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77 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
Hyberno-Saxon Art
 Interlace pattern
 Imaginary kinds of animals
 Art is portable—useful objects that are decorated
 Heraldic composition
 Form of art called Cloisonne
Cloisonne
hyberno-saxon art
• Start with metal plate and solder patterns of gold wire to metal plate, then in the spaces between the gold wire, put in pieces of colored stone
- Carolingian Period
o 750-900= time known as the Carolingian Period
 Named after Charlemagne
 Charlemagne illiterate, but was passionate about learning, so he established many, many, many monasteries, and established them so that monks would copy all sorts of ancient manuscripts
• Frantic, emotional
• Lots of diagonal lines
• Tight, elastic curving lines
• Facial expressions
• High-tone use of color
- Palatine Chapel
o Charlemagne built it for himself based on San Vitale
o Aachen, Germany
o 792-805
- Ottonian Style
o Represented mainly in manuscript illuminations
o The only painting in the Medieval period
o 900-1050
o Named after a series of holy Roman emperors who were all named Otto
typical ottonian elements
• Huge eyes
• Flat
• Figures created by lines
• No attempt at body mechanics
• Too many peoplism
• Flat, unrealistic background
• Hieratic scale
• Power of gaze
• Bright use of color
o Battle of Hastings
 1066, William the Conqueror invades and conquers England
 Bayeux Tapestry
• In both text and pictures dictates the whole story of the Battle of Hastings from the point of view of the Winner (William The Conqueror)
• Good example of Propaganda
 Most important piece of a secular event
-Romanesque
o Romanesque Churches
 Relics big thing at this time, trying to get people to church
 Stylized sculptures outside
 Gislebertus
• The Last Judgement
ITalian Trecento
- The Century of the 1300s
- Time of transition from Medieval Period and outlook
o Focused on afterlife
o Focusing on human accomplishments is sinful
- Waking up Medieval Christians to a new way of thinking
o Desire of luxury goods
o Growth of humanism
 Back toward naturalism
3 main influences on Italian
Byzantine Art
Gothic Art
Classical Elements
o Cimabue
 Late 1200’s mainly in Florence
 Influenced by 2nd Golden Age of Byzantine Art
• Took Byzantine’s Madonna Enthroned and brought in some 3-D realism
• Little bit more shading, softening around forms
• Still some conventions of altar piece
o Form that is such a conservative form, that artists don’t feel free to do much experimentation
o Not concerned with proportions
 Homunculus means man-child
o Beautiful decorative patterns—background, drapery
• Not very realistic
• Non- individualized Angels
 Huge, like 13 feet tall
 Tempera on panel—climate too hot for stained glass
o Giotto
 Sometimes called the father of Italian Renaissance
 Stately, stout figures
 Fresco
• Padua City @ the Arena Chapel or the Scarovegni Chapel
• Also most famous for a cycle of paintings in the city of Arsis (where St. Francis is from), huge basilica there over the tomb of St. Francis, tell the life of Giotto
 Passionate about making his art have realism of mass (3-D physical bodies and the space that they inhabit) and realism of emotions( the awareness that not everyone reacts the same to the same events
• Scarovegni
o 1305-1306
o Because not altar piece, more ex
o Padua—Scarovegni= rich family concerned about soul of father
 Commissioned this chapel
o Aka Arena Chapel because outside of chapel=remains of a Roman arena
o Left side= life of Jesus
o Right side= life of Mary
o On altar wall, we got Judgment Day
o Deposition
= actually taking down from cross
 The Lamentation
• mass and weight in a realistic place as well as emotional realism
• Mass--shadow and highlight; Realistic amount of space
• Emotion--Acknowledgement and awareness that not all human beings respond the same way to the same event
• Giotto 1st artist ever that acknowledges viewer as part of scene
a predella
• Base of altar piece is a big wooden base called
o Duccio
 Important thing is that he lived and worked in Siena, a big competitor with Florence
o 1st of the art Sienese School
 The Maestá Altarpiece
• Means majesty
• INDIVIDUALIZED figures
• Predella is also painted, Duccio painted his own predella
o Siena—Famous Family of artists
= The Lorenzetti Brothers
o Ambrogio Lorenzetti
 Did a series of frescoes in the Palazzo Pubblico
 Where the city council people meet
• Room is called Sala della Pace--Where they make laws and such
• Lorenzetti commissioned to do 4 frescoes on walls on the topic of the effects of good and bad government
o Constant reminder of the impact of what the lawmakers/governors do
