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151 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
- 3rd side (hint)
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Functions of the skin
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Protection
Sensation Body Temperature Regulation Synthesis of Chemicals Excretion |
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Describe Keratinization
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Cells migrate further away from the dermal blood supply they accumulate a tough waterproof protein called keratin in their membranes. Cells dies & leaves keratinized husk of cell
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Melanocytes
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found in deepest epidermal layer
produce melanin, a pigment that absorbs UV radiation |
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The Dermis contains
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Blood Vessels
Nerves & their receptor endings Hair follicles Muscle Tissues Sebaceous glands Sweat glands |
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Body Temperature regulation
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Sweat production
Dermal Blood vessel dilation |
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Subcutaneous Fascia - Hypodermis
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Below dermis
Loose connective tissue contains large amount of fat cells helps keep heat inside body |
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The endocrine system
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helps to control & coordinate body functions. Works through effects of chemical messengers called hormones
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Endocrine glands
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secrete their products (hormones) into the body fluids, such as blood or CSF
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Callus
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overzealous reaction of the epidermis to excess friction
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Exocrine glands
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Release thier secretions into ducts that lead to an outside surface
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Endocrine Glands
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Secrete hormones into the bloodstream to affect target tissues/organs
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Nerve impulses from the hypothalamus stimulate the ______ lobe of the pituitary gland
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Posterior
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The ________ lobe of the pituitary gland is stimulated by releasing factors secreted by the hypothalamus
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Anterior
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What is the only gland that is both exocrine & endocrine?
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The Pancreas
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The pituitary hormone that stimulates & maintains milk production following childbirth is_____
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Prolactin
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A person experiencing emotional stress is more or less likely to develop an infections that an individual with a lower stress level
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MORE
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Hormones of the Medulla
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Epinephrine & Norepinephrine
(Adrenaline & Noradrenaline) Continue sympathetic nervous system effects (10x longer) Stress response 2nd major link between NS & Endocrine system |
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Layers of the Wall of the Heart
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Epicardium - outer layer (visceral pericardium)
Mycardium - middle, muscle layer Endocardium - innermost layer |
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Chambers of the Heart
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L & R atrium (superior)
L & R ventricles (inferior) |
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Left side of heart
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Receives oxygenated blood from pulmonary veins into L Atrium & passes to L Ventricle to be sent to body via Aorta
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Right side of heart
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receives deoxygenated blood via Vena Cava to R atrium, to R ventricle to lungs via Pulmonary trunk
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Coronary circulation
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Blood vessels that feed oxygen to the muscle & tissues of the heart & remove carbon dioxide
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Cardiac Cycle
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The chambers of the heart contract & relax in a coordinated repeating pattern. This ensures that the heart muscle acts effectively to pump blood through the body
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Systole
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Contraction phase of chamber
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Diastole
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Relaxation phase of chamber
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Heart sounds
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2 sounds "lub dub" comes from valves. A whooshing occurs if the valve(s) isn't closing properly
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Tricuspid Valve
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Right AV valve
Between R Atrium & R Ventricle |
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Pulmonary Valve
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Right Semilunar
Between R Ventricle & Pulmonary trunk |
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Bicuspid Valve
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Mitral or Left AV valve
Between L Atrium & L Ventricle |
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Aortic Valve
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L Semilunar
Between L Ventricle & Aorta |
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Chordae tendineae
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Papillary muscles - small muscles attached to L&R AV valves that prevent valve from popping back into atria
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Cardiac Conduction System
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Comprised of specialized cardiac muscle cells located throughout the heart. Tells don't contract, they distribute impulses throughout the myocardium & coordinate the events of the cardiac cycle
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SA Node
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The "pacemaker"
Intitiates heartbeats by generating an action potential at regular intervals SinoAtrial Node@ top of R atrium - sends branches to both L&R atria |
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Atrial Syncytium
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Contraction of the atrial cells collectively
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Ventrical Syncytium
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Contraction of the ventricle cells collectively
