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68 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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4 primary tissue types?
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1. epithelial
2. connective 3. muscle 4. nervous |
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What are the functions of epithelial tissue?
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1.Covers and lines all body cavities
2.Provides protective barrier to organs and tissues 3.Some absorb and secrete substances 4.Provides sensory input to other tissues |
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Tight Junction
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An epithelial attachment that is found where there can be no leaks
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Gross Anatomy
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Study of anatomical structures that are visible to the naked eye
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Desosome Junction
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Juntion in epithelial cells where filaments interlock with one another (velcro)
-found in areas where stretching and tension occur |
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List 2 examples of where Tight Junctions occur?
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Urinary and digestive tract
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How are epithelial tissues catagorized?
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1.Shape:squamous,cuboidal,columnar
2.Configuration:simple,stratified |
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3 major junctional complexes in epithelial cells
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1. Tight Junction
2. Desosome Junction 3. Gap Junctions |
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Where are Desosome junctions found?
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In areas that stretch and undergo tension: heart, skin, uterus
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Basement Membrane
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-Foundation of epithelial cells acting as a barrier btwn underlying tissue
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Where are Gap Junctions found?
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In areas that quickly transport electrical info: heart, smooth muscle, intestines
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Gap Junctions
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Junction in epithelial cells that are linked by tubular channel proteins called connexons
-able to transport electrical signals |
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Simple epithelial tissues
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Have a single layer of cells
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Stratified Epithelial Tissue
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Composed of multiple layers of cells
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What are the 6 types of connective tissue?
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1. Cartlidge
2. Bone 3. Fibrous connective tissue 4. Loose connective tissue 5. Adipose tissue 6. Blood |
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What connective tissue is found in most of the respiratory passages and in the ears?
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Cartlidge
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Connective Tissue
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-Functions to bind and support
-consists of cells imbedded in a nonliving matrix (unlike epithelial) |
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What are cartilage cells embedded in?
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collagen
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Bone cells are embedded in?
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collagen and minerals and form the skeleton
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Fibrous and loose connective tissues are embedded in?
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elastin and collagen to form tendons and ligaments(fibrous), and underly skin (loose)
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Adipose tissue cells are embedded in?
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lipid matrix
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3 types of connective fibers
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1. collagenous
2. Reticular 3. Elastic |
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Collagenous Fibers
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composed of collagen, they are strong and are found in tendons and ligaments
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Reticular Fibers
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are composed of callogen,they are thin and delicate, they support highly cellular organs such as the endocrine glands and liver.
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Elastic Fibers
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-composed of the protein elastin, they can stretch and contract, occur in tissues that stretch (lungs, skin)
-branch into networks -have bundles of microfibrils that can coil and strentch like a rubber band -aka yellow fibers |
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What are the 2 major catagories of Connective tissue cells?
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1. Fixed
2. Wandering |
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What are the 3 types of Wandering Cells?
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1.leukocytes
2.mast cells 3.macrophages |
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What is a gland?
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group of cells that make and discharge a secretion
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What is an endocrine gland and its main function?
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They produce hormones that are secreted into the bloodstream or lymphatic system
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What are exocrine glands and their main function?
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They discharge secretions locally, such as sweat and salivary.
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Where are goblet cells found?
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They are found in simple epithelia
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What are Fixed cells? Name some fixed cells.
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1 of 2 types of Connective tissue cell types, they stay in the conn. tissue (vs. pass out), they produce and maintain the matrix
IE's: fibroblasts,adipose,reticular |
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What are Fibroblasts?
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Fibroblasts are a type of fixed cell found in conn. tissue.
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What are adipose cells?
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They are fat cells, they are a fixed cell found in conn. tissues.
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What are reticular cells?
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cells involved in immune response, they are a fixed cell found in conn. tissues
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What are 3 types of Wandering Cells?
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leukocytes, mast, macrophages
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What are wandering cells?
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Cells found in connective tissues that pass in/out of the tissue (vs. staying fixed in the tissue)
-Wandering cells repair and protect the tissue |
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What are leukocytes?
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aka white blood cells
They are a wandering cell found in conn. tissue, found in the blood, larger than RBC's, they FIGHT INFECTION and MANUFACTURE ANTIBODIES |
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What are mast cells?
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type of wandering cell, They contain histamine and heparin which are released when a foreign invader is detected (to help fight it off with allergic and inflammitory reactions)
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What are macrophages?
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They are both fixed and wandering cells, they are drawn to infection or inflammation to engulf microinvaders
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What are the 3 things all connective tissues are made of?
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Ground substance, cells, fibers
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What is cartilidge?
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tough conn. tissue found in joints and prevents bones from rubbing together
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What is bone?
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hardest type of conn. tissue that form the skeleton and protects the organs and marrow produces blood cells
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What are membranes and their main function?
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When connective and epithelial tissues link together to COVER surfaces, LINE cavities, SEPERATE organs
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What are the 4 common types of membranes?
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1.mucous
2.serous 3.cutaneous 4.synovial |
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What is the function of mucous membranes?
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produce mucous to reduce friction(digestive system) and entrap particles(resp. system)
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Where are mucous membranes found?
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Digestive, reproductive, urinary, respiratory
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What does mucous consist of?
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water, electrolytes, antibodies, and the protein mucin.
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Where are serous membranes found?
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thoracic, abdominal and pelvic cavities
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What are the 2 layers of the serous membranes?
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visceral layer is closest to the organ, parietal layer is closest to the body cavity.
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What is the function of serous membranes?
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They line organs and reduce friction btwn organs and cavities
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What are the mesenteries?
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supportive ligaments formed from the visceral layer of the serous membrane-they secure organs to the body wall in the abd and pelvic cavities.
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What are the 3 types of muscle tissue?
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smooth, skeltal, cardiac
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What is smooth muscle?
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found in digestive tract, contracts involuntarily
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What is skeletal muscle?
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It attaches to bones and is under voluntary control
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What is cardiac muscle?
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unique to the heart and allow for contraction and relaxation of heart tissue to pump blood, involuntary
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What is nervous tissue?
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it conducts impulses throughout the body-found in peripheral and CNS
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What initially happens when tissue is damaged?
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vasoconstriction occurs and decreases blood flow to the area-which helps control hemorrhaging.
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What steps are involved in tissue damage and repair?
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1.vasoconstriction
2.vasodilation=area becomes warm & red 3.Plasma rushes to area=tissue swells 4.clots form as wbc remove infection 5. inflammation subsides due to wbc response 6. blood vessels return to normal 7.granulation tissue forms-further protect 8. new epithelial cells form epithelial layer around the tissue 9.scar tissue closes wounded area |
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During what healing stages does granulation tissue form?
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sencond and third intention healing stages
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What is the first step in the inflammatory response?
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vasoconstriction
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What are synovial membranes
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Line the joint cavities and produce synovial fluid to reduce friction
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What are cutaneous membranes?
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considered an organ system, aka integument
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Which membranes line the joints?
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synovial
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What are cartilidge cells called?
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chondrocytes
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What membrane lines the thorax, abd, and pelvic cavities?
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serous membranes
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What type of tissue is comprised of cells in a nonliving matrix?
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Connective tissue
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Tendons and ligaments are formed from what?
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fibrous connective tissue
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