Apd, Disease Terminology

Front 1

Lack of normal tone or strength. This happens in muscles that are deprived of innervation (which is the supply of nerve fibers functionally connected with a part).

Back 1

Atony

Front 2

The wasting away or weakening of muscle fibers due to a lack of usage.

Back 2

Atrophy

Front 3

Inflammation of a bursa

Back 3

Bursitis

Front 4

Blank are fluid-filled cavities located at tissue sites where tendons or muscles pass over bony prominences near joints, such as the elbow. The function of a blank is to facilitate movement and reduce friction between moving parts.

Back 4

Bursa

Front 5

A sac-like cavity filled with synovial fluid and located in places where tendons or muscles pass over bony prominences.

Back 5

Bursa

Front 6

A bruised or torn muscle accompanied by cramps and severe pain. This particular injury most commonly affects the quadriceps muscle. (Incidentally, quadriceps is like biceps or triceps, which always ends in -s, whether singular or plural.) Lay people refer to any muscle spasm of the legs or feet as a blank

Back 6

Charley horse

Front 7

A sustained spasm or contraction of a muscle accompanied by severe, localized pain.

Back 7

Cramp

Front 8

Sustained abnormal postures or disruptions of normal movement resulting from alterations of muscle tone.
(Side 3)

Back 8

dystonia

Hint 8

Dystonia is a movement disorder which causes involuntary contractions of your muscles. These contractions result in twisting and repetitive movements. Sometimes they are painful.

Dystonia can affect just one muscle, a group of muscles or all of your muscles. Symptoms can include tremors, voice problems or a dragging foot. Symptoms often start in childhood. They can also start in the late teens or early adulthood. Some cases worsen over time. Others are mild.

Some people inherit dystonia. Others have it because of another disease. Either way, researchers think that a problem in the part of the brain that handles messages about muscle contractions might cause dystonia. There is no cure. Instead, doctors use medicines, surgery, physical therapy and other treatments to reduce or eliminate muscle spasms and pain.

Front 9

Painless thickening and contracture of the palmar fascia due to fibrous proliferation, resulting in loss of function of the fingers.

Dupuytren's contracture - a hereditary thickening of the tough tissue that lies just below the skin of your palm, which causes the fingers to stiffen and bend
Trigger finger - an irritation of the sheath that surrounds the flexor tendons, sometimes causing the tendon to catch and release like a trigger

Back 9

Dupuytren contracture

Hint 9

Blank - a hereditary thickening of the tough tissue that lies just below the skin of your palm, which causes the fingers to stiffen and bend

Front 10

Similar to fibrillations or tremors. A repetitive, involuntary contraction of muscle. The main cause is nerve damage.

(Side 3)

Back 10

Fasciculations

Hint 10

Muscle twitching is caused by minor muscle contractions in the area, or uncontrollable twitching of a muscle group that is served by a single motor nerve fiber.

Muscle twitches are minor and often go unnoticed. Some are common and normal. Others are signs of a nervous system disorder.

Front 11

A rheumatic disorder characterized by achy pain, tenderness, and stiffness.

Back 11

Fibromyalgia

Front 12

There are more than 100 rheumatic diseases. Some are described as connective tissue diseases because they affect the supporting framework of the body and its internal organs. Others are known as autoimmune diseases because they occur when the immune system, which normally protects the body from infection and disease, harms the body’s own healthy tissues. Throughout this booklet, the terms “arthritis” and “rheumatic diseases” are used interchangeably.

Back 12

Rheumatic disease

Hint 12

Rheumatology is a sub-specialty in internal medicine and pediatrics, devoted to the diagnosis and therapy of conditions and diseases affecting the joints, muscles, and bones. Clinicians who specialize in rheumatology are called rheumatologists. Rheumatologists deal mainly with clinical problems involving joints, soft tissues, certain autoimmune diseases, and the allied conditions of connective tissues. Essentially, they medically treat diseases, disorders, etc., that affect the musculoskeletal system. This includes many autoimmune diseases, as these conditions often cause rheumatic issues.

Front 13

Fibromyalgia is also called blank and fibromyositis. A group of rheumatic disorders caused by achy pain, tenderness, and stiffness of muscles and tendon insertions.

Back 13

myofascial pain syndrome

Front 14

A thin-walled band cyst formed on a joint capsule or tendon sheath.
(Side 3)

Back 14

ganglion

Hint 14

Ganglion cysts are very common lumps within the hand and wrist that occur adjacent to joints or tendons. The most common locations are the top of the wrist (see Figure 1), the palm side of the wrist, the base of the finger on the palm side, and the top of the end joint of the finger (see Figure 2). The ganglion cyst often resembles a water balloon on a stalk (see Figure 3), and is filled with clear fluid or gel. The cause of these cysts is unknown although they may form in the presence of joint or tendon irritation or mechanical changes. They occur in patients of all ages.

These cysts may change in size or even disappear completely,

Front 15

Uterine fibroids are the most common pelvic tumor. As many as 1 in 5 women may have fibroids during their childbearing years (the time after starting menstruation for the first time and before menopause).