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Cardiac Control Center
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In Medulla oblongata, regulates visceral activity
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Parasympathetic Control
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Craniosacral control - CN X - Vagus nerve
Direct connection to AV & SV nodes Autonomic Nervous System |
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Sympathetic Control
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Thoracolumbar control - direct connection to AV & SV nodes
Autonomic Nervous System |
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Function of arteries
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To carry blood away from the heart
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Describe capillaries
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The smallest blood vessels, connect arterial & venous systems
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Structure of capillaries
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Thin walls - 1 cell layer
Semi permeable membranes - 1 cell layer |
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Function of capillaries
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Allow exchange of materials between blood & tissues
gases nutrients metabolic byproducts/wastes |
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Function of veins
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Carry blood back to the heart
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Blood Pressure Formula
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Cardiac Output x Peripheral Resistance
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Venous Blood Flow
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Skeletal Muscle Action
Respiratory Movements Venous Constriction |
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Main blood vessel leaving the heart
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The Aorta & it's branches
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Longest vein in body
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Great Saphenous - associated with varicose veins, when valves are not working properly
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Function of Superior Vena Cava
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Drains upper body into R atrium
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Function of Inferior Vena Cava
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Drains lower body into R atrium
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Function of Blood
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Transportation of substances - oxygen, carbon dioxide, nutrients, hormones, wastes,
Body Temperature Regulation Aids Homeostasis Protection |
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Composition of Blood
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Cellular Components (45%)
Red blood cells, white blood cells & platelets Plasma (55%) Liquid, water, proteins, nutrients, hormones, gases |
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Structure of Red Blood Cells
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Bioconcave Disc
Anucleated (drops nucleus @ maturity) Flexible, elastic cell membrane |
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Function of Red Blood Cells
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Responsible for providing oxygen to tissues and partly for recovering carbon dioxide produced as waste
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Erythropoiesis
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Red Blood Cell Production process
Develop in bone marrow & stem cells Monitored by kidneys |
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RBC life span
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120 days on average
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Leukocytes
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White Blood Cells
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Granulocytes
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Neutrophils
Eosinophils Basophils |
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Neutrophils
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54-62% of circulating WBCs
Highly active phagocytic cells Short lifespan, apprx 12 hrs |
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Eosinophils
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1-3% of circulating WBCs
Weakly phagocytic Involved in parasitic infections & allergic reactions |
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Agranulocytes
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Monocytes
Lymphocytes |
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Monocytes
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3-9% of circulating WBC
Largest blood cell |
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Lymphocytes
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25-33% of circulating WBC
Longest lifespan Involved in process of immunity |
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Layers of the heart wall
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Epicardium - Outer Layer
Myocardium - Muscle Layer Endocardium - Inner layer |
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Thrombocytes
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Blood Platelets
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Structure of Blood Platelets
Thrombocytes |
Help close breaks in damaged blood vessels & initiate the formation of blood clots
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Development of Blood Platelets
Thrombocytes |
Derived from large cells found in the bone marrow called megakaryocytes
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Define Hemostatis
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The stoppage of bleeding
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Describe Fibrinogen/Fibrin
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Blood clotting factors
Fibriogen is found in plasma - when combined with thrombin, turns into fibrin (thread like structures) |
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Factors that prevent coagulation
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Heparin
Medications Good/Healthy blood flow Smooth inner layer of vessel A problem w/ clotting factors or platelets |
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Factors that increase coagulation probability
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Medications
A problem w/ clotting factors or platelets Rough inner layer of vessels Slow blood flow |
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Type A Blood composition
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Type A antigen
Anti B antibodies |
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Type B Blood composition
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Type B antigen
Anti A antibodies |
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Type AB Blood composition
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Type AV antigens
NO antibodies |
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Type O Blood Composition
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NO antigen
Anti A & Anti B antibodies |
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What is the strongest chamber of the heart & why?
