Ap2 Chaper 19 Heart

Front 1

Mediastinum

Back 1

a tissue layer extending fro the sternum to the vertebral column and btw the pleura

Front 2

Apex

Back 2

Point of the heart. Sits on the diaphragm

Front 3

Base

Back 3

Broad portion of the heart

Front 4

Pericardium

Back 4

A double-walled sac that contains the heart and the roots of the great vessels.

Front 5

Covering of Pericarium

Back 5

Fibrous pericardium (outer layer)
Serous Pericardium
outer=parietal layer
inner-visceral layer (epicardium)

Front 6

pericardial cavity

Back 6

space btw parietal serous & visceral serous periardium

Front 7

Pericarditis

Back 7

inflamation of the pericardium

Front 8

pericardial fluid

Back 8

normal fluid in the pericardial cavity

Front 9

epicardium

Back 9

visceral layer of serous pericardium

Front 10

myocardium

Back 10

cardiac muscle

Front 11

endocardium

Back 11

The innermost layer of tissue that lines the chambers of the heart. Its cells, embryologically and biologically, are similar to the endothelial cells that line blood vessels.

Front 12

Cardiac Tamponade

Back 12

heart compression due to fluid pressure buildup around the heart in the pericardial cavity (sac)

Front 13

Aorta

Back 13

ascending, arch, descending, thoracic, abdominal

Front 14

Pulmonary Trunk

Back 14

begins at the base of the right ventricle. It then branches into two pulmonary arteries (left and right). which deliver deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung.

Front 15

Pulmonary Arteries

Back 15

branch off the pulmonary trunk and delivers deoxygenated blood to the corresponding lung.

Front 16

Pulmonary Veins

Back 16

carry oxygen-rich blood from the lungs to the left atrium of the heart (qty-4). The only veins that carry oxygenated (red) blood.

Front 17

Coronary Sinus

Back 17

located between the left atrium and ventricle on the posterior surface of the heart.Return of venous blood supply of the heart (myocardium) that carries de-oxygenated blood with CO2 and waste to the right atrium

Front 18

Coronary Sulcus

Back 18

external groove that separates the atria & ventricles.

Front 19

Right Atrium

Back 19

Receives de-oxygenated blood from:
-SVC
-IVC
-Coronary Sinus

Front 20

Right Ventricle

Back 20

Receives blood from R. Atrium (through Tricuspid Valve) & sends it into the pulmonary trunk.

Front 21

Left Atrium

Back 21

(heart base) receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins

Front 22

Left Ventricle

Back 22

(apex)receives blood from the left atrium and sends it into the ascending aorta (->body)

Front 23

Which Ventricle is thicker

Back 23

Left, bc of high systemic pressure and more work needed to pump blood to extremeties; more than is needed to overcome the pulmonic pressure presented on the rt side.

Front 24

Semilunar Valves

Back 24

Rt Semilunar=Pulmonary Valve

Lt Semilunar=Aortic Valve

Front 25

AV Valves

Back 25

Rt=Tricuspid Valve

Lt=Mitral Valve=Bicuspid Valve

Front 26

Chordae Tendinae

Back 26

tendonlike cords connected to and prevent the valves from being pushed up into the atria on ventricular contractions

Front 27

Papillary Muscles

Back 27

Muscles attached to the ventricular wall and Chordae tendinae to prevent the AV valves from everting (insufficiency) and causing blood flow regurgitation.

Front 28

Regurgitation/Insufficiency

Back 28

backflow of blood through any of the valves (turnstyle doesn't lock)

Front 29

Stenosis

Back 29

Narrowing

Front 30

Prolapse mitral valve

Back 30

When the left ventricle contracts, the valve's leaflets bulge (prolapse) upward or back into the atrium. Mitral valve prolapse sometimes leads to blood leaking backward into the left atrium, a condition called mitral valve regurgitation.

