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289 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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MAJOR FUNC OF RESP SYSTEM?
|
REMOVAL OF CO2
ADDING O2 |
|
|
4 SUBDIVIDED PROCESSES ARE CALLED?
|
REPIRATION
|
|
|
STUDY PIC ON?
|
P4
CH 22 |
|
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WHAT IS PULMOMARY VENTILATION?
|
BREATHING
|
|
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WHAT IS EXTERNAL RESPIRATION?
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MOVE OF O2 FROM LUNG TO BLOOD
MOVE OF CO2 FROM BLOOD TO LUNG |
|
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4 STAGES OF RESPIRATION?
|
1
2 3 4 |
|
|
RESPI IS VERY DEPENDANT ON CIRCULATORY SYSTEM T/F?
|
TRUE
|
|
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WHAT IS TRANSPORT STAGE OF RESP?
|
MOVE OF O2 FROM LUNGS TO TISSUES
MOVE OF CO2 FROM TISSUES TO LUNGS DEPENDANT ON CV SYSTEM |
|
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INTERNAL RESP?V
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MOVE OF O2 FROM BLOOD TO CELLS
MOVE OF CO2 FROM TISSUES TO BLOOD |
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FAILURE IN WHAT 2 SYSTEMS RESULT IN DEATH?
|
CV
RESPIRATION |
|
|
MOVEMENT OF AIR PLAYS A ROLE IN WHAT?
|
SMELL
SPEECH |
|
|
2 PARTS OF RESPIRATORY SYSTEM?
|
1 THE CONDUCTING ZONE
2 ???? |
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PARTS OF CONDUCTING ZONE?
|
NOSE
PHARYNX LARYNX TRACHEA BRONCHI LUNGS |
|
|
AIR COMING IN HAS TO BE?
|
HEATED
HUMIDIFIED |
|
|
CONDUCTING ZONE CLEANS WHAT?
|
AIR
OF DUST , BAC, ETC |
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|
SKELETAL MUSCLES OF RESPIRATION ARE PART OF ?
|
MUSCULAR SYSTEM
|
|
|
SYNERGISTS OF NORMAL RESTING QUIET BREATHING?
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INTERNAL INTERCONSTALS
INTERNAL EXTERNALCOSTALS LOOK THIS UP |
|
|
WHAT IS THE SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE? (IN LUNGS)
|
THE RESPIRATORY ZONE
|
|
|
RESP ZONE INCLUDES?
|
RESP BRONCIAOLES
AVEOLAR DUCTS ALVEOLI MICROSCOPIC |
|
|
WHAT ARE THE TERMINAL AIR SACS?
|
ALVEOLI
|
|
|
NOSE IS ONLY WHAT
|
VISIBLE PART OF RESP SYS
|
|
|
WHAT DOES NOSE DO?
|
PROV AN AIRWAYS FOR RESP
HUMIDIFIDES AIR AND WARMS PROVIDES A RESONATING CHAMBER FOR SPEECH PROVIDE S A HOME FOR OLFACTROY RECEPTORS |
|
|
NOSE IS SUBDIVIDED INTO 2 PARTS/
|
WHAT ARE THEY
|
|
|
EXTERNAL NOSE
PROB NOT ON TEST***** |
-ROOT (BTN EYEBROWS)
BRIDGE APEX (TIP) PHILTRUM (GROOVE ABOVE LIP) NOSTRILS (NARES) ALAE (FLARED LATERAL SIDES |
|
|
KNOW EXT NOSE INFO THAT IS IN BLUE ONLY
|
OK
ROOT APEX PHILITRUM NOSTRIS ALAE |
|
|
INTERNAL NOSE DIVIDED BY ?
|
SEPTUM
|
|
|
INTERIOR PORTION OF INTERNAL NOSE IS FORMED BY ?
|
VOMER
|
|
|
SUPERIOR OF INT. NOSE IS FORMED BY?
|
ETHMOID BONE
|
|
|
WHAT IS ROOF OF NASAL CAVITY?
|
ETHMOID AND SPNEDOID
|
|
|
WHAT SEPERATES NASAL CAVITY FROM ORAL CAVITY?
|
PALATES
|
|
|
HARD PALATATE?
|
PALATINE AND MAXILLARY BONES
|
|
|
SOFT PALATE?
|
MUSCLE
|
|
|
UVULA PALATE?
|
MOST POSTERIOR STRUCTURE
|
|
|
WHERE DOES AIR ENTER THE NASAL CAVITY?