o Effect of what they do
o Simone Martini

b4 plague
 Student and assistant to Duccio
 Before and After
 Before: The Annunciation
• Gold, flat Byzantine Punch work
o Triple portal
o Pointed arches
o Lobed arches within pointed arches
o Spires
• Sunburst of dove making a beeline to Mary’s ear—represents the holy spirit
THE BLACK DEATH
• When we get to the middle of the 14th century, something happens in 1347-50:
• Kills half of Italians
• The Humanism that marked so many works is going to go into retreat for a few decades and those innovations, especially Giotto, are going to be forgotten until about 70 years later when one Florentine painter, Masaccio, brings them back
Characteristics of International Gothic
o Small pieces
 Come from the tradition of small manuscript illuminations
o Very colorful
o Minute detail
o Aristocratic patrons
o Purpose of style is to please the eye of the aristocratic patron
o Decorative, ornamental, high-key color, beautiful decorative patterns
o Lots of gold
o Processions of beautifully dressed aristocratic people
 The International Gothic Style
• 1350-1400
• Accompanies the Pope being persuaded by the King of France to leave Rome and to come establish the city of the Papal court in Avignon, France--the Avignon Papacy
• Middle of 14th to middle of 15th
• Pope takes some of his favorite artists with him, including Simone
• Here, he will be seeing Medieval manuscript illuminations
o The Limbourg Brothers
 Still International Gothic
 Seeing scenes in a book that illustrate the 12 months of the year
 Calendar illustrations in a prayer book that is based on the Christian calendar and seasons
 Certain prayers prescribed to say at certain times of day
• When it talks about being a book of hours, that is what it is referring to
 Patron is a brother of the king of France, the Duke of Berry
 The name of the book is Les Tres Riches Heures de Duc de Berry
• Beautiful book of the important hours of the day
- The Cuattrocento
o At the beginning of the 15th century
o International Gothic Style
- Early Italian Renaissance
o 1400-1450—1st Half, 1450-1500—2nd Half
o Think of FLORENCE—center of Italian art world during this century
 Many wealthy families living in Florence, want to secure fame and importance by commissioning public art
 Patronage of art is a reflection of HUMANISM
E.I.R o Sculpture
 Still the way it has been since the Gothic Period—sculpture and architecture are still inter-dependent
 In the first couple of decades of this century, Donatello breaks that dependence, letting sculpture become independent of architecture
-fascinated with sculptors who are reviving classical art yet show forward thinking and moderns
Baptistery Door Competition
• 1402—1st competition in history for art commission
o Would be a really lucrative commission and would secure the fame for that sculpture for all time
• Purpose was for Baptistery doors right in front of duomo—means Cathedral in Italian
• People had to do a scene from the Old Testament and had to be a particular type of frame—like a square with four intersecting lobes
Finalists are Brunelleschi and Ghiberti, Ghiberti wins
Who invented linear perspective?
BRUNELLESCHI
teaches it to Masaccio
Quatrefoil Frame
• square with four intersecting lobes
o Called a
o Orsanmichele
 Gothic church takes up whole block
• Niches in outside wall of building all the way around the block
o Each was adopted by a separate guild
o Then commissioned a sculpture to go in that niche
Donatello
o Donatello
 Has some niches on Orsanmichele
 Brought back contropposto and allows sculpture in the round
 realistic
 3 different phases
• Realistic depictions
• Idealization
• Expressionistic
Donatello's David
 David”
• 1st free-standing, life-sized male nude since Classical times
• looking back at Polykleitos by Doryphorus
o David is the symbol of the City of Florence—virtuous and victorious underdog
 See themselves as the underdog to Milam
o Also symbolizes the victory of GOOD OVER EVIL
 Food on head—universal CONQUEST symbol
• “Gattamellata”
o Stands for “honey cat”—nickname of this general on horseback
o Equestrian soldier commissioned by Padua
- Painting in the 1st half of the Early Italian Renaissance
o As the century begins, the dominant style was the International Gothic Style, but all is going to get swept away by Masaccio
• Going to reflect the humanism of Florence at this period by using the appearance of this world using 3-D and Realistic Depictions of the human form
 figures and objects have mass and weight
 rational space, deep landscapes
o 2. Realistic Depiction of the human form
 how people really stand
 correct proportions
 Individualizing people
The Holy Trinity Fresco
Mas.