Front 31

LCA divides into:

Back 31

Circumflex artery (in coronary sulcus btw
L Atrium & L Ventricle)
LAD (or Anterior interventricular branch; anterior area of the interventricular septum)

Front 32

RCA divides into:

Back 32

Marginal artery-runs down right ventrical

Posterior Ventricular Artery (rt & Lt ventricles; posterior area of the interventricular septum)

Front 33

Anastomosis

Back 33

a natural communication, direct or indirect, btw two bl vessels or other tubular structures. Occurs on backside of heart where the circumflex artery meets the posterior interventricular artery

Front 34

1st Heart sound

Back 34

S1=AV valve closure after the START of ventricular systole

S!=Mitral=Tricuspid

Front 35

2nd HS

Back 35

S2=Semilunar valve closure at the END of Ventricular systole

S2=Aortic(A2) & Pulmonic(P2)

Front 36

Auscultation of the Heart
-Aortic Area

Back 36

= 2nd rt intercostal space close to the sternum

Front 37

Auscultation of the Heart
-Pulmonic Area

Back 37

= 2nd Lt intercostal space close to the sternum

Front 38

Auscultation of the Heart
-Tricuspid Area

Back 38

= 5th left intercostal space close to the sternum

Front 39

Auscultation of the Heart
-Mitral (apical) Area

Back 39

5th left intercostal space just medial to the midclavicular line

Front 40

Erb's Point

Back 40

=third left intercostal space close to the sternum where murmurs of both aortic and pulmonic origin may often be heard

Front 41

Systole

Back 41

=phase of heart/chamber contraction

Front 42

Diastole

Back 42

-phase of heart/chamber relaxation

Front 43

Automaticity

Back 43

=self-excitation=spontaneous action potentials->heart muscle contraction

Front 44

SA Node

Back 44

"pacemaker" of the heart. Located in the right atrium of the heart, and thus the generator of sinus rhythm. It is a group of cells positioned on the wall of the right atrium, near the entrance of the superior vena cava.

Front 45

HR at rest

Back 45

75 beats / minute

Front 46

AV Node

Back 46

An area of specialized tissue between the atria and the ventricles of the heart, which conducts the normal electrical impulse from the atria to the ventricles.

Front 47

Capture

Back 47

SA node gets to the slower excitatory AV node before it self excites and sets the pace. With this action, the SA node remains the dominant excitation throughout the heart

Front 48

Electrical Pathway in Heart

Back 48

SA node->atria->AV node->--delay
->AV Bundle/Bundle of His->Bundle
Branches (R&L)->Purkinje Fibers->
Heart contraction (ventricles)

Front 49

Refractory Period

Back 49

=recovery of heart after contraction
=LONGER than the contraction period
=tetani of ht can't occur b/c of delayed
contraction

Front 50

ECG

Back 50

=recording of heart electrical changes

Front 51

P wave

Back 51

=indicates atrial depolarization

Front 52

QRS

Back 52

=ventricular depolarization

Front 53

T wave

Back 53

=ventricular repolarization

Front 54

CO

Back 54

HR x SV

Front 55

Ave CO

Back 55

5 L/min

Front 56

Stoke Volume

Back 56

What blood is actually pumped from the left ventricle. Not all the blood in there actually gets pumped out.

Front 57

Ave HR

Back 57

75 beats/min
<60=Bradycardia
>100=Tachycardia

Front 58

Ave SA node firing

Back 58

90-100

Front 59

HR regulated by

Back 59

1. Sympathetic (NE->incr HR & Contr)
b.Adrenal Medulla: (EPI & NE)
2. Parasympathetic a. CR X Vagus nerve

Front 60

Chronotropic

Back 60

Heart rate (speed of heart)

Front 61

Inotropic

Back 61

contractility (force of contraction)

Front 62

Stroke Volume regulated by:

Back 62

1.Preload "the Stretch" of the ventricle
2.Contractility-force of contraction
3.Afterload-pressure req'd to eject the bl
from the ventricles

Front 63

Baroreceptors

Back 63

Blood pressure gauges/receptors located in the aortic arch, internal carotid arteries, and right atrium

Front 64

Chemoreceptors

Back 64

Carotid bodies and aortic bodies. Carotid artery wall cells sensitive to changes inn the CO2 and O2 content of the blood.(CO2 regulates breating NOT 02)

Front 65

Cardiomegaly

Back 65

Enlarged Heart

Front 66

Left Ventricular Hypertrophy

Back 66

incr in the size of the lt ventricular myocardial wall (overall) due to incr resistance/pressure.