|
NASAL VESTIBULE
|
|
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WHAT DOES THE SKIN OF NASAL VESTIBUE CONTAIN?
|
SEBACEOUS
SWEAT GLANDS HAIR (VIBRISSAE) |
|
|
WHAT ARE CHONCAE?
|
3 LATERAL PROJECTIONS
|
|
|
GROOVE BELOW 3 LATERAL PROJECTIONS OF CHONCHAE?
|
MEATUS
|
|
|
WHAT DO CONCHAE DO?
|
INCREASE SURFACE AREA
INCREASE TURBULANCE TO INCOMING AIR TRAPS LARGE PARTICLES WARMS/HUMIFIDIFYS AIR RETURNS HEAT/HUMID TO OUTGOING AIR |
|
|
WHAT ARE 2 TYPES OF MUCUS MEMBRANES?
|
OLFACTORY MEMBRANE
SUPERIOR RESP MEMBRANE SECREATES MUCUS AND SEROUS FLUID 1 L PER DAY |
|
|
CILIA SWEEPS MUCUS TO?
|
STOMACH
|
|
|
PIC
|
P 17
CH 22 |
|
|
PICS KNOW
|
PHARANGEAL TONSILS
|
|
|
WHERE ARE PARANASAL SINUSES FOUND?
|
BONES SURROUNDING NASAL CAVITY
|
|
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WHAT DO PARANASAL SINUSES DO?
|
LIGHTEN SKULL
WARM AND MOISTEN INCOMING AIR PRODUCE MUCUS DRAINS TO THE NASAL CAVITY |
|
|
NAME 4 PARANASAL SINUSES?
|
FRONTAL
SPHNEOID ETHMOID MAXILLARY |
|
|
WHAT DOES THE PHARANTX CONNECT?
|
(THE THROIAT) CONN NASAL TO ORAL CAVITIES
|
|
|
PHARYNX HAS 3 PARTS?
|
NASO-PHARYNX
ORO-PHARYNX LARYNGO-PHARYNX |
|
|
NASO-PHARYNX ?
|
AIRWAY ONLY
|
|
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WHAT CLOSES DURING SWALLOWING?
|
SOFT PALATE AND
ULVULA |
|
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WHAT CONTAINS THE PHARYNGEAL TONSILS?
|
NASO-PHARYNX
|
|
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WHAT IS PROTECTED BY TUBAL TONSILS?
|
PHARYNGOTYMPANIC TUBES
|
|
|
ANOTHER WORD FOR PHARYNGEAL TONSIL?
|
ADENOIDS
|
|
|
ANOTHER WORD FOR PHARYNGEAL TONSIL?
|
ESTUATION
|
|
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WHERE IS ORO-PHARYNX LOCATED?
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BEHIND ORAL CAVITY
|
|
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ARCHWAY OF ORO-PHARYNX IS CALLED?
|
ISTHMUS OF FAUCES
|
|
|
WHERE ARE PALATINE TONSILS?
|
LATERAL TO FACUCES
|
|
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WHERE IS THE LINGUAL TONSIL
|
BASE OF TONGUE
|
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WHERE IS THE LARYNGO-PHARYNX?
|
INFERIOR TO THE ORO-PHARYNX
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|
|
LARYNGO-PHARYNX IS FROM --------TO -------?
|
EPIGLOTTIS TO LARNYX
|
|
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WHAT CLOSES TRACHEA DURING SWALLOWING?
|
EPIGLOTTIS
|
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LARYNGO-PHARYNX IS A PASSAGEWAY FROM WHAT TO WHAT?
|
AIR AND FOOD
|
|
|
LARYNX IS CALLED WHAT?
|
VOICE BOX
|
|
|
LARYNX
|
ATTACHED TO HYOID BONE
CONTINOUS WITH TRACHEA |
|
|
WHAT ARE LARYNX 2 PRIMARY FUNCTIONS?
|
MAINTAINS AIRWAY
VOICE PRODUCTION |
|
|
VOICE BOX
OR LARYNX IS COMPOSED OF 9 SEP CARTILAIGE? |
ALL ARE HYLINE EXCEPT
EPIGLOTTIS (ELASTIC) |
|
|
HOW MANY CARTILAGES MAKE UP LARYNX?