Santa Maria Novella
o Important because it is the very first painting that systematically implies linear perspective
o Funerary monument
o Patrons kneeling on ledge
 Seeing them in profile—coins
o The crypt aspect--extends out from wall
 Skeleton= momento memori
• Written above “What you are, I once was. What I am, you will become.”
o Mary on left of Jesus, John the Beloved to the right
 See them together a lot b/c Jesus told JtB to take care of Mary
o Altar in back, God is standing on top, holding the cross from which Jesus, his son is hanging
o Descending White Dove under Godsymbol for Holy Spirit
a memento memori
o Reminder of our eventual death
Linear Perspective Masaccio
o Owes Brunelleschi because he taught him linear perspective
 Brunelleschi-style architecture
 Should think of the Roman triumphal arch incorporated into church architecture
• The Brancacci Chapel
o Branacci= patron
o Series of frescoes
 Show scenes from the life of St. Peter
 The light source is a window
• Pay attention to where light is hitting walls—Masaccio uses it
• He uses the actual light coming through the window as if it is the light source for all of the frescoes in the chapel
o Chiaroscuro
 Light and Dark
 Forms are made 3-D by the use of dark and light, shading, variations of light and shade on figures
o Tribute Money”
 Figures
• Story in which Jesus and disciples arrive at Capernicum and a Roman tax-collector asks for a tax from them
• Jesus says to Peter to go catch a fish from the Sea of Galali, and there will be a coin in its mouth--Very human emotional response
• Tax-Collector==bare legs - contropposto
o First time in painting to see this stance
• Jesus and Disciples
o Absolutely individualized
o Chiaroscuro
 3- D Landscape Elements
 SO REVOLUTIONARY IN REALISM
 Paolo Uccello
• One of three panels that made up the Battle of San Romano
• Fascinated with perspective
• Had been trained as international
• Lances on ground show that he is really trying Linear perspective
o Trompe L’oeil
 To trick the eye
 Andrea del Castagno
• Fresco of a famous figure named Pippo Spano
o Imitating the niches on walls of buildings—feet overlapping the niche
o Visual trick where we have to look again and see if its realTrompe L’oeil
• The Last Supper
o Was in a monastery—images of The Last Supper in refectories—a dining hall in a monastery
o A genre that is a group of saints talking to each other
=sacre conversazione
o Loggia
a roofed area with light coming in because on one side, there is simply a row of columns, so light comes in and brightens up the whole thing results in a brighter tonality
 Domenico Veneziano
• “The Saint Lucy Altar Piece”
o A group of saints from all different periods that are symmetrically arranged around the Madonna and Child
o conversazione
o Places figures in a Loggia
o International Gothic Style
o Imitating architecture of Brunelleschi
“The Resurrection”
o 3-D elements
o incorporating the study of geometry
o Jesus with a calm, detailed formality, stepping out of crypt, foot firmly on crypt
 Holding flag—strong vertical line—flag of the church
• Church is the patron—reflecting the strength and stability of the church
o Insistence on balance and symmetry
o Created by having a central focal point, figures in a figural pyramid
o Vertical axis down from Jesus
o Calm, strength, power
o Rational and intellectual side of Jesus
 Pierro de la Francesca
• One of the most important and influential early renaissance painters
• Summed up all of the innovations of the first half of the early renaissance
• The Flagellation of Christ”
o The whipping/lashes that He was given
o In front of Hared, Hared ordered to receive lashes, tied to column to receive lashes
o acknowledging the presence of the viewer and is working actively to bring us into this scene
o Front group of people are contemporaries of the time period, people’s backs to us observing
 Figures from time of events are mirrored by the contemporaries’ poses
o LEAVES A SPACE FOR US!!—would complete the grouping of four that the fourth figure does in the scene
• “The Duchess and Duke of Urbino”
o Realistic portrayals of the human figure
 Not idealized body mechanics, but showing realism
 When portraiture re-emerges, patrons positioned in profile view because of the prototypes of Caesar
o 3-D landscape elements
Fra Angelico
 Monk name—think that he is an angelic, really good guy, Christian in the very best sense