Fibroids usually affect women over age 30. They are rare in women under 20, and often shrink and cause no symptoms in women who have gone through menopause. They are more common in African Americans than Caucasians.

The cause of uterine fibroid tumors is unknown. However, fibroid growth seems to depend on the hormone estrogen. As long as a woman with fibroids is menstruating, a fibroid will probably continue to grow, usually slowly.

A benign tumor of smooth muscle tissue (e.g., the uterus).

Back 15

leiomyoma

Front 16

A genetic abnormality of muscle tissue characterized by dysfunction and ultimately deterioration.

Back 16

muscular dystrophy

Hint 16

Muscular dystrophy (MD) refers to a group of more than 30 inherited diseases that cause muscle weakness and muscle loss. Some forms of MD appear in infancy or childhood, while others may not appear until middle age or later. The different muscular dystrophies vary in who they affect and the symptoms. All forms of MD grow worse as the person's muscles get weaker. Most people with MD eventually lose the ability to walk.

There is no cure for muscular dystrophy. Treatments include physical and speech therapy, orthopedic devices, surgery and medications. Some people with muscular dystrophy have mild cases that worsen slowly. Other cases are disabling and severe.

Front 17

The chain of nerve cells that runs from the brain through the spinal cord out to the muscle is called the motor pathway. Normal muscle function requires intact connections all along this motor pathway. Damage at any point reduces the brain's ability to control the muscle's movements. This reduced efficiency causes weakness, also called paresis. Complete loss of communication prevents any willed movement at all. This lack of control is called paralysis. Certain inherited abnormalities in muscle cause periodic paralysis, in which the weakness comes and goes.

Back 17

paralysis

Front 18

paralysis of the hindlimb and, in some cases, the posterior part of the body caudal to the last cervical vertebrae. The paralysis may be acute in onset as in fracture of a lumbar vertebra, or gradual; it may be spastic or flaccid.
Paraplegia is a form of central nervous system paralysis, in which the paralysis affects all the muscles of the parts involved. In the majority of cases, paraplegia results from disease or injury of the spinal cord that causes interference with nerve paths connecting the brain and the muscles.

Back 18

paraplegia
Etymology: Gk, para + plege, stroke

Front 19

paralysis distinguished by the loss of motion, reflexes, and sensation in the trunk of the body in addition to both legs and arms. Also called
tetraplegia. See also paraplegia.
Quadriplegia.

Back 19

quadriplegia

Front 20

Muscle pain.

Back 20

myalgia

Front 21

A chronic progressive neuromuscular weakness, usually starting with the muscles of the face and throat.

Back 21

myasthenia gravis

Front 22

Of, relating to, or affecting both nerves and muscles.

Back 22

neuromuscular

Front 23

Any disease of the muscles

Back 23

myopathy

Front 24

A disease characterized by bony deposits or the ossification of muscle tissue.

Ossification or the deposit of bone in muscle tissue, causing pain and swelling.

Back 24

myositis ossificans

Front 25

Excessive pulling or stretching of the calcaneal periosteum by the plantar fascia, resulting in pain along the inner border of the plantar fascia. This definition applies specifically to the process that affects the plantar surface of the foot. Fasciitis is inflammation of the fascia. There are other types of fasciitis, which can be seen in a medical dictionary under fasciitis.

Back 25

plantar fascitis

Front 26

toward the heel.

Back 26

Calcaneal

Front 27

The thick fibrous membrane covering the entire surface of a bone except its articular cartilage and serving as an attachment for muscles and tendons.

Back 27

periosteum

Front 28

the tough fascia surrounding the muscles of the soles of the feet.

Back 28

called plantar fascia.
or
plantar aponeurosis,

Front 29

fascia /fas·cia/ (fash´e-ah) pl. fas´ciae [L.] a sheet or band of fibrous tissue such as lies deep to the skin or invests muscles and various body organs.fas´cial

Back 29

fascia /fas·cia/ (fash´e-ah) pl. fas´ciae [L.]

Front 30

An autoimmune disorder which causes atrophy and weakness of the muscles.

Back 30

polymyositis

Front 31

Rigor means chilled, stiffness, rigidity. Rigor mortis is the muscular hardness occurring 4–7 hours after death.

Back 31

rigor mortis

Front 32

Inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments due to trauma or repetitive wear. (Note the spelling: tendonitis is an acceptable alternative spelling, but tendinitis is preferred.)

Back 32

tendinitis

Front 33

Also called lateral and medial epicondylitis. A strain of the lateral forearm muscles or the tendinous attachments near their origin on the epicondyle of the humerus. (Again note that when “tendon” is changed to another form, the “o” changes to “i”—tendinous.)

Back 33

tennis elbow

Front 34

A disease caused by the bacterium Clostridium tetani, which produces a toxin that causes muscles to go into tetany (hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles, specifically characterized by muscular cramps and twitching). Jaw muscles are affected first. Lockjaw is the more common name.

Back 34

tetanus

Front 35

Persistent contraction of a sternocleidomastoid muscle, drawing the head to one side and distorting the face. Causes rotation of the head.

Back 35

torticollis