|
9
|
|
|
KNOW
|
THYROID CARTILAGE
LARYNGEAL PROMINCENCE EPIGLOTTIS NOW TRACHEAL CARTILAGES |
|
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VOCAL LIGAMENTS LIE WHERE?
|
UNDER EPIGLOTTIS
|
|
|
VOICE LIGAMENTS ARE POSTEROIRLY ATTACHED TO ?
|
ARYTENDOID CARTIGLEGE
|
|
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VOCAL LIGAMENTS ARE ANTEROIRLY ATTACHED TO ?
|
THYROID CARTILEGE
|
|
|
WHAT ARE VESTIBLUAR FOLD?
|
FALSE VOCAL CORDS
|
|
|
GLOTTIS
|
VOCAL FOLDS AND THE SPACE BTN THEM
|
|
|
VOCAL CORDS VIBRATE AS AIR PASSES BTN THEM?
|
PRODUCES SOUND
|
|
|
I SKIPPED PAGE 30
|
CH 22
|
|
|
CAN THE VOCAL CORDS CLOSE?
|
YES
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE VALSALVA MANEUVE
|
WHEN YOU CLOSE THE VOCAL CORDS TO PREVENT AIR MOVEMENT
|
|
|
WHEN DO YOU PRODUCE THE VALSALVA MANEUVER?
|
LIFTING HEAVY LOAD
EMPTYING THE RECTUM LARYNX CLOSES DURING COUGHING AND SNEEZING |
|
|
THE WINDPIPE IS CALLED THE ?
|
TRACHEA?
|
|
|
TRACHAE HAS 3 LAYERS?
|
MUCOSA
SUBMUCOSA ADVENTITIA |
|
|
MUCOSA (TRACHAE) ?
|
CILIATED EPITHELIUMW/ GLOBLET CELLS
COUGHING CLEARS MUCUS BACK TOWARD THE PARYNX |
|
|
SUBMUCOSA (TRACHEA)
|
CT W/ SEROMUCOSAL GLANDS
CONTAIN 16-20 RINGS OF HYLINE CARTILAGE HOLDS TRACHEA OPEN DURING PRESSURE CHANGES |
|
|
ADVENTITIA (TRACHE
A) |
CT
INCLUDES THIN LAYER OF HYALINE CARTEILGE |
|
|
WHAT CONNECTS TO ADVENTIA (TRACHEA)?
|
TRACHEALIS MUSCLE
|
|
|
THE LAST TRACHEAL CARTIGLAGE FORMS A
|
SPAR
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE HEIMLICH MANUVER USED FOR?
|
TO EXPEL OBJECTS WITH AIR FORCING OBJECT OUT
|
|
|
GOBLET CELLS PRODUCE WHAT?
|
MUCUS
|
|
|
RIGHT BRONCHI IS WHAT?
|
MORE LIKELY TO HAVE AN INHALED OBJECT IN IT
|
|
|
HOW MANY BRANCHES OF BRONCHI?
|
23
|
|
|
WHAT ARE BRANCHIOLES?
|
PASSAGES SMALLER THAN 1 MM
|
|
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WHAT ARE TERMINAL BRANCHIOLES?
|
PASSAGES SMALLER THAN 0.5 MM
|
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WHAT ARE NOT PRESENT IN BRACHIOLES?
|
NO CARTILAGE
NO MUCUS |
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WHAT ARE THE SMALLEST BRANCHIOLES?
|
RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES
|
|
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WHAT ATTACHES TO RESPIRATORY BRONCHIOLES?
|
ALVEOLI
|
|
|
ALVEOLAR DUCTS LEADI NARE TO ?
|
ALVEOLAR SACS
|
|
|
ALVEOLI ARE THE END OF WHAT?
|
AIRWAYS
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE?
|
ALVEOLI
(NOT SACS) |
|
|
RECHECK THE FIRST 50 PAGES
|
OF CH 22
I WAS FADING OUT |
|
|
HOW THICK IS THE RESP MEMBRANE?
|
0.5 UM THICK
|
|
|
HOW DOES GAS MOVE
|
DIFFUSION
|
|
|
WHAT DO TYPE II AVELAR CELLS DO?
|
PRODUCES SURFACTANT
COAT ALVEOLAR CELLS REDUCE SURF TENSION |
|
|
REDUE
|
PRIOR TO CH 22
P - 38 |
|
|
RESP BRONCHIALS ARE ?
|
SMALLEST BRONCHIALS
|
|
|
RESP BRONCHIOLES BRANCH INTO?
