Ap2 Test 3

Front 1

fish has

Back 1

()-1 atrium
()-1 ventricle
least efficient has oxygen rich blood and oxygen poor blood

Front 2

exothermic

Back 2

cold blooded

Front 3

endothermic

Back 3

humans warm blooded takes alot of energy to do this and you must have more effecient oxygen to be this

Front 4

when you have 1 ventricle and 1 atrium it is a

Back 4

single heart

Front 5

amphimbians

Back 5

()()-2 atriums pump oxygen rich and poor move to land from here
()-ventricle
incomplete double circulation occurs in three chamber heart in amphibians and this means that oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood never mix
- 3 chamber heart

Front 6

incomplete double circulation

Back 6

occurs in three chamber heart in amphibians and this means that oxygen poor and oxygen rich blood never mix

Front 7

Reptiles

Back 7

4 chamber heart only one to have this is crocodile
(RA)(LA)
(RV)(LV)

Front 8

birds

Back 8

(RA)(LA)
(RV)(LV)
in this we have a seperation of oxygen rich and poor blood no mixing of to is four chamber heart. the right side handle poor and the left handles rich blood
- complete double circulation - you never mix not even in the ventricle

Front 9

mammals

Back 9

(RA)(LA)
(RV)(LV)
in this we have a seperation of oxygen rich and poor blood no mixing of to is four chamber heart. the right side handle poor and the left handles rich blood

Front 10

complete double circulation -

Back 10

you never mix not even in the ventricle oxygen poor and rich blood

Front 11

septum

Back 11

divides the heart into R&L portions between the venrticles

Front 12

when you have a hole in the heart you have a hole in the

Back 12

septum

Front 13

Fish
Amphibians
Reptiles
Birds
Mammals

Back 13

single chamber
three chamber- incomplete double circulation
four-crocodile
four- complete double circulation
four-complete double circulation

Front 14

visceral pericardium

Back 14

inner most makes the heart shiny is the thinnest, dense connective tissue

Front 15

parietal pericardium

Back 15

middle layer of the heart, dense c,t

Front 16

fibrous pericardium

Back 16

is the thickest outermost layer of the heart is dense c.t

Front 17

pericardiaal

Back 17

space between the paritial paricardium and the visceral pericardium and it contains pericardium fluid and it prevents irrataion (pericarditis)

Front 18

pericarditis

Back 18

due to bacterial infection in the pericardial cavity

Front 19

what are the three pericardium of the heart

Back 19

visceral pericardoium
parietal pericardoium
fibrous pericardoium
(goes thinnnest to thickest and inner to outer)

Front 20

what is between the visceral pericardium and the parietal pericardium

Back 20

pericardial cavity

Front 21

epicardium

Back 21

outermost layer of the heart wall directly beneath the visceral pericardium is for protection and produces the pericardium fluid and fills the cavity and consist of E.T and a thin layer of C.T

Front 22

Miocardium

Back 22

the middle layer is muscle and cardiac muscle only found in the heart

Front 23

endocardium

Back 23

E.T with C.T under it is the inner most layer if the heart

Front 24

layers of the heart from outside to inside:

Back 24

epicardium
miocardium
endocardium

Front 25

endocarditis

Back 25

inflamation of the innermost layer of the heart symptoms are similar to heart attack

Front 26

valvular stenosis

Back 26

chronic inflammtion of this can cause the valves to change shape of heart valve could be due to endocarditis or high blood pressure! can cause heart murmur

Front 27

prolapsed valve

Back 27

when the valve starts to turn inward and the valve can close and blood flows backward
and thats what gives you ur murmur

Front 28

bicupsid valve

Back 28

mitral valve also called is between the LA-LV is the high pressure side of the heart rich blood(has two cusps)

Front 29

atrioventricular orfice

Back 29

holes betwen RA-RV n LA-LV

Front 30

Tricupsid valve

Back 30

regulates the passage of blood into the RA-RV oxygen poor side low pressure side of the heart( has three cusps)

Front 31

skeleton of the heart

Back 31

extra dense c.t found in extra parts of the heart in the septum or where a vessle joins the heart there is more dense c.t

