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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What is another name for the pituitary? |
Hypophysis |
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What is the shape of the pituitary? |
Pea-shaped structure, about ½ inch in diameter |
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Where is the pituitary located? |
Lies in the hypophyseal fossa of the sella turcica |
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How is the pituitary attached to the hypothalamus? |
Attached to the hypothalamus by a stalk = the infundibulum |
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What are the three parts of the pituitary? |
(1)Adenohypophysis (anterior), (2)Neurohypophysis (posterior), (3)Pars Intermedia |
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When does the pars intermedia develop? |
In utetero |
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What hormone does the pars intermedia secrete? |
MSH (Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone) |
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What are the two plexi of the hypothalamus? |
(1)Primary plexus, (2)Secondary plexus |
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How do hormones get from the hypothalamus to the anterior pituitary? |
Secondary plexus |
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Where is the primary plexus located? |
On the infundibulum |
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What are the two categories of hypothalamus hormones? |
(1)Releasing hormones, (2)Inhibitory hormones |
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Where do the releasing and inhibitory hormones go after they leave the hypothalamus? |
The anterior pitutary |
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Where does the anterior pituitary send the releasing and inhibitory hormones? |
Systemic target organs |
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What are the nine hypothalamic hormones? |
(1)CRH, (2)GHRH, (3)GHIH, (4)TRH, (5)GnRH, (6)PRH, (7)PIH, (8)OT, (9)ADH |
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What is CRH? |
Corticotropic Releasing Hormone |
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What is GHRH? |
Growth Hormone Releasing Hormone |
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What is GHIH? |
Growth Hormone Inhibiting Hormone |
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What is TRH? |
Thyrotropic Releasing Hormone |
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What is GnRH? |
Gonadotropin Releasing Hormone |
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What is PRG? |
Prolactin Releasing Hormone |
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What is PIH? |
Prolactin Inhibiting Hormone |
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What is OT? |
Oxytocin |
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What is ADH? |
Antidiuretic Hormone |
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What are the seven anterior pituitary hormones? |
(1)ACTH, (2)MSH, (3)hGH, (4)TSH, (5)FSH, (6)LH, (7)PRL |
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What are the two posterior pituitary hormones? |
(1)OT, (2)ADH |
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What is ACTH? |
Adrenocorticotropic Hormone |
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What is MSH? |
Melanocyte Stimulating Hormone |
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What is hGH? |
Human Growth Hormone |
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What is TSH? |
Thyroid Stimulating Hormone |
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What is FSH? |
Follicle Stimulating Hormone |
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What is LH? |
Lutenizing Hormone |
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What is PRL? |
Prolactin |
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What two anterior pituitary hormones does CRH does stimulate? |
(1)ACTH, (2)MSH |
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What does ACTH stimulate? |
The release of cortisol |
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What does MSH stimulate? |
Melanin production in the skin. Can be stimulated by stress. |
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What does anterior pituitary hormone does GHRH stimulate? |
hGH |
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What does anterior pituitary hormone does GHIH inhibit? |
hGH |
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What does hGH stimulate? |
Insulin-like growth factors |
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What does anterior pituitary hormone does TRH stimulate? |
TSH |
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What two hormones does TSH stimulate? |
(1)T3/T4, (2)Calcitonin |
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What two does anterior pituitary hormones does GnRH stimulate? |
(1)FSH, (2)LH |
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What role doe FSH and LH play in men and women? |
Men: Production of sperm, helps sperm to mature, production of testosterone Women: Regulate cycles, help eggs to mature, production of estrogen |
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What does anterior pituitary hormone does PRH stimulate? |
PRL |
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What does anterior pituitary hormone does PIH inhibit? |
PRL |
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What is the function of PRL? |
Its primary role is to help initiate and maintain breast milk production in pregnant and nursing women. |