|
AVEOLAR DUCTS
|
|
|
AVEOLAR DUCTS LEAD TO
|
AVEOLAR SACS
|
|
|
AVEOLAR SACS ARE?
|
BUNCHES OF GRAPES
NOT THE SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE |
|
|
WHAT IS THE SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE ******
|
ALVEOLI
|
|
|
ALVEOLAR WALLS ARE HOW THICK?
|
ONE CELL THICK
|
|
|
WHAT IS COVERED WITH PULMONARY CAP1 CILLARIES?
|
ALVEOLAR WALLS
|
|
|
RESP MEMBRANE?
|
1 ALVEOLI
1 CAP + FUSED BASEMENT MEMBRANE |
|
|
WHAT IS THE SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE?
|
ALVEOLI
|
|
|
WHAT CARRIES CO2?
|
BICARBONATE
|
|
|
MOVEMENT OF GAS OCCURS WITH ?
|
SIMPLE DIFFUSION
|
|
|
TYPE 2 CELLS?
|
SURFACTANT
COAT ALVEOLAR CELLS REDUCE SUR TEN OF ALVEOLAR FLUID |
|
|
AT GAS-LIQUID BARRIER WHAT?
|
LIQUID IS ATTRACTED TO LIQUID 1ST...LIQUID WILLL TRY TO BE AS SMALL AS POSSIBLE
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE MAJOR COMPONENT OF ALVEOLAR FLUID?
|
WATER
THAT'S WHY THE SUR TEN |
|
|
WATER PRODUCES ENOUGH SUR TEN TO COLLAPSE ALVEOLI AND WOULD BUT FOR?
|
SURFACTANT
KEEPS DOWN THE SUR TEN |
|
|
WHO PRODUCES ALVEOLAR FLUID?
|
TYPE 2 CELLS
NOT 1 |
|
|
3 SIGNIF FEATURES OF ALVEOLI?
|
SURROUNDED BY THIN ELASTIC FIBERS
ALVEOLAR PORES ALVEOLAR MACROPHAGES |
|
|
ELASTIC FIBERS DO WHAT?
|
?
|
|
|
WHAT ARE ALVEOLAR PORES?
|
CONN ALVEOLI AND PROVIDE AIRWAY PATHWAYS
|
|
|
WHAT ARE AL. MACROPHAGES?
|
ROAM IN LUNG TISSUE
KEEPS LUNG SUR STERILE CILIA SWEEP MOST DEAD MACROPHAGES |
|
|
WHAT ALLOWS AIR PRESSURE TO = THROUGHOUT LUNGS?
|
ALVEOLAR PORES
|
|
|
LUNGS OCCUPY?
|
ENTIRE THORACID CAVITY
EXCEPT: MEDIASTINUM TRACHEA ESOPHAGUS THYMUS |
|
|
LUNGS ARE ---- SHAPED?
|
CONE
|
|
|
LUNGS ARE SURROUNDED BY?
|
PLEURAL MEMBRANE
|
|
|
LUNGS ATTACHED TO MEDIASTINUM BY ?
|
BLOOD VESSELS AND BRONCHI
|
|
|
LUNG HILUM?
|
MEDIAL INDENTATION ON LUNG SURFACE...MORE IMP THAN ROOT
|
|
|
APEX?
|
ON TOP
BEHIND CLAVICAL |
|
|
EACH LUNG IS A ---- SIZE?
|
DIFFERENT
|
|
|
LEFT LUNG HAS WHAT?
|
CARDIAC NOTCH
|
|
|
HOW MANY LOBES IN EACH LUNG?
|
LEFT 2
RIGHT 3 RIGHT HAS MIDDLE LOBE |
|
|
EACH BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT IS SERVED BY?
|
TERTIARY BRONCHUS
|
|
|
EACH BRONCHOPULMONARY SEGMENT HAS ITS OWN ------- & -----------?
|
ARTERY
VEIN |
|
|
WHAT IS LOBULES?
|
SMALLEST VISIBLE SUBDIVISION
|
|
|
STROMA
|
CT
ELASTIC CT REDUCES WORK OF BREATHING |
|
|
LUNG HAS WHAT KIND OF CT?
|
ELASTIC
FOR STRETCHING DUHHHH |
|
|
LUNGS ARE SERVED BY 2 CIRCULATIONS?
|
PULMONARY CIRC
|
|
|
WHAT IS PUL CIRCULATION?