Front 32

what causes valves to open and close

Back 32

presure changes in the heart

Front 33

papillary muscle

Back 33

involuntary typ of muscle and contracts and relaxes due to preseeure there is long starnd that attach to the cusps

Front 34

cordenea tendenae

Back 34

tendons that attach the papillaty muscle to the cusps of the muscle, pull on the valve and help open and close valve

Front 35

superior vena cava

Back 35

drains the head n neck and brings the blood back to the heart

Front 36

coranary sinus

Back 36

drains the walls of the heart itself

Front 37

the walls of the ventricle are much ____ than the walls of the arteries

Back 37

thicker

Front 38

the only thing that can pump blood is ___ the it enters through

Back 38

chember/chamber, vessels

Front 39

blood moves through or regulates blood

Back 39

valve

Front 40

veins
arteries

Back 40

bring to heart
way from heart

Front 41

the only arteries that carry oxygen poor blood is

Back 41

pulmonary arteries

Front 42

two pulmonary circulatotion
pathways

Back 42

heart to lungs
lungs to heart

Front 43

list of how blood flows:

Back 43

superior vena cava
inferior vena cava
right venrticle
pulmonary artery-blue
now to lungs
now send back to pulmonary veins- in red on model
left antrium
left ventricle
aortic semi valve
final thing is pump to aorta

Front 44

systemic circulation

Back 44

heart to body
body to heart

Front 45

the heart has to feed itself if not you will have a

Back 45

heartattck

Front 46

coronary arteries are ___ on the model and pulmonary arteries are ____

Back 46

red blue

Front 47

when coronary arteries block the tissue below turns and thats when you have a (dead or dying heart tissue)

Back 47

heart attack

Front 48

when you go from the rv to lv you go through the

Back 48

bicupsid

Front 49

all the coronary veins take back the blood to the ___ where this drains the heart itself

Back 49

coronary sinus

Front 50

anastomoses

Back 50

extra branches of coronary arteries and if you are very athletic the corory arteries form extra branches and supplies the heart with more oxygen

Front 51

Ischemia

Back 51

tissue is not getting enough oxygen

Front 52

coranary thrombosis

Back 52

blood clot that is forming in the heart has the same effect as plaque can cause heart attack

Front 53

Angina

Back 53

occurs during exercise when the coronary artery becomes clogged treats with nitro glisorin and dilates vessels

Front 54

myocardial infarction

Back 54

medical term for of heart attack, is caused by dead or dying myocardium, how much tissue is gone or dead is how severe the heart attack you have had

Front 55

congestive heart failure

Back 55

is when the heart wears out and you are drowning on your own blood because you have fliud in your lungs and if you will not taken care of you will die (backs up between heart n lungs)

Front 56

bipass surgery

Back 56

triple
douple
- coronary arteries are blocked so the surgery unblockes these

Front 57

functional syncytium

Back 57

found only in the heart, a mass of merging cells that act as a unit
EX: the chambers contract as unit

Front 58

cardiac cycle

Back 58

you have the proper contartion in the heart in the proper time n order with the arterieries and vertricles

Front 59

systole/diastole info is:

Back 59

140/90 is blood pressure is called the silent killer and your body adjust to the high pressure over time and it affects your valves arteries and heart 130/80- wants to lower

Front 60

systole/diastole define

Back 60

pumping pressure of the heart
resting pressure of the heart

Front 61

what is the typical range of blood pressure

Back 61

110-120/60-80

Front 62

if a chamber is contracting it is called

Back 62

atrium systiole

Front 63

if a chamber is resting it is

Back 63

atrium diastole

Front 64

self exciting tissue

Back 64

resembles nervous tissue but is not and sets up its own pattern is in the RA and recieves info from brain and conrtols rythym of the heart

Front 65

sinotrial node

Back 65

natural pacemaker of the heart keeps, if this one fails then thats when you get a pacemaker , gets info from the brainsend electric signal out to RA n LA out and casuses the atriums to contract together, blood down into ventricles