• Monastereo San Marco
o Each cell has a fresco painted by him that the monks got to request
• “The Annunciation”
o Looks as if not a lot of Masaccio because no body mechanics, drapery, not as much of mass and weight
o International Style
• Another “The Annunciation” that is tempera on panel—richer colors, patterns, so much more detail
o Loggia
 Fra Philipo Lippi
• Bad boy monk—orphaned at young age
o Got a young nun named Lucretia pregnant and they went off and got married
o Medici family intervened and tried to smooth over the deal so that he could come back and marry Lucretia, but it never took place
• In all of his paintings, Mary is central and humanized, beautiful young woman who was probably Lucretia himself
• Baby probably their son, who grew up to be Phillipino Lippi(finished the frescoes in the Brancacci Chapel after the death of Masaccio)
• The teacher of Botticelli—important because think of Birth of Venus
• Use of Patterns—beautiful imagery that has beautiful lines creating patterns
• Looks more modern because they have more expression, volume and weight
- Second Half of the Early Renaissance
o In the 1st half, artists have essentially mastered realism, so as we move into the second half, going to see more emphasis on emotion—more extremes of emotion AND more emphasis on MOTION—showing extremes in human action AND attempts at devising more sophisticated ways of showing space(Mantegna)
 “The Battle of Naked Men”
• First time that we have studied a print, going to be talking a lot about different kinds of prints and print technology
• Become very popular in the 15th-16th—PRINTING PRESS
• Tensed muscle groups end up looking kind of stiff—hasn’t figured out that not all of the muscle groups are tensed at the same time
o Pollaiuolo
naked men, hercules and antaeus\
 Sculptor, engraver, painter
 “Hercules and Antaeus”
• Florence itself at that time was commissioning A LOT for full-size public pieces, but now having more private commissions for wealthy families—not as large
• The battle between Hercules and the giant Antaeus—if Antaeus touches the ground, Mother Earth gives him power, so Hercules has to hold him, crushing him in the air
• Intense emotion and struggling
 Sculptor, engraver, painter
 Fascinated with motion and emotion
o Niccolo Dell’Arca
 Refer to as “The Lamentation”
• Full-size, but very less expensive because its terracotta
• Forward rush, so much emotion in face and hands
• Robes flying behind her
o Verrocchio
 The master of Leonardo
 “David”
• Adolescent Leonardo served as a model for this David
• Comparison to Donatello’s David but much cockier
• V more interested in showing musculature of the human form
• V’s is clothed
o Luca Della Robbia
 Common kind of sculpture in Florence
 Della Robbia family –Luca is one—did these large medallions (a relief sculpture that is in an either round or oval frame, looks like a medal)
 Medium is glazed terracotta
 Very durable
 On buildings ALL over Florence
• Brunelleschi LOVES these medallions, covered the building
o Andrea Mantegna
 Not from Florence
 Has impact on artists from Florence, but is from PaduaScrovengian Chapel, Donatello’s horse sculpture
 Next to Masaccio, second most important painter of the Early Renaissance
 Fearlessness, courage in experimenting in perspective
 “St. Sebastian”
• 1455-60 and 1480
o Ordered to be shot by his own soldiers
o Nursed back to health
o Then beaten to death with clubs
o Many, many images, chapels dedicated to him because he was the patron saint of the plague
o Classical Remains
 Both tied to a Roman triumphal arch, Realistic Roman architecture in the background
o Emotion
o Realistic 3-D space
 Dead Christ”
• When we look at this, remember that Mategna wants to evoke an emotional response(literally puts us at foot of Christ and makes the nail holes really graphic) AND the most radical foreshortening of a human body up to this point
di sotto en su perspective
which means from down below, upwards
o Going to be developed more and more and more
 Camera Degli Sposi
• One of his patrons was the Duke of Mantua, the Gonzaga family
• In the Dukal palace, a room specifically designed as a newly-wed chamberCamera Degli Sposi
• Took actual architecture elements, extended them down in a painted way
• What is like an oculus
o View of people lying on the bed—people watching them ,looking down—sense of humor