|
SYSTEMIC BLOOD DELIVERED TO BE OXYGENATED
|
|
|
PULMONARY CIRCULATION IS DELIVERED THRU?
|
HILUM
|
|
|
PUL ARTERIES DELIVERED THRU ?
|
HILUM
|
|
|
WHAT DO PUL ARTERIES BECOME (EVENTUALLY)?
|
PULMONARY CAPILLARY NETWORK
|
|
|
SYSTEMIC CIRCULATION?
|
LUNG TISSUE VIABILITY
|
|
|
ALVEOLI GET NUTRIENTS FROM WHERE?
|
PUL CIRCULATION
|
|
|
WHAT SUPPLIES ALL LUNG TISSUE EXCEPT ALVEOLI?
|
BRONCHIAL ARTERIES
|
|
|
BRONCHIAL VEINS?
|
MOST VENOUS BLOOD RETURNED BY PUL VEINS
|
|
|
THE PLEURA IS A ------- -------- ----------- ----------?
|
DOUBE
LAYER SEROUS M MEMBRANE |
|
|
THE PLEURA HAS 2 PORTIONS?
|
PARIETAL
VISCERAL CONNECTED |
|
|
WHAT REDUCES FRICTION IN THE PLEURAL CAVITY?
|
PLEURAL FLUID
|
|
|
WHAT ARE LUNGS ATTACHED TO?
|
WALL OF THORAX
|
|
|
RESP PRESS ALWAYS DESCRIBED IN TERMS OF ?
|
ATMOSHERIC PRESSURE
760mm Hg AT SEA LEVEL |
|
|
DESCRIBE RESP PRESSURE
THAT IS POS. AND NEG |
POS
HIGHER THAN 760 NEG LOWER THAN 760 |
|
|
WHAT IS INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE CALLED?
|
ALVEOLAR PRESSURE
|
|
|
WHAT IS INTRAPULMONARY PRESSURE?
|
INCREASES AND DECREASES WITH BREATHING
--EVENTUALLY THE SAME AS ATMOS PRESSURE |
|
|
INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE
|
PRESURE INSIDE THE PLEURAL CAVITY
|
|
|
INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE IS ALWAYS WHAT?
|
4 mm Hg LESS THEN PRESSURE IN THE ALVEOLI
--IN ORDER TO KEEP LUNGS FROM COLLAPSING |
|
|
WHAT IS RESPONSIBLE FOR LUNGS NOT COLLAPSING?
|
INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE
|
|
|
2 FORCES THAT REDUCE LUNG SIZE?
|
NATURAL RECOIL OF LUNGS
SUR TEN OF WATER |
|
|
FORCE THAT ACTS TO INCREASE LUNG SIZE?
|
NORMAL ELASTICITY OF CHEST WALL
|
|
|
IS NEG PRESSURE IMPORTANT IN INTRAPLEURAL SPACE?
|
YES
|
|
|
WHAT IS TRANS-PULMONARY PRESSURE?
|
DIFF BTN INTRAPULMONARY AND INTRAPLEURAL PRESSURE
|
|
|
TRANS-PUL PRESSURE IS USUALLY WHAT?
|
NEGATIVE
BY 4 mm Hg |
|
|
NEGATIVE TRANS-PULMONARY PRESSURE DOES WHAT?
|
KEEPS LUNGS OPEN
|
|
|
BOYLES LAW?
|
CHANGE OF VOLUME LEADS TO CHANGE OF FLOW OF GASES
---P1V1=P2V2 PRESSURE AND VOLUME ARE CORRALATED |
|
|
WHAT IS THE ACTIVE PART OF BREATHING?
|
INSPIRATION
|
|
|
WHAT CAUSES THORACIC EXPANSION?
|
CONTRACTION
|
|
|
WHAT MMUSCLES FORCES CONTRACTION (BREATHING)?
|
DIAPHRAM 1*
EXTERNAL INTER-COSTALS |
|
|
WHAT IS PASSIVE PART OF BREATHING?
|
EXPIRATION
|
|
|
WHAT LEADS TO DECREASE OF THORACIC VOLUME?
|
RELAXING MUSCLES
|
|
|
FORCED EXHALE?
|
REQ ABDOMINALS
ACTIVE PROCESS |
|
|
WHAT COSTALS PUSH AIR OUT?
|
INTERNAL INTER-COSTALS
|
|
|
TIDAL VOLUME?
