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77 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Endocrine glands differ from exocrine glands because they dont.... |
have ducts |
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hormones can be all of the following except: a. proteins b. eicosanoids c. steroids d. carbohydrates |
d. carbohydrates |
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Target organs respond to water-soluble hormones because of the presence of ________ on the cell membrane surface. |
specific receptors |
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Most of the amino acid-based hormones affect the target organs using: |
intracellular second messengers |
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Hormones that directly activate genes are classified as __________. |
lipid soluble |
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The islets of Langerhans are found in which endocrine organ? |
pancreas |
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This gland is located in the epithalamus |
pineal gland |
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This gland atrophies after puberty |
thymus |
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this organ has an isthmus |
thyroid gland |
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oxytocine is produced here |
hypothalamus |
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The epiphyseal plate is the target organ of this hormone |
GH (growth hormone) |
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The hormone produced by the pancreas that increases blood glucose levels is_______ |
Glucagon
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this hormone is important in sodium regulation |
aldosterone
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This hormone stimulates osteoblasts |
calcitonin |
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The target organ of thyrotropin-releasing hormone is the ________ |
anterior pituitarty gland |
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Which are of the brain regulates the endocrine system? |
hypothalamus |
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Much of the endocrine system regulates itself through a process called... |
negative feedback |
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Hormones are sercreted in response to all of the folowing stimuli except: a. neuronal b. humoral c. hormonal d. up-regulation |
d. up-regulation |
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The anterior pituitary stimulates other endocrine organs by secreting a group of hormones called |
tropic hormones |
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An excess of hormones in the blood may cause target organs to decrease the number of receptor for that hormone in a process called ______ |
down-regulation |
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Acromegaly is a result of hypersecretion of this hormone |
growth hormone |
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Endemic goiter results from lack of ______ in the diet |
iodine |
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hypoglycemia is a problem with which hormone |
insulin
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cushings disease is caused by
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hypersecretion of cortisol from the adrenal glands |
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Exophthalmos (bulging of the eye) is a sign of hypersecretion of this hormone |
thyroxine |
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A person with endemic goiter suffers from |
low iodine which leads to a hypo-functioning thyroid gland |
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The magnification of the signal from a water-soluble hormone is acheived through an increase in ___________. |
cAMP in the cytoplasm, many cAMP can be generated as a 2nd messenger to amplifly the signal in response to hormone binding |
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Water-soluble hormones affect target caells by binding to _________________. |
Plasma membrane receptors. whereas steroid hormones bind to cytoplasmic receptors. |
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How do endocrine hormones reach their target cells? |
hormones are transported through the blood stream to target organs. |
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What is the role of activated protein kinases |
phosphorylate ADP to ATP, Phosphorylation can activate different proteins causing the response of the cell to water-soluble hormone. |
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Cylic AMP is degraded by ____________. |
phosphodiesterase, this degraded cylic AMP to AMP.
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Are memory and learning functions of the endocrine system? |
FALSE, these are higher level functions of the nervous system. |
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Compared to the effects of nervous system, the effects of the endocrine system __________. |
Last longer, Hormones require seconds to hours or days to elicit their effects, but these effects tend to last longer |
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What are the primary endocrine organs? |
anterior pituitary gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid gland, adrenal cortices, endocrine pancreas, thymus |
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thyroid gland, TSH from the anterior pituitary stimulates the thyroid gland. |
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The anterior pituitary hormone that controls the release of glucocorticoids from the adrenal cortex is __________. |
ADrenocorticotropic hormone ACTH, this is produced by cells called corticotrophs and stimulates the development of the adrenal glands and their synthesis of various steroid hormones. |
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What hormones are stored in the posterior pituitary? |
Antidiuretic hormone ADH(increases solute concentration of the blood), and Oxytocin (stretching of the uterus, infant suckling at the nipple) |
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Hormones that control secretion from other glands are known as |
Tropic Hormones |
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Where is the antidiuretic hormone ADH or vasopressin made? |
Hypothalamus |
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What is the primary effect of antidiuretic hormone ADH/Vasopressin |
Water retention by the kidneys |
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The hormone calcitonin is produced by the _______ cells of the thyroid. |
Paraollicular, These cells are found between thyroid follicles |
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What element is necessary for the production of triiodothyronine (T3) and Thyroxine (T4) |
Iodine |
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What is the correct order of these hormones control from 1sr tier to 3rd tier. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Thyrotropin-releasing hormone (TRH) Production of T3 and T4 |
TRH, TSH, Production of t3 & t4 |
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What stimulates the release of parathyroid hormone PTH? |
Hypocalcemia - low calcium |
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What are the effects of PTH |
-Inceases calcium ion reabsorbtion from fluid in the kidneys. -increases calcium ion absorbtion fron the contents of the small intestine. -increases osteoCLAST activity. -All of this leads to increase blood calcium concetration |
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Aldosterone regulates |
extracellular sodium and potassium ion levels |
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what inhibits aldosterone release? |
decreased blood potassium ion concentration |
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What first tier hormone stimulates cortisol production? |
corticotropic-releasing hormone CRH |
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Excess cortisol could result in |
high blood glucose levels |
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When blood glucose levels are high |
the pancreas releases insulin |
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A liver cell responds to insulin by |
taking in glucose and converting it to glycogen.