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Left Ventricle - systemic circulation
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What is known as the pacemaker of the heart?
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SA Node
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List general effects of massage
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Decreased blood pressure
Increased parasympathetic activity Increase blood flow |
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Which branch of the Autonomic Nervous System innervates blood vessel walls causing the smooth muscle to contract
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Sympathetic Nervous System
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Name 3 differences between arteries & veins
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Arteries have thicker muscle layer
Veins have wider lumens Veins have valves |
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Name the smallest blood vessels
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Capillaries
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Blood is kept flowing in one directions by the presence of
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Valves
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Veins rely primarily on ________ to return blood to the heart?
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Muscular contraction
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The cellular component of blood that is concerned with control of bleeding & formation of clots is____
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Platelet
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The most numerous type of white blood cell
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Neutrophil
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Name to formed element of blood that is essential to gas exchange
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Red Blood Cells
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When does a platelet plug begin to form?
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When exposed to rough surfaces
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Describe Lymphatic Vessels
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Similar to veins, but thinner & more delicate
They have valves to prevent backflow No muscular layer, rely on muscular contraction |
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Describe Collecting Ducts
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Trunks will further drain into 2 larger vessels, the R Lymphatic Duct & Thoracic Duct
Lymph is returned to circulation via these vessels |
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Describe the flow of lymph
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Like blood in veins, lymph is under low pressure & requires external forces to flow
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Outside forces that assist in lymph flow
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Muscular Contraction
Breathing (valves prevent backflow) |
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How might massage affect lymph drainage?
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Effleurage toward heart, can reduce edema
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What happens if lymph vessel is blocked?
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Edema will result
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Locations of Lymph Nodes
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Axillary
Inguinal Cervical Occipital |
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When are lymph nodes considered endangerment sites?
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When they are enlarged, due to infection or other disease processes
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What is the danger when lymph nodes are removed?
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Pathogen or cancer cells may be spread into lymph circulation
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Funtion of Spleen
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Cleansing blood of impurities by filtration & phagocytosis - destroying old RBCs, producing RBCs before birth & emergency reservoir of blood
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Other Lymphatic Tissue Sites & their locations
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Palantine
Pharyngeal (Adenoids) LIngual Tonsils Located in the oral cavity & pharynx |
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Non-Specific Defenses against infection
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Mechanical Barries
Species Resistance Chemical Barriers Natural Killer NK cells Phagocytosis Fever Inflamation |
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List mechanical barrier non-specific defenses
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Skin
Mucous membranes |
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Describe Interferon
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Chemical Barrier Non-specific defense
Interferon - small proteins secreted by cells attacked by viruses. Proteins attach to membranes of non infected cells. Cells synthesize proteins that interfere w/ virus's ability to multiply in healthy cells |
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Describe the progression of Inflammation non-specific defense
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Acute Vascular Response - blood vessels react
Immediate Cellular Response - 1st cells arrive Long-term Cellular Response - next cells to arrive Maturation & Resolution - scar tissue formation |
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Specific defenses against infection
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The Immune System - comprised of Lymphocyte cells that can recognize & organize an attack against specific foreign substances
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Describe antigens
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ID markers found on a cell's membrane
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Functions of Lymphocytes
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Cellular immune response (cell mediated immunity)
Humoral immune response (antibody mediated immunity) |
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Which lymphocyte is responsible for Cellular Immune Response
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T Lymphocytes are responsible for this cell to cell contact
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Which lymphocyte is responsible for Humoral Immune Response
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B Lymphocytes are responsible for this type of immunity - in blood stream, creating antibodies to interact w/ "bad guy"
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Describe T Helper Cell
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The pivotal cell, first T cell to be activated
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Describe Memory Cells
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T cells that don't respond to first exposure of foreign antigen, but remain as memory cells that immediately divide & create more cells upon subsequent exposure
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Generally responsible for defense against certain viruses, cancer cells, intracellular parasites & organ imcompatibility with tissue transplantation
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T-Cells
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The immune system response
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Primary Response - first exposure to foreign antigen, body learns how to attack, takes time
Secondary immune response - next exposure, memory B cells respond rapidly to produce immunoglobulins |
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List types of specific immunity
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Naturally acquired active
Artificially acquired active Natually acquied passive Artificially acquired passive |
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Describe Naturally acquired active
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Occurs during infection, body's natural production of immunity, lymphocytes are activated by antigens on pathogen's surface
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Describe Artificially acquired active
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Injected or orally administered antigens, man made vaccine, takes time for T&B cells to be activated, gives long lasting immunity
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Describe Naturally acquired passive
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Mother to child, breast milk & placenta - temporary
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Describe Artificially acquired passive
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Used during potentially fatal diseases - anti venom - temporary
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In which circulatory structure will you NOT find valves?