|
NORMAL BREATHING
|
|
|
IRV
INSPIRATORY RESERVE VOL.? |
AIR ADDED TO NORMAL INHALE DURING FORCED INHALATION
SO...ON TOP OF INHALE |
|
|
ERV
EXPIRATORY RES. VOL.? |
FORCED EXHALE ON TOP OF THE AIR NORMALLY BREATHED OUT.
|
|
|
RV
|
LEFTOVER AIR AFTER FORCED EXHALE
|
|
|
IC
INSPIRATORY CAPACITY |
TV + IRV
|
|
|
FRC
|
RV + ERV
|
|
|
VC
*******************ONTEST? |
TV + IRC + ERC
****ON TEST**** IGNORE OTHERS |
|
|
TLC
TOTAL LUNG CAPACITY? |
SUM OF ALL LUNG VOLUMES
|
|
|
VC IS ABOUT WHAT?
|
4800 ml
|
|
|
KNOW
|
TIDAL VOLUME
VITAL CAPICITY KNOW AVERAGES NUMBERS 500 4800 |
|
|
WHAT IS ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE?
|
VOL OF AIR THAT FILLS LUNGS BUT IS NEVER USED
--ALWAYS A LITTLE AIR IN LUNGS |
|
|
WHAT IS ALVEOLAR DEAD SPACE?
|
ADDED TO ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE IF ALVEOLI BECOME NON-FUNCTIONAL
|
|
|
VOL OF ANATOMICAL DEAD SPACE?
|
150 ml
|
|
|
IF ALVEOLI DIE, THAT SPACE IS ADDED TO ALVEOLAR DEAD SPACE TO MAKE ?
|
? STILL WRONG
|
|
|
SPIROMOTERE?
|
PULMONARY FUNCTION TEST
|
|
|
A SPIROMETER WILLL INDICATE WHAT?
|
OBSTRUCTIVE PUL DIESEASE
|
|
|
A SPIROMETER WILL INDICATE?
|
RESTRICITIVE DISORDERS
|
|
|
MINUTE VENTILATION?
|
TOTAL GAS IN ONE MINUTE
|
|
|
WHAT ARE INCLUDED IN THE RESPIRATORY ZONE?
|
***THE ACTUAL SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE
--RESPRITORY BRONCHIALS ALVEOLAR DUCTS ALVEOLI |
|
|
WHAT HAPPENS IN THE CONDUCTING ZONE?
|
AIR IS WARMED , CLEANSED, AND HUMIDIFIED
|
|
|
5 THINGS THE NOSE DOES?
|
AIRWAY
MOIST/WARMS AIR FILTERS AND CLEANS RESONATING CHAMBER FOR SOUND HAS OLFACTORY SENSORS |
|
|
WHAT IS THE NOSE ROOT?
|
AREA BTN EYEBROWS
|
|
|
NOSE-WHAT IS THE DORSUM NASI?
|
MIDDLE RIDGE ON ANTERIOR OF NOSE
|
|
|
NOSE-WHAT IS APEX?
|
TIP OF NOSE, MOST ANTERIOR
|
|
|
4 PHASES OF RESP?
|
1- PULMONARY VENTILATION
2-EXTERNAL RESP 3-TRANS OF RESP GASES 4-INTERNAL RESPIRATION |
|
|
WHAT IS PULMONARY VENTILATION?
|
BREATHING
|
|
|
WHAT IS EXTERNAL RESPIRATION?
|
O2 FROM LUNGS TO BLOOD
|
|
|
WHAT IS TRANSPORT OF RESP GASES?
|
O2 FROM LUNGS TO TISSUES
CO2 FROM TISSUE TO LUNGS |
|
|
WHAT IS INTERNAL RESP?
|
O2 FROM BLOOD TO CELLS
CO2 FROM TISSUE TO BLOOD |
|
|
WHAT ARE THE TERMINAL AIR SACS?
|
ALVEOLI
|
|
|
WHAT IS THE SITE OF GAS EXCHANGE?
|
THE RESPIRATORY ZONE
|
|
|
NOSE - WHAT IS THE PHILTRUM?
|
DIVIDING GROOVE ABOVE THE LIP (IN MUSTACHE)
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE NARES?
|
NOSTRILS
OPENINGS OBV, OF AIRWAY |
|
|
NOSE - WHAT ARE THE ALAE?
|
KIMS FAVE
FLARED LATERAL SIDES |
|
|
WHAT 2 BONES FORM THE NOSES ROOT AND BRIDGE?
|
FRONTAL
NASAL |
|
|
WHAT FORMS THE DORSUM NASI?
|
SEPTAL CARTILAGE
|
|
|
WHAT FORMS THE APEX (NOSE)?
|
ALAR CARTILAGE
|
|
|
WHAT ARE THE (NOSE) LATERAL SIDES OF THE APEX MADE OF ?
|
DENSE CT
|
|
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WHAT DIVIDES THE NOSE INTERNALLY?
