Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
130 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
What are environmental stimuli converted into?
|
electircal signals/action potentials
|
|
|
What is a receptor?
|
a cell that converts enviornmetal simuli into an electrical signal
|
|
|
Photoreceptors
|
light
|
|
|
Chemoreceptors
|
chemical
(taste/smell) |
|
|
Mecanoreceptors
|
mechanical force
(touch/hearing) |
|
|
Thermoreceptors
|
temperature
|
|
|
Nocireceptors
|
"painful" stimuli
|
|
|
For both taste and smell, what form must chemicals be in to be detected?
|
solution
|
|
|
What is gustation?
|
Taste
|
|
|
What are the "organs" of taste?
|
taste buds
|
|
|
What are papillae?
|
taste buds found in little bumps on the tongue
|
|
|
What are the three types of paillae?
|
Filliform
Fungiform Circumvallate |
|
|
Filliform
|
no taste buds
used for friction |
|
|
Fungiform
|
"mushroom" shaped
|
|
|
Circumvallate
|
Back of tongue
|
|
|
What are Gustatory cells?
|
Chemoreceptors that detect chemicals via gustatory hairs
|
|
|
What are Basal Cells?
|
Regenerate the taste buds
|
|
|
What are the 5 (6?) taste sensations?
|
Salty
Sweet Sour(Acid) Bitter(Alkoids) Umami(Glutimate"yummy") "Fatty"?? |
|
|
What are the 3 things that affect flavor that don't involve taste?
|
Temperature
Texture Smell |
|
|
What is olfaction?
|
Smell
|
|
|
What is the organ of smell?
|
Olfactory epithelium
|
|
|
Where is the olfactory epithelium located?
|
the roof of the nasal cavity (ethmoid bone at about eye level)
|
|
|
What do noxious smells activate?
|
trigeminal
|
|
|
What are the 3 cell types?
|
olfactory receptor cells
basal cells anosmia |
|
|
olfactory receptor cells
|
bipolar neuron
chemoreceptor |
|
|
basal cells
|
regenrate tissue
|
|
|
Anosmia
|
no smell ability due to trauma or zinc imbalance
|
|
|
What is the vomeronasal organ?
|
Pheromone detector
|
|
|
What do eyelids consist of?
|
connective tissue plates (tarsal plates) and some skeletal muscle overlain with skin
orbicularis oculi |
|
|
What glands secrete a lubricating fluid in eye lids?
|
modified sebaceous (oil) glands
|
|
|
What is a sty?
|
an inflamed sweat gland at the base of an eyelash
|
|
|
What are tears?
|
lacrimal fluid
|
|
|
How is lacrimal fluid secreted?
|
superolaterally
|
|
|
How is lacrimal fluid drained?
|
medially by 2 lacrimal canals into the lacrimal sacs
|
|
|
What are the 6 extrensic eye muscles?
|
Superior rectus(top)
Inferior rectus(bottom) Lateral rectus(sides) Medial rectus(middle) Superior oblique(top diagonal) Inferior oblique(bottom diagonal) |
|
|
Where is the insertion for the 6 extrensic eye muscles?
|
eyeball
|
|
|
Where is the origin for the 6 extrensic eye muscles?
|
annular ring (common tendonous ring)
|
|
|
What are most of the extrinsic eye muscles supplied by?
|
Occulormotor (III)
Troclear (IV) Abducens (VI) |
|
|
What is the conjunctiva?
|
a transparent mucus membrane that covers the anterior portion of the eye (not cornea)
**blood vessels** |
|
|
What does the conjunctiva do?
|
lubricates eye
|
|
|
What is bacterial conjunctivitis?
|
pink eye
|
|
|
What are the layers of the eye wall called?
|
Tunics
|
|
|
What is the superficial eye layer that is made of dense connective tissue?
|
Fibrous Tunic
|
|
|
sclera
|
white of the eye
|
|
|
cornea
|
clear bump over the iris
|
|
|
What is the intermediate eye layer that is pigmented and highly vascularized?
|
vascular tunic
|
|
|
What is the coroid?
|
posterior 2/3 of the eye
|
|
|
What is the ciliary body and what does it do?
|
smooth muscle fibers attached to the lens
changes the shape of the lens to focus light |
|
|
What is the iris and what does it do?
|
smooth muscle arranged in two layers
controls pupil diameter |
|
|
Dialation is _____ and constriction is _____.
|
sympathetic
parasympathetic |
|
|
What is the pupil?
|
hole in the iris
|
|
|
What are all eyes colored?
|
Melanin(brown)
|
|
|
What is the sensory tunic is composed of?
|
the retina
|
|
|
What are the two types of photoreceptors?
|
Rods
Cones |
|
|
Rods:
|
Good in low light conditions
No color Low resolution peripheral vision |
|
|
Cones:
|
need lots of light
color high resolution center of visual fied (macula lutea fova) |
|
|
What are the three types of cones?
|
Red
Blue Green |
|
|
What is glaucoma?
|
imbalance in the aqueous humor
damages retina |
|
|
What is myopia?
|
Nearsightedness
|
|
|
What is hyperopia?
|
Farsightedness
|
|
|
What is astigmatism?
|
unequal curvature of lens/cornea
|
|
|
What is presbyopia?
|
"old age vision" loss of lens elasticity
Can't focus on near objects |
|
|
What is the tympanic membrane?
|
Ear drum
|
|
|
Pinna (auricle)
|
in external ear made of elastic cartilage
|
|
|
What is the external auditory meatus (canal)?
|
"tunnel" in the temporal bone which leads from the pinna to the eardrum
|
|
|
What is cerumen?
|
earwax
|
|
|
What are ossicles?