Front 67

CAD

Back 67

reduced blood flow to the heart t/t narrowed coronary arteries

Front 68

Ischemia

Back 68

=reduced O2 supply to the heart muscle cells. THIS IS REVERSIBLE

Front 69

Angina pectoris

Back 69

chest pain from ischemia of the myocardium

Front 70

Myocardial Infarction (MI)

Back 70

a localized necrotic (dead) tissue due to interrupted or inadequate blood O2 supply (aka heart attack) THIS IS NOT REVERSIBLE

Front 71

Congestive Heart Failure

Back 71

Failure of the heart to pump efficiently with resulting increase in end diastolic volume. Leads to HF if untreated

Front 72

LHF (left heart failure)

Back 72

inadequate pumping of lt side of heart
-->pulmonary edema (fluid gets backed up in the lungs (-->-->RHF)
=== LHF eventually leads to RHF

Front 73

RHF(right heart failure)

Back 73

inadequate pumping of the rt side of the heart->peripheral edema (ankles and feet)

Front 74

Cor Pulmonale

Back 74

enlarged rt ventricle due to hypertension of the pulmonic region wh extends into the pulmonic trunk w/ incr pressure

Front 75

Arrhythmia & dysrhythmia

Back 75

irregular heart rhythm ie heart block, AV block

Front 76

Atrial flutter

Back 76

Atrial rhythm-super high HR

Front 77

Atrial fibrillation

Back 77

"uncoordinated" contractions causing an irregular fast heart beat w/ loss of pumping action

Front 78

Ventricular fibrillation

Back 78

dysfunctional contractions-->ineffective-->circulatory failure-->DEATH

Front 79

Patent Ductus Arteriosus (PDA)

Back 79

by-pass at aorta & pulmonary trunk remains open after birth. When ligametum arteriosum doesn't close. Allows deoxyg. bl into aorta

Front 80

Atrio Septal Defect (ASD)

Back 80

Defect w/ an opening btw atria. Most common is Patent Foramen Ovale

Front 81

Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Back 81

Defect w/ opening btw ventricles

Front 82

Tetralogy of Fallot

Back 82

1. Overriding aorta
2. Pulmonary stenosis
3. Rt. Ventricular Hypertrophy
4. Ventricular Septal Defect (VSD)

Front 83

Fetal Circulation
1. Umbilical Vein (left)

Back 83

Circulation after Birth
1. Ligamentum teres of the Liver

Front 84

Fetal Circulation
2.Ductus Venosus

Back 84

Circulation after Birth
2. Ligamentum venosum

Front 85

Fetal Circulation
3. Foramen Ovale

Back 85

Circulation after Birth
3. Fossa Ovale

Front 86

Fetal Circulation
4. Ductus arteriousus

Back 86

Circulation after Birth
4. Ligamentum arteriosum

Front 87

Fetal Circulation
5. Umbilical Arteries

Back 87

Circulation after Birth
5. Medial umbilical ligaments

Front 88

Fetal Circulation:
1. Umbilical vein
2. Ductus venosus
3. Foramen Ovale
4. Ductus Arteriousus
5 Umbilical arteries

Back 88

Circulation after Birth
1. Ligamentum teres of the liver
2. Ligamentum venosum
3. Fossa ovale
4. Ligamentum arteriousum
5. Medial umbilical ligaments.

Front 89

Ductus arteriosus

Back 89

in fetal circulation, shunt that takes blood from pulm artery directly to aorta, to bypass lungs

Front 90

Foramen Ovale

Back 90

in fetal circulation, shunt from rt ventricle straight through to left ventricle, to avoid going to rt ventricle to lungs.

Front 91

Ductus venosus

Back 91

in fetal circulation, shunt that bypasses liver and goes into inferior vena cava. Mother's liver is doing the detoxifying so infant doesn't use liver at this pt.

Front 92

Coarctation of the aorta

Back 92

commonly in thearea of the ductus arteriosus

Front 93

Patent ductus arteriousus

Back 93

failure of the ductus arteriosus to close after birth

Front 94

Transposition of the great arteries

Back 94

a. aorta arises from the rt ventricle
b. pulmonary trunk arises from the left ventricle