o First of di sotto en su perspective which means from down below, upwards
 “St. James on the Way to his Execution”
• Black and white because the church suffered from bombing in WW2, all that is left are black and white photographs
• “birds-eye view” is looking from above; this one is the “worms-eye view”
• Plunging perspective lines
o Perugino
 “The Delivery of the Keys”
o Need to remember that the Avignon Papacy, when the Pope had left, created a big mess, so in 1377 elect a pope of their own—so to 1421, going to have dueling Popes
 1421 restored, but damage is done
 Pope has to regain respect and authority of the office
 Big ways= building big buildings that inspire awe and respect and proclaim power and authority
• Pope Sixtus built the Sistine Chapel and commissions lots of famous painters to fresco the walls of the Sistine Chapel
o This is ost famous of the frescoes^ --papal propaganda
 The Pope’s authority came from Jesus itself—the Petrine Doctrine
• Follow perspective lines in the pavement, back to church, two people in the back, one wearing the red robe of the Pope
• Brunelleschi’s archtitecture, then Alberti—both reviving Classical architecture
• 3 buildings—Holy Trinity
o Luca Signorelli
 “The Damned Cast into Hell”
• Motion, emotion, study of anatomy
• All different positions
• People throne to hell and tortured by these like muscular people
• Michelangelo studied this before he painted The Last Judgement
- Domenico Ghirlandaio
o Primarily a portraitist
o Realism of the human figure
 Profile
o G.T.
 Like coins
 Can’t get very much information
• BUT NO INTERIOR BEING—G changes portraiture by being influenced by Northern artists—3 quarters or full-frontal
o Can see the whole face and facial expression
o Much more humanistic
o Show inner, more spiritual state
o “Old man and his grandson”
 Skin condition on nose
 Interior state more important—clearly adores grandson and the grandson clearly doesn’t care about the nose, loves his grandpa
o “Francesco and Son”
 Full-frontal, child on lap
 Not as much of a sense because he is looking down, not at son
 Mr. Hagen!
 Developments in portraiture, Botticelli picks up where G left off
o WAS MICHELANGELO’S MASTER!!!!!!
- Botticelli
o FLORENCE!
o One of the Medici’s favorite painters
 Important patrons of arts AND intellectual pursuits
 Thinkers and writers also lived in Medici palace
 Philosophy: Neo-Platonism
• Attempt to bring together Greek philosophy and Christianity
• Before we are born, we all exist as pure souls, innocent, pure souls; in a state of bliss because we are in the prescence of God
• When we take on physical form, can no longer see God, no longer know that bliss
• Aim of Neo-Platonists are to contemplate beauty in order to get back to that state of pure innocence in order to get back to God
 Commissioned by Medici to make Neo-Platonism paintings
o Neo-Platonist Paintings
 Aim is not to create views that look like this world—this world that corrupted us
 Intended to be things of beauty, not this world
 Fra Phillipo Lucci—teacher of Botticelli
• Considered a master of line throughout art history, graceful, curving lines
o “La Primavera”
 In neo-Platonism, the innocent and pure figure of the Virgin is represented by Venus, the Goddess of Love
• Just like the Virgin, associated with a miraculous birth
 Purposely avoiding all worldly elements
o “The Birth of Venus”
 No 3-D elements
 Very idealized figures
 Patterns--Waves, shell, tree leaves, clothing, drapery, hair, wings
 Would think that this is totally Pagan
Salvanarola
o Believed that the Medici family, by subscribing to neo-Platonism, was leading the people of Florence through the gates of hell themselves
o People started turning against the Medici family, they flee in fear of their lives, Savonarola takes over the government and puts in place all of these Draconian laws
o Bonfire of the Vanities
 Anything sinful, representative of human vanity
 Anything that reflected Neo-Platonism
 Bottichelli threw tons of his own paintings on the fire
o He becomes so powerful, becomes a threat to the Pope
o Pope excommunicates him, calls him a heretic, DEATH
o Took it too far, people like what did we get ourselves into
• B very effective by this whole thing—never again paints any Pagan subject matter, barely any painting at all
• Medici never again as enthusiastic as they were before
• Center of the art world moves from Florence to Rome
who is raphaels master?
PERUGINO