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Arteries
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Lymph leaves the lymphatic system & rejoins the blood plasma @ ____________
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R & L subclavian veins
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When fluid is within a lymphatic vessel, that fluid is termed ________
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Lymph
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Lymph nodes are located along what structures?
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Lymph vessels
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List 3 potential endangerment sites relating to the lymph system
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Cervical lymph nodes
Axillary Suprtrochlea |
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What are the first T-Cells to be activated
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T- Helper Cell
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What is the result of lymph vessel blockage
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Edema
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What lies dormant until the same antigen is encountered
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Memory Cells
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What is the protein produced in response to viruses & Tumors
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Interferon
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Areas of lymphoid tissue located in small intestines
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Peyer's Patches
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Functional units of the tymphatic system
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Lymph Nodes
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Which cells are responsible for cellular immune response (cell mediated immunity)
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T-Cells
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List the 4 major symptoms of inflammation
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redness
swelling heat pain loss of function |
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How can a massage therapist positively affect lymph flow
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Effleurage toward the heart
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Getting chicken pox as a child is _____________
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Natural, active
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Getting vaccinated is __________
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Artificial, active
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Passed through placenta, breast milk
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Natural, passive
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Injection of gamma globulins before an overseas trip
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Artificial, passive
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Which organ removes dead red blood cells from the blood stream?
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Spleen
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Name 4 types of non specific immunity
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Skin
Interferon Fever Chemical Barrier NK cells Inflammation |
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List the functions of the skin
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Protection
ExcretionD Sensation Temp regulation |
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Layers of the skin
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Epidermis - 5 layers, outermost, houses melanocytes
Dermis - living layer of skin, nerve receptors, blood supply, hair, muscles, glands |
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List the 4 major symptoms of inflammation
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redness
swelling heat pain loss of function |
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How can a massage therapist positively affect lymph flow
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Effleurage toward the heart
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Getting chicken pox as a child is _____________
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Natural, active
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Getting vaccinated is __________
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Artificial, active
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Passed through placenta, breast milk
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Natural, passive
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Injection of gamma globulins before an overseas trip
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Artificial, passive
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Which organ removes dead red blood cells from the blood stream?
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Spleen
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Name 4 types of non specific immunity
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Skin
Interferon Fever Chemical Barrier NK cells Inflammation |
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List the functions of the skin
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Protection
ExcretionD Sensation Temp regulation |
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Layers of the skin
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Epidermis - 5 layers, outermost, houses melanocytes
Dermis - living layer of skin, nerve receptors, blood supply, hair, muscles, glands |
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Define Hormone
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Organic substances secreted by a cell that have an effect on the functioning of another "target" cell
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3 Methods of hormonal secretion regulation
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Neural - nervous system control
Glandular - control by another endocrine gland Humoral - Measuring the level of a substance , blood |
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Extra vessels in arms
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Superficial, on top of muscle
Basilic Cephalic |
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Hepatic Portal Venous System
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Blood coming from digestive organs drain to liver before going to the heart
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