Ap2 Test 4

Front 1

functions of the lymphatic system:

Back 1

two major functions
-immunity
-to help maintain blood volume

Front 2

lacteals

Back 2

located in the alveoli of the small intestine; specialized lymphatic capillaries found in the small intestine; pick up absorbed fats for transport.

Front 3

most nutrients are absorbed in the blood except

Back 3

lipids aka fats

Front 4

lipids are taken care of where

Back 4

in the liver

Front 5

lyphatic system: first main function

Back 5

to help maintain blood volume.
-when you have capillary beds some plasma leaks out you see some plasma gone due to :
- osmotic pressure changing
-hydrostic pressure changing if it happens arround tissue it is called edema.

Front 6

when plasma escapes

Back 6

you get swelling called edema.

Front 7

interstintial fluid

Back 7

is composed of plasma, plasma electrolytes, plasma gases, is outside the blood stream and if it keeps accumulating you will get edema.

Front 8

lyphatic capillaries

Back 8

are the smallest structures in the lymphatic system, located in the interstitial fluid, and are there to pick up excess interstitial fluid so you dont get edema.

Front 9

lymphatic capillaries are made of

Back 9

simple squamous epithelial cells

Front 10

so the interstitial fluid is picked up by ___ and once it is picked up the name is now called ____

Back 10

lyphatic capillaries, lymph

Front 11

capillaries come together to larger things called

Back 11

lyphatic vessels

Front 12

lymphatic vessels

Back 12

are similiar to veins in the circulaory system, have tunics and valves, three layers , pass through several lymph nodes

Front 13

what filters lymph?

Back 13

lymph nodes

Front 14

lymphatic vessels are the only thing that can go through

Back 14

lymph nodes

Front 15

several lymphatic vessels may come togther to form larger vessels called

Back 15

lymphatic trunks and are named after the section of the body that they drain (abdomen).

Front 16

In the lymphatic system several trunks come back togther to form two main lymphatic ducts (two large structures)

Back 16

-right thoracic duct
-thoracic duct

Front 17

thoracic duct

Back 17

longest and largest of two ducts; originates in the abdominal pelvic and runs into the chest cavity and brings the fluid from the legs up (lymph or plasma) returns to circulatory system and joins the left subclavian vein and empties here, (by left jugular vein) then dumped into the RA (oxygen poor side)

Front 18

right thoracic duct

Back 18

Right side version of the thoracic duct; starts and stops in the thoracic cavity and drains the head and neck; returns filtered plasma into the right subclavian vein.

Front 19

left subclavian vein

Back 19

is where the thoracic cavity empties, (by left jugualr vein), then dumped into the RA (oxygen poor side)

Front 20

what are the functions of the ducts

Back 20

to return filtered plamsa to the HEART

Front 21

lymph nodes info:

Back 21

has a convex surface and a concave surface, has one opening into the hilum, is living tissue which needs blood supply

Front 22

hilum

Back 22

opening into the lymph node on concave side (all blood supply enters here; arteries, veins, nerves...)

Front 23

concave lymph side

Back 23

afferent lymph vessels enter here and bring lymph in

Front 24

convex lymph side

Back 24

ateries, veins, nerves

Front 25

nodules

Back 25

structural unit of a lymph node; makes more efficient with these chambers

Front 26

lymphocytes

Back 26

immunity's main function, is produced in lymph nodes and are phagocytic for cleaning debris, waste, etc...

Front 27

a swollen node means you have an overproduction of

Back 27

lymphocytes or peyer's pathches in intestine

Front 28

____ travels through lymph nodes

Back 28

cancer

Front 29

lymph function

Back 29

clean plasma to take back to the heart

Front 30

there is no direct connection between the heart and the

Back 30

lymphatic system

Front 31

we move lymph through:

Back 31

valves
breathing
hydrostatic pressure
skeletal muscle
*same as veins

Front 32

thymus gland

Back 32

attaches to the top of heart, composed of lobules

Front 33

thymus gland info:

Back 33

starts out as lyphatic tissue, is active through puberty and young adolescence, turns to adipose tissue in the elderly and elastic b/c it is no longer needed

Front 34

lobules

Back 34

compartments in the thymus held together by c.t; lymphocytes located here

Front 35

thymocytes

Back 35

are lymphocytes that are in the thymus gland and are INACTIVE

Front 36

when thymocytes gain an active function they are called

Back 36

t-cells ,t-lymphocytes

Front 37

thymosin

Back 37

is required to changed thymocytes to t-cells as well as promoting there maturity.

Front 38

if you have an inefficient amount of thymosin you wont have any

Back 38

t- cells

Front 39

we gain most immunity through t-cells during

Back 39

puberty

Front 40

spleen

Back 40

the biggest lymphatic organ, just lateral to the stomach

Front 41

lobules

Back 41

compartments of spleen

Front 42

spleen is a

Back 42

non vital organ you can live without

Front 43

non vital define:

Back 43

you can live without

Front 44

fuctions of spleen

Back 44

filters blood
stores blood

Front 45

liver can taker over functions of the

Back 45

spleen because it is a non-vital organ.