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What cells in the body respond to glucagon by breaking down glycogen and glucose |
liver cells |
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Body cells that respond to insulin include |
liver cells as well as most other cells in the body |
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When blood glucose levels are low |
the pancreas releases glucagon, which eventually causes blood glucose levels to increase |
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The body's tendency to maintain relatively constant internal conditions is called |
homeostasis |
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What are the effects of the hormone insulin? |
-uptake of lipids, amino acids, and glucose -sunthesis of glycogen in the liver -synthesis of fat from lipids and carbs -promotion of satiety (feeling of fullness) |
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What is the main function of glucagon? |
to raise blood glucose levels |
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The pineal gland produces the hormone |
melatonin |
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Atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) promotes: |
vasodilation |
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High levels of testosterone inhibit the release of |
gonadotropin-releasing hormone GnRH |
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What hormone is a part of the rapid response (rather than the prolonged response) to stress? |
epinephrine is part of the immediate or rapid response to stress. Epinephrine is released from the adrenal medulla as a result of the increase in the sympathetic nervous system. In fact, the chromaffin cells in the adrenal medulla act like modified postganglionic neurons. |
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In response to stress, which of the following changes would happen? a.decreased or difficulty breathing b.decreased sweating c.decreased cardiac output d.decreased insulin secretion |
insulin decreases plasma glucose and during stress we need an increase in plasma glucose as well as other body fuels. Therefore, insulin secretion would be decreased, in turn increasing plasma glucose. |
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symptom(s) of pheochromocytoma |
due to the increase in epinephrine, heart rate would be increased and you would feel like your heart was pounding or racing. |
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Choose which condition has all of the following symptoms: hypertension, hyperglycemia, and a “moon face.” |
a patient with Cushing’s would have hypertension, increased blood glucose, and an unusual fat distribution on the face, known as a “moon face.” These symptoms are due to increased levels of cortisol and can also be seen in patients after long periods of steroid treatment. |
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What hormone also aids the stress response by promoting water retention and acting as a vasoconstrictor? |
ADH increases water reabsorption in the distal tubule and collecting duct of the nephron and its secondary function is to act as a vasoconstrictor. |
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Which of the following hormones has intracellular receptors? |
cortisol is one of the lipid-soluble steroid hormones. Thyroid hormones are also lipid soluble. |
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What is the mechanism of action of lipid-soluble hormones? |
activation of genes, which increases protein synthesis in the cell, lipid-soluble hormones diffuse into the nucleus or they diffuse into the cytoplasm and then move into the nucleus, where they affect transcription and translation. |
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After a lipid-soluble hormone is bound to its intracellular receptor, what does the hormone complex do? |
acts as a transcription factor and binds to DNA, activating a gene, then mRNA is synthesized. |
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Which hormone’s receptor is always bound to DNA, even when the receptor is empty? |
thyroid hormones are lipid soluble and their receptors are bound to the response elements of the DNA. |
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What keeps intracellular receptors from binding to DNA before a hormone binds to the receptor? |
chaperone proteins (chaperonins), each receptor has two binding sites. The chaperone protein blocks the DNA binding site until a hormone binds at the hormone binding site. |
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What type of hormones bind to receptors located on the cell membrane? |
water-soluble hormones, such as insulin and epinephrine, peptides and catecholamines are water-soluble hormones that cannot diffuse through the plasma membrane. |
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Which intracellular substance degrades cAMP, thus inactivating the response to a hormone? |
phosphodiesterase is an intracellular enzyme that degrades cAMP. |
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Growth factor hormones, such as insulin, bind to which type of receptor? |
insulin binds to tyrosine kinase receptors and works without a second messenger. |
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Which is the correct order of events for hormones activating Gs proteins? |
activation of G protein, binding of GTP, activation of adenylate cyclase, conversion of ATP to cAMP |
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Which second messenger causes the release of calcium from the endoplasmic reticulum? |
IP3, inositol trisphosphate releases calcium from intracellular storage sites. |
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Which of the following adrenergic receptors increase cAMP levels? |
β receptors, these receptors are coupled to adenylate cyclase by Gs receptors that increase cAMP. |
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Insulin plays a vital role in carbohydrate metabolism. What is its role?
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Insulin is needed for cells to pick up glucose from the blood; without insulin, more glucose will remain in the blood.
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