|
very small bones in the inner ear (Malleus/incus/stapes)
|
|
|
What do auditory tubes do?
|
equalizes air pressure between the middle ear and the outside of the head
|
|
|
What is otitis media?
|
middle ear infection
|
|
|
What do tubes do in the ears?
|
drain fluid from middle ear
|
|
|
What are semicircular canals?
|
fluid filled tubes in the inner ear that detect angular movements of the head
|
|
|
What is the cochlea?
|
fluid filled, snail shell shaped organ
***houses receptors for hearing*** |
|
|
What is the organ of hearing called?
|
spiral organ of corti
|
|
|
What branch of the vesitbulocochlear is involved in balance? In hearing?
|
Vestibular
Cochlear |
|
|
What is sound?
|
Compression waves in the air
|
|
|
What is frequency?
|
Lower pitch=lower frequency
20-20000hz |
|
|
What is amplitude?
|
Greater amplitude=Greater intensity
|
|
|
What is intensity measured in?
|
decibels
|
|
|
What is endocrinology?
|
the study of hormaones and the glands that produce them
|
|
|
Endocrine glands=_____
Exocrine glands=_____ |
No tubes:hormones
Tubes:sweat glands |
|
|
What is a hormone?
|
A molecule that is secreted in the blood and has an effect on target cells
|
|
|
What are target cells?
|
cells within a specific receptor for a hormone
|
|
|
What is a receptor?
|
a required protein attatchment point for a hormone
|
|
|
What are the two amino acid based hormones?
|
Monoamines
Proteins |
|
|
What is cAMP 2nd messenger system used for?
|
hormones to bypass entrance through the lipid composed plasma membrane of a target cell
|
|
|
What are glycoprotein hormones?
|
carb/protein hybrid
|
|
|
What are steroid hormones?
|
Lipids
|
|
|
Hormone sythesis:
|
cholesterol->progesterone->corisol/testosterone->estrogen
|
|
|
What three things cause endocrine glands to release hormones?
|
neural/hormonal/humoral stimuli
|
|
|
What is another name for the pituitary?
|
hypophysis
|
|
|
What is the anterior pituitary composed of?
|
aka: adenohypophysis
glanoular tissue |
|
|
What is the posterior pituitary composed of?
|
aka: neurohypophysis
nervous tissue |
|
|
What is ADH?
|
Antidiuretic hormone
decreases urine output |
|
|
What is oxytocin?
|
stimulates uterine contractions during labor
breastmilk ejection |
|
|
What causes the release of hormones from the pituitary?
|
hypothalamus
|
|
|
Growth hormone (GH, hGH)
|
stimulates cell division and protein synthesis and elevates blood glucose levels
|
|
|
When does GH secretion peak?
|
during sleep
|
|
|
What is Thyroid stiumlating hormone(TSH)?
|
stimulates the thyroid gland to release thyroid hormone
|
|
|
What is Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)?
|
Stimulates the adrenal glands to release cortisol
|
|
|
What is luteinizing hormone (LH)?
|
stimulates hormone production by the gonads, triggers ovulation in females
|
|
|
What is follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)?
|
stimulates gamete formation in both sexes
|
|
|
What is prolactin(PRL)?
|
stimulates milk production
|
|
|
What is pituitary dwarfism?
|
GH hyposecretion in kids
|
|
|
What is pituitary dwarfism?
|
GH hypersecretion in kids
|
|
|
What is acromelgaly?
|
GH hypersecretion in adults
|
|
|
What two iodine containing hormones does the thyroid produce?
|
T4 (thyroxine)-4
T3 (Triidothyronine)-3 **stronger** |
|
|
What is the funtion of TH?
|
increase metabolic rate
|
|
|
What does hyperthyroidism cause?
|
increased heart rate
anxiety weight loss insomnia |
|
|
What is exophthalmos?
|
out the eyes
|
|
|
What is cretinism?
|
thyroid hormone hyposecretion in infants
|
|
|
What is the adrennal cortex?
|
Superficial Glandular composed steroid
|
|
|
What is the adrenal medulla?
|
Deep nervous tissue composed monoamine
|
|
|
What is cortisol?
|
"stress hormone"
increases blood glucose levels **antiinflamatory drugs** |
|
|
What is cushing syndrome?
|
Cortisol hypersecretion
|
|
|
What is aldosterone?
|
mineralocorticoid
increased blood sodium levels/BP |
|
|
What does epinephrine/norepinephrine do?
|
increases blood glucose
dialates bronchodilator **sympathetic** |
|
|
What is glucagon?
|
released in response to humeral stimuli
increases blood pressure |
|
|
What is insulin?
|
released in response to high blood glucose levels to lowere them
|
|
|
What is diabetes mellitus
|
high blood glucose lebels
|
|
|
What is diuresis?
|
increased urine
|
|
|
What is IDDM?
|
Type 1/Junenile onset diabetes
autoimmune disorder diestroy beta cells in pancrease that produce insulin |
|
|
What is NIDDM?
|
Type 2/Mature onset diabetes
Insulin resistance/obesity |
|
|
What are released in the testes?
|
Androges-male hormones
|
|
|
What are released in the ovaries?
|
Estrogens
progestins |
|
|
What does the pineal gland do?
|
releases melatonin
|
|
|
What does the thymus release?
|
thymosin (WBC maturation)
|
|
|
GI Tract?
|
Seratonin (Stimulates smooth muscle contraction)
|
|
|
Kidneys/skin?
|
Calcitrol (Vitamin D)
|
|
|
Heart?
|
ANP (Decreases blood sodium/BP lowers)
|
|
|
Adipose tissue?
|
Leptin (Decreases appetite)
|