Front 46

white pulp

Back 46

are masses of lymphocytes, inside the lobules, cleans and filters blood taking out what we dont need or want

Front 47

red pulp

Back 47

blood or RBCs

Front 48

when lymphocytes are in the spleen they are

Back 48

phagocytic

Front 49

what are 3 phagocytic things in the lymphatic system

Back 49

liver, spleen, lymphocytes

Front 50

immunity

Back 50

our body's response to infection or inflammation

Front 51

infection

Back 51

the presence and multiplication of disease causing agents.

Front 52

pathogens

Back 52

living disease causings agents
-bacteria
-viruses
-protozoans
-fungi

Front 53

what are the types of pathogens

Back 53

-bacteria
-viruses
-protozoans
-fungi

Front 54

allergens

Back 54

list could be living or non
-dust
-cat dander
-house hold cleaners
-pollen(living)

Front 55

types of allergens

Back 55

-dust
-cat dander
-house hold cleaners
-pollen (living)

Front 56

anything that lymphocytes respond to, as far as an immune response, that come in the body is an ____

Back 56

antigen

Front 57

antigens are

Back 57

non-living and living

Front 58

self substance

Back 58

what your body produces is self substance

Front 59

non self substance

Back 59

come from someone else; is produced else where

Front 60

most ___ are good and we need them

Back 60

bacteria

Front 61

fetus is a

Back 61

non self substance

Front 62

selective supression immune system

Back 62

is when you have a spontaneous abortion t-cells b/c body rejects sperm

Front 63

non specific immunity

Back 63

1.species resistance
2.mechanical barrier
3.enzymtic action
4.interferon
5.inflammation
6.phagocytosis

Front 64

two types of immunity

Back 64

specific immunity
non specific immunity

Front 65

species resistance

Back 65

we have a blanket immunity to disease that other species get so we dont get
1.parvo, hiv

Front 66

mechanical barrier

Back 66

skin, we have it, maintains the homeostasis of the body

Front 67

enzymatic action

Back 67

have enzymes in our fluid even tears (lysozyme) keep bacterial levels down

Front 68

interferon

Back 68

hormone-like peptide, used to treat cancer (tumors), responds to virus and stops the spread

Front 69

inflammation

Back 69

inflammatory response, WBC come to site due to bruise open cut etc., macrophages, trying to localize it

Front 70

phagocytosis

Back 70

monocytes, neutrophils are phagocytic, mono eat big stuff

Front 71

specific immunity

Back 71

pathogens
toxins poisonous substances

Front 72

antigens

Back 72

anything that which a lymphocyte displays an immune response

Front 73

antigens types

Back 73

pathogens
allergens

Front 74

pathogens

Back 74

disease causing; living

Front 75

allergens

Back 75

can be living or non living and cause allergic reactions

Front 76

haptens

Back 76

small antigens; come into the body on other big antigens; can be like dust or chemicals in the air

Front 77

stem cells

Back 77

undifferentiated lymphocytes; do not have a purpose yet

Front 78

50% of the cells come from the RBC and go to the

Back 78

thymus gland(to differentiate) then thymosin changes it to T-cells; enters blood for second time or can circulate in blood for 2nd time about 70-80 do this and the rest go to the sites of lymph nodes and sites of spleen

Front 79

other 50% of the cells come from the RBC and go to the

Back 79

fetal liver to be processed; they become b-lymphocytes (B-cells) which is bone marrow derived; two ways for entry into the blood: about 20-30% circulate lymphocyte and others settle in lymphatic organs and lobes of the spleen.

Front 80

lymphokines

Back 80

chemical substance that T-cells produce to help the cells fight of antigens

Front 81

b- means

Back 81

bone marrow derived

Front 82

t- means

Back 82

thymus derived

Front 83

antibodies

Back 83

are proteins, are produced and secreted by b-cells`

Front 84

b-cells produce what
t-cells produce what

Back 84

antibodies
lymphokines

Front 85

t-cells info

Back 85

require the presense of another kind of cell (accessory cell) before they can be activated

Front 86

t-cell can be activated by (accessory cells)

Back 86

macrophages, b-cells

Front 87

b-cells info

Back 87

can be activated when encountering an antigen whose molecular shape fits the shape of the b-cells anitigen receptors

Front 88

Antibodies info

Back 88

are produced and secreted by the b-cells; are soluble globular proteins called immunoglobulins (aka antibody)

Front 89

primary immune response
secondary immunse response

Back 89

first encounter a lymhocyte has with the antigen, everything after is secondary

Front 90

immunoglobulins

Back 90

secreted by b-cells; are soluble globular proteins; aka antibodies

Front 91

secondary immune response

Back 91

memory cells; remember and the t-cells encounter and take care of it

Front 92

antigens

Back 92

B-cells:
globular proteins (immunoglobulins)
attack antigens directly
activate enzymes
stimulate local changes to prevent spread of antigens

Front 93

specific immunity

Back 93

three ways to gain
-naturally aquired
-artiffically aquired active immunity
-artificially aquired passive immunity

Front 94

naturally aquired active immunity

Back 94

obtained by disease; antigen and immunity are then naturally acquired which contribute to long term immunity.