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What does posterior pituitary hormone does OT stimulate? |
OT |
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What is the function of OT? |
Uterine contraction, milk ejection, bonding |
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What does posterior pituitary hormone does ADH stimulate? |
ADH |
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What is ADH associated with? |
Water |
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What type of hormones does that anterior pituitary produced? |
Makes tropic hormones (tropins) = hormones that have an affect on another endocrine gland |
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What are the five types of tropic hormones? |
(1)Somatotrophs, (2)Thyrotrophs, (3)Gonadotrophs, (4)Lactotrophs, (5)Coritocotrophs |
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What is the function of somatotrophs? |
secrete human growth hormone (hGH) [aka somatotropin] – hGH in turn stimulates insulin-like growth factors (IGF’s) to stimulate general body growth |
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What is the function of thyrotrophs? |
secrete TSH [aka thryotropin] |
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What is the function of gonadotrophs? |
secrete FSH and LH – act on the gonads |
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What is the function of lactotrophs? |
secrete prolactin |
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What is the function of corticotrophs? |
secretes ACTH [aka corticotropin] and sometimes MSH from the remnants of the pars intermedia |
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What are five facts that we know about MSH? |
(1)The Brain has MSH receptors (fxn unknown), (2)MSH stimulates melanocytes in skin, (3)It’s stimulated by CRH, (4)Inhibited by dopamine, (5)Increases in the brain under high stress, or certain disease states |
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What part of the adrenal gland does ACTH act on? |
The cortex |
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What are the three parts of the adrenal cortex? |
(1)Zona glomerulosa, (2)Zona fasciculata, (3)Zona reticularis |
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Describe the zona glomerulosa. |
mineralocorticoids, mainly aldosterone. Mainly fluid balance. |
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Describe the zona fasciculata. |
glucocorticoids, mainly cortisol. The thickest layer. |
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Describe the zona reticularis. |
androgens. DHEA. |
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What two hormones in the adrenal medullar are stimulated directly by the SNS? |
(1)Epinephrine, (2)Norepinephrine |
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What is the most abundant hormone in the body? |
GH |
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What does GH stimulate? |
Stimulates liver, muscle, cartilage, and bone to synthesize and secrete Insulin like Growth Factors (IGF’s) [aka: somatomedins] |
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What two hormones affect blood glucose levels? |
(1)hGH, (2)IGF |
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What three conditions can excess levels of hGH cause? |
(1)Acromegally, (2)Gigantism, (3)Hyperglycemia (and in turn beta-cell burn-out.) |
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What three conditions can low levels of hGH cause? |
(1)Dwarfism, (2)Hypoglycemia, (3)Poor muscle and bone development |
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What are nine factors that can increase GH levels? |
(1)Gigantism, (2)acromegaly, (3)Anorexia, (4)Stress, (5)major surgery, (6)hypoglycemia, (7)starvation, (8)deep sleep state, (9)exercise |
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What are five factors that can decrease GH levels? |
(1)GH deficiency “Failure to Thrive” children/infants who fail to grow/gain weight, (2)Pituitary insufficiency, (3)Dwarfism, (4)Hyperglycemia (inhibits GH secretion), (5)Delayed sexual maturation (GH deficiency in adolescents) |
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What are three diabetogenic effects of excess GH? |
(1)Persistent hyperglycemia, (2)Stimulates persistent high levels of insulin, (3)Beta-cell burn out (pancreas can’t keep up with the insulin requirements) + resistance of receptors for insulin |
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What are the names of T3 and T4? |
T3: Triiodothyronine T4: Thyroxine |
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What two hormones can suppress GnRH? |
(1)Testosterone, (2)Estrogen |
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What seven hormones does PRL have a permissive effect on? |
(1)Estrogen, (2)Progesterone, (3)Glucocorticoids, (4)hGH, (5)Thyroxine, (6)Insulin, (7)Oxytocin |
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What can abnormally high levels of PRL cause? |
galactorrhea inmales and females; and gynecomastia in men |
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What are four functions of ADH? |
(1)Decreases urine production (causes kidney to return more water to the blood), (2)Constricts arterioles, which increases blood pressure, (3)Decreases perspiration, (4)Vasopressin |
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How is ADH secretion is regulated by blood osmotic pressure and blood volume? |
High osmotic pressure = low blood volume: increase’s ADH Low osmotic pressure = high blood volume: decrease’s ADH |
