization

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Syntax

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The way an author chooses to join words into phrases, clauses, and sentences. This is similar to diction, but you can think of syntax as the groups of words, while diction refers to the individual words. Be prepared to answer questions about how an author manipulates syntax or to analyze the effects produced by syntax

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Prose

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One of the major divisions of genre, this refers to fiction and nonfiction, including all its forms. In this the printer determines the length of the line; in poetry, the poet determines the length or the line. Instead of meter and rhyme, this is more like everyday speech

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Deductive reasoning

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reasoning in which one derives a specific conclusion from something generally or universally understood to be true. i.e. Chicken is supposed to be healthy (general); this sandwich contains chicken, so it is probably healthy (specific)

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Inductive reasoning

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reasoning in which one arrives at a general conclusion from specific instance. "I got hives from the shrimp I ate last night (specific); I must be allergic to shellfish (general)"

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Polysyndeton

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figure of addition and emphasis which intentionally employs a series of conjunctions (and, or, but, for, nor, so, yet) not normally found in successive words, phrases, or clauses; the deliberate and excessive use of conjunctions in successive words or clauses. i.e. "In years gone by, there were every community men and women who spoke the language of duty and morality and loyalty and obligation" -William F. Buckley

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Situational irony

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involving a situation in which actions have an effect that is opposite from what was intended, so that the outcome is contrary to what was expected

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Undertone

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an attitude that may lie under the ostensible tone of the piece. Under a cheery surface, for example, a work may have threatening undertones

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Wit

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in modern usage, intellectually amusing language that surprises and delights. A witty statement is humorous, while suggesting the speaker's verbal power in creating ingenious and perceptive remarks. Wit usually uses terse language that makes a pointed statement

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In media res

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latin for "in the middle of things"; refers to the technique of starting a narrative in the middle of the action

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Former

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preceding in order; being the first of two. i.e. High school students read both American and British literature. The former (American is covered junior year and the letter (British) is senior year

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Latter

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being the second mentioned of two. i.e. High school students read both American and British literature. The former (American is covered junior year and the letter (British) is senior year

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Inference/Infer

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to draw a reasonable conclusion from the information presented. When a multiple choice question asks for an inference to be drawn from a passage, the most direct, most reasonable inference is the safest answer choice. Note if the answer is directly stated, it is nor inferred and is wrong. Connotation also plays a role in inference

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Allusion

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is a short, informal reference to a famous person or event i.e. if you take his parking place, you can expect World War ll all over again

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Consonance

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the repletion of two or more consonants with a change in the intervening vowels, such as pitter-patter, splish-splash, and click-clack