Front 95

artificially aquired active immunity

Back 95

vaccine; are long term

Front 96

artificially aquired passive immunity

Back 96

gamma globulin injection; ready made antibodies are short term immunity

Front 97

allergens non-living, living or

Back 97

immediate-show up now
delayed- reaction later

Front 98

specialized group of t-cells, supress reaction

Back 98

supressor cells

Front 99

selective suppressive immunity

Back 99

allow you to carry a fetus and sperm; some people dont have this immunity and have spontaneous abortions

Front 100

immunosuppressive drugs

Back 100

non self substance; we use these drugs to help the body suppress our immune systems

Front 101

lacteals

Back 101

specialized lymphatic capillaries located in the villi of the small intestine

Front 102

lacteals functions

Back 102

absorb and transport lipids/fats from the digestive system

Front 103

tissue fluid that enters the lymphatic cavity is known as what

Back 103

lymph

Front 104

lymph glands are also known as

Back 104

lymph nodes

Front 105

what is the largest lymphatic organ

Back 105

spleen

Front 106

tissue fluid that has entered a lymphatic capillary is called

Back 106

lymph

Front 107

where are t-cells produced

Back 107

thymus gland

Front 108

disease causing agents

Back 108

pathogens

Front 109

types of non-specific immunity

Back 109

species resistance
mechanical barriers
inflammation
interferon
phagocytosis

Front 110

a group of hormone like peptides produced by lymphocytes and fibroblasts that inhibit the proliferation of viruses, stimulate phagocytoysis and enhance cell resistance to infections and tumor growth

Back 110

interferons

Front 111

the resistance of particular foreign agents, pathogens and or their toxins

Back 111

specific immunity

Front 112

an artificially aqured immunity

Back 112

vaccine

Front 113

reactions can either be immediate or delayed

Back 113

allergic

Front 114

immuno-suppressants

Back 114

are given to people who are given organ transplants

Front 115

lymph from the lower regions of the body, the left arm the left side of the head and neck enters the ___ duct of the lymphatic system that begins in the abdomen

Back 115

thoracic
abdomen=thoracic cavity

Front 116

the right lymphatic duct empties into

Back 116

right subclavin vein

Front 117

movement of lymph is controlled by

Back 117

skeletal muscle activity

Front 118

the structural units of lymph nodes are called

Back 118

nodules

Front 119

lymph nodes contain large numbers of cells called

Back 119

lymphocytes

Front 120

large numbers of ___ are responsible for the red pulp in the spleen

Back 120

RBCs

Front 121

the body's defense mechanisms against disease causing agents

Back 121

immunity

Front 122

One of the primary functions of the lymph nodes is to produce these cells

Back 122

lymphocytes; differentiate into T-cells and B-cells

Front 123

Lymphatic vessels

Back 123

Lymphatic vessels contain valves.

Front 124

The lymphatic system is closely associated with the cardiovascular system.

Back 124

They are not the same...

Front 125

Lymphatic vessels unite with what vessels

Back 125

Lymphatic vessels unite with lymphatic trunks

Front 126

The right lymphatic duct empties into

Back 126

right subclavian vein.

Front 127

peyer's patches are

Back 127

organized lymphoid nodules, usually found in the lowest portion of the small intestine (ileum), Because the lumen of the gastrointestinal tract is exposed to the external environment, much of it is populated with potentially pathogenic microorganisms. Peyer's patches thus establish their importance in the immune surveillance of the intestinal lumen and in facilitating the generation of the immune response within the mucosa.
Pathogenic microorganisms and other antigens entering the intestinal tract encounter macrophages, dendritic cells, B-lymphocytes, and T-lymphocytes found in Peyer's patches and other Mucosa Associated Lymphatic Tissue (MALT).

Front 128

Tissue fluid originates

Back 128

blood plasma

Front 129

The spleen is located in front of the aortic arch.

Back 129

False: lateral to the stomach

Front 130

T-cells

Back 130

may interact directly with foreign cells
can synthesize and secrete lymphokines
may secrete toxic substances that are lethal to their antigen-binding cells
provide cell mediated immunity for the body

Front 131

B-cells act directly against antigens by producing and secreting globular proteins or immunoglobulins called

Back 131

antibodies

Front 132

the members of each variety of lymphocytes as a group

Back 132

Clone

Front 133

Antibodies

Back 133

react to antigens by attacking them directly
activate a set of enzymes that attack antigens
stimulate changes in local areas that help prevent the spread of antigens

Front 134

Three possible pathogens

Back 134

viruses
bacteria
fungi

Front 135

2 primary substances returned to the bloodstream by the lymphatic system:

Back 135

plasma
nutrients