Front 66

atroventicular node

Back 66

in the RA, has to functions
-relays impulse to ventricles from S node
- slightly delays impulse fractions of sec
to make sure all the blood is out of the ventricles befpre contraction
- AV node

Front 67

bundle of his

Back 67

comes of of RA and AV node and carries impules to septum of heart and in the hseptum it sevides in to to parts called R&L Bundle Fibers once these reach the apex and run into the walls of the ventricles

Front 68

R&L bundle fibers

Back 68

is exciting tissue thats in the septum these reach the apex and run into the walls of the ventricles and are called purkinque fibers

Front 69

purkique fibers

Back 69

is once the R&L bundle fibers have reaches the verticles from the septum and cause the verticles to contract from the bottom to top

Front 70

if the SA node becomes damaged the Av node can take over and run the heart they recieve info from the brainif the SA node becomes damaged the __ node can take over and run the heart they recieve info from the brain

Back 70

AV

Front 71

medulla oblongata

Back 71

is the cardiovascular center that send signals to the SA node and the AV node

Front 72

purpose of the heart

Back 72

pump blood to get oxygen to the cells

Front 73

natural pacemaker of the heart

Back 73

SA node

Front 74

autonomic nervous system

Back 74

controls all your involuntary nervous systems

Front 75

parasympathetic

Back 75

normal ANS state when you are just ok

Front 76

sympathetic

Back 76

flight of fight ANS this tries to take over if you are inder alot of stress alot of times

Front 77

vagus nerve

Back 77

originates in the medulla comes off the parasympathetic
sends to the SA n AV node n in response the heart rate changes

Front 78

accelerate nerve

Back 78

sympathetic nerve sends signal to SA n AV nerve and in respons to that the heart rate changes ect.

Front 79

cerebrum

Back 79

emotions, conscious thoughts

Front 80

hypothalumus

Back 80

sex, agression, thirst, anger

Front 81

pressoreceptors

Back 81

located in the carotoids n aorta atreries and monitor blood pressure so this effects the BP

Front 82

what is in the medulla oblongata or cardivascular center?: (things that go with it)

Back 82

cerebrum
pressorrecetors
hypothalumus
AV node
SA node

Front 83

vagus nerve info:

Back 83

effects the stomach and alot of other nerves originate sin the medulla

Front 84

what effects heart rate go in details

Back 84

body temp effects heart rate
fever- heart rate goes up
freezing- goes down
electrolyte balance to much can effect K n CA

Front 85

what effect heart rate

Back 85

body temp
electrolyte balance

Front 86

arrhythmias

Back 86

a variation in normal heart rate sometimes they occur normally and sometimes due to disease or injury

Front 87

tachycardia

Back 87

an abnormially fast heart rate is when you have over 100 beats per minute

Front 88

bradycardia

Back 88

a slow heart rate less than 60 beats per minute

Front 89

premature heart beat

Back 89

beat occurs before it is expected to occur

Front 90

types of arrythmias:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Back 90

1.tachycardia >100 per min
2.bradycardia <60 per min
3.premature heart beat- occur before expexted to occur
4.flutter-250-350 per min are complete beat per min due to emotions
5.fibrillation- rapid uncordinated heart beat

Front 91

flutter

Back 91

250-350 per min are complete beat per min due to emotions

Front 92

fibrillation

Back 92

rapid uncordinated heart beat

Front 93

cardioversion

Back 93

the only way to stop fibrillation is defibrillation , is where you reset the heart if sucessful

Front 94

acetocholine

Back 94

common nueron tranmitters in the heart

Front 95

blood vessles types:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Back 95

arteries
arterioles
capilleries
venules
veins
all except cappilaries have layers to walls call tunic

Front 96

tunica intima

Back 96

is E.T and C.T secretes substance and prevents the platelets from sticking so you dont get clotting, helps regulate BP

Front 97

tunic

Back 97

all layers except capillaries have this layer in the blood vessels

Front 98

vasoconstriction

Back 98

vessels lumin gets smaller BP goes UP

Front 99

vasodilution

Back 99

BP goes down blodd vessels get bigger

Front 100

tunica media

Back 100

middle layer most of your aterial wall mostly smooth muscle and some elasctic connective tissue is more developed in atreies than in veins controlled by ANS

Front 101

tunica adventitia

Back 101

outer most layer, primarily E.T, is for protection and attaches to tissue

Front 102

Blood vessels types:

Back 102

arteries
arterioles
capilleries
venules
veins

Front 103

layers of blood vessels:

Back 103

tunica intima
tunica media
tunica adventitia
goes inner to outer

Front 104

only vessels that we can exchange waste and oxygen is what and by what

Back 104

capillaries, simple diffusion

Front 105

arteries/arterioles

Back 105

have all the layers and very developed tunic media(smooth muscle)
- has elastic tissue
-is under the hihest pressure compared to all the vessesles
-primarly responders to BP
-carries blood away from heart
-oxyigenated blood except pulmonary arteries(are two)

Front 106

what do arteries do as in blood

Back 106

carry blood away from heart is oxyigenated blood except pulmonary arteries(are two)

Front 107

disorders in arteries/arteioles

Back 107

1.aneurism
2.atherosclerosis

Front 108

aneurism

Back 108

weakin anterior wall and over time the wall gets bigger and bigger and you can bleed to death and die things prexpose you to this high BP ect.

Front 109

atherosclerosis

Back 109

hardening of the arteries, gets plaque biuld up(LDL)

Front 110

what does not carry oxygenated blood that is an arterie?

Back 110

pulmonary

Front 111

cappilaries

Back 111

-exchange gases, nutrients, waste here (o2, co2)
-areas with lots of cappilaries is called capillarie beds
-simple squamous e.t
-selective permeable membrane- decide what goes in
-one cell thickness
-little or no pressure

Front 112

capillary beds

Back 112

areas with lots of capillaries

Front 113

selective permeable membrane

Back 113

gets to decide somewhat what goes in and out mostly in brain capillaries, called blood brain barrier

Front 114

blood brain barrier

Back 114

most selective permeable capillary bed in the brain decides what goes in and out is somewhat bad because if you get sick your brain will not let in medicine in your brain if your sick

Front 115

arteries get pressure from

Back 115

heart

Front 116

cappilaries get pressure

Back 116

from fliud

Front 117

there is three ways you move things along capillaries walls

Back 117

1.simple dissufion
2.filtration
3.osmotic pressure
are all passive transport- require no energy

Front 118

filtration

Back 118

fliud pressure, hydrostatic pressure

Front 119

passive transport

Back 119

requires no energy

Front 120

osmotic pressure

Back 120

movement of water from greater to lesser concentration by changing thenumber of ions

Front 121

what are three types of passive transport

Back 121

1.simple dissufion
2.filtration
3.osmotic pressure

Front 122

veins/venules

Back 122

-have the three tunics but are not as developed
- has very little muscle
- always carry blood to the heart
-carry deoxygentaed blood
- under low pressure
- is fliud(hydrostatic)
-

Front 123

veins always carry blood were

Back 123

to the heart

Front 124

what carry deoxygenated blood?

Back 124

pulmonary, veins goes to the lungs to the heart

Front 125

where is the deoxygenated blood goin and enetering

Back 125

RA goes to the lungs to the heart

Front 126

veins pressure is

Back 126

hydrostatic pressure (fluid)

Front 127

blood pressure move blood in

Back 127

arteries

Front 128

how do we move blood in veins/venules

Back 128

1.hydrostic pressure
2.skeletal muscle- number 1 way
3.breathing
4.valves- prevent backflow of blood

Front 129

valves

Back 129

prevent backflow of blood

Front 130

phlebitis

Back 130

inflammation of a vein, caused by injury or accident, caused by disease, or surgury

Front 131

blood clots

Back 131

form in veins/venules

Front 132

thrombophlebitis

Back 132

blood clot in vein and inflammation

Front 133

vericose veins

Back 133

superficial veins close to the surface and the valves start to wear out

Front 134

what are the two vein disorders

Back 134

phlebitis
varicose veins

Front 135

factors influencing arterial BP:

Back 135

heart action
blood volume
peripheral resistance
viscocity

Front 136

what are all the vessel disorders

Back 136

artherosclerosis,aneurism,phlebitis,varisoce veins

Front 137

viscosity

Back 137

is the thickness of the blood
- our body can change this

Front 138

how do you find cardiac output?

Back 138

is the amount of blood that exits into the RV per min SV x HR = BPM

Front 139

cardiac output

Back 139

SV X HR = BPM

Front 140

heart action

Back 140

the amount of blood that exits the RV per sec

Front 141

peripheral resistance

Back 141

resistance to blood flow due to friction between the blood and the wall of blood vessels

Front 142

heart action breaks into

Back 142

stroke volume
cardiac output

Front 143

stroke volume

Back 143

the volume of blood the discharged from a ventricle with each contraction

Front 144

describe the heart of a bird

Back 144

two atria, two ventrricles, right and left heart seperated, complete double circulation

Front 145

what is the name of the outermost layer of the pericardium

Back 145

ribrous pericardioum

Front 146

what is the middle layer of the heart wall called

Back 146

myocardium

Front 147

what is the atroventricular orfice

Back 147

an opening between a atrium n ventricle

Front 148

what vessle drains the blood from the heart walls into the right atrium

Back 148

coranary sinus

Front 149

where are the chordae tendinae located

Back 149

between the papillary muscles and the cusps of the heart valves

Front 150

ischemia means

Back 150

blood oxygen defiency

Front 151

a heart attack is also known as

Back 151

myocardial infartion

Front 152

during artial systole the atria are

Back 152

contracting

Front 153

ventricular relaxion is also known as

Back 153

venticular diastole

Front 154

inflammation of the endocarium is called

Back 154

endocarditis

Front 155

what serves as the natural pacemaker of the heart

Back 155

SA node

Front 156

what is the functional syncytium

Back 156

a mass of merging cells that act as a unit

Front 157

what nerves of the parasympathetic nervous system carry impulses cont. to the S-A and A-V nodes

Back 157

vegus nerves

Front 158

where do vegus nerves originate

Back 158

medulla oblongata

Front 159

what two important ions that influence heart action

Back 159

calcium Ca, potassium K

Front 160

a slow heart rate is called

Back 160

bradycardia <60 bpm

Front 161

fibrillation

Back 161

rapid uncontrolled heart contractions

Front 162

what is the name given to the innermost layer of the arterial wall

Back 162

tunica intima

Front 163

decreasing the diamater of a blood vessel is called

Back 163

vasoconstriction

Front 164

what are the smallest vessels

Back 164

capillaries

Front 165

what are the ways that substance move through capillary walls

Back 165

diffusion, osmotic pressure, filtration

Front 166

what type of blood vessels contain valves

Back 166

vein/venules

Front 167

an inflammation of a vein is called

Back 167

phlebitis

Front 168

the friction between the blood and vessel walls is known as

Back 168

peripheral resistance

Front 169

blood pressure rises as blood viscosity

Back 169

increases

Front 170

what are two mjor circulatory pathways

Back 170

pulmonary, systemic

Front 171

what is the only artery to carry deoxygenerated blood?

Back 171

pulmonary artery

Front 172

where is the mitral valve located

Back 172

between the right n left atrium

Front 173

a drop of blood is in the right ventricle. where does it go nxt?

Back 173

through the pulmonary semilunar valve into the pulmonary arteries

Front 174

a drop of blood is in a pulmonary vein where will it go nxt?

Back 174

in to the left atria

Front 175

a drop of blood is passing through the tricupsid valve where is it going

Back 175

into the RV

Front 176

a drop of blood is in the inferior vena cava where is it going next

Back 176

to the right atrium

Front 177

pulmonary circulation/Systemic

Back 177

RA
RV
lungs
Systemic:
LA
LV
BODY

Front 178

blood flow through heart give order:

Back 178

RA,tricupsid valve, RV,pulmonary semilunar valve,pulmonary trunk
pulmonary artery
lung tissue(pulomnary circ)
pulmonary veins
LA,Bicuspid valve,LV,aortic semilunar valve,aorta,bosy tissue(systemic circ)
superior n inferior cava