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NASAL SEPTUM
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WHAT 2 BONES FORM THE NASAL SEPTUM?
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ANTERIOR- VOMER
POSTERIOR - ETHMOID |
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WHAT SEPERATES THE NASAL CAVITY FROM THE ORAL CAVITY?
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(FLOOR)
PALATE |
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WHAT MAKES THE HARD PALATE HARD?
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BONES FROM THE
MAXILLARY AND PALANTINE BONES (INTERNAL NOSE) CONN TO TEETH IN FRONT OF SOFT PALATE |
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WHAT MAKES THE SOFT PALATE SOFT?
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IT IS JUST MADE OF MUSCLES
(INTERNAL NOSE) |
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WHAT IS THE UVULA?
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THAT THING THAT HANDS DOWN LIKE A BOXING BAG IN THE BACK OF UR MOUTH
(INTERNAL NOSE) |
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AFTER AIR ENTERS THE NOSTRILS IT ENTERS INTO THE ---------- ----------?
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NASAL VESTIBULE
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WHAT DOES THE SKIN OF NASAL VESTIBULE CONTAIN?
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CONTAINS SEBACEOUS GLANDS
SWEAT GLANDS HAIR IT FILTERS AND CLEANS AIR |
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WHAT ARE DEFENSINS?
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NATURAL ANTIBIOTICS THAT KILL MICROBES
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MUCUS HAS A HIGH WATER CONTENT THAT HELPS WHAT?
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HUMIDIFY THE AIR
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3 REGIONS OF THE PHA RYNX?
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NASO-PHARYNX
ORO-PHARYNX LARYNGO-PHARYNX |
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WHAT ARE NASAL CONCHAE?
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3 NASAL AIR (FREEWAYS) SEPERATED BY GROOVES CALLED MEATUS(ES)
SUPERIOR MIDDLE INFERIOR |
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WHAT ARE NASAL CONCHAE SEPERATED BY?
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MEATUS
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WHAT DO NASAL CONCHAE DO?
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INCREASE SURFACE AREA
INCREASE TURBULANCE WARM HUMIDIFY (AIR) TRAPS LARGE PARTICLES IN MUCUS RE-TRAPS EXITING HEAT AND HUMIDITY FROM LEAVING AIR |
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WHAT 2 TYPES OF MEMBRANES ARE CONTAINED IN THE NASAL CAVITY?
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MUCUS MEMBRANES
1-OLFACTORY MEMBRANE (SUPERIOR AREA) 2- RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE (THE REST) |
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WHAT DOES OLFACTORY MEMBRANE DO?
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CONTAINS OLFACTORY RECEPTORS
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WHAT DOES RESPIRATORY MEMBRANE DO?
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SECRETES MUCUS AND SEROUS FLUID
--SEROUS FLUID HAS LYSOZYMES RESP ENDOTHELIUM SECRETE DEFENSINS CILIA SWEEP MUCUS TO STOMACH |
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WHERE ARE PARANASAL SINUSES LOCATED?
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THESE BONES:
FRONTAL SPHNOID ETHMOID MAXILLARY |
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PARANASAL SINUSES
-WHAT DO THEY PRODUCE -WHAT HELPS DRAIN THEM??? |
MUCUS
BLOWING YOUR NOSE (VACUUM CREATES A SUCTION TO HELP IT DRAIN) |
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SINUSES FROM TOP TO BOTTOM?
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FESM
FRONTAL ETHMOID SPHENOID MAXILLARY |
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WHAT KIND OF CELLS LINE THE NASO-PHARYNX?
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PSEUDO STRATISFIED CILIATED EPITHELIUM
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WHAT 2 THINGS CLOSE DURING SWALLOWING?
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ULVULA AND SOFT PALATE
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WHERE IS THE PARANGEAL TONSIL LOCATED?
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IN THE NASO-PHARYNX BACK BEHIND EVERYTHING NEAR ENTRANCE OF THROAT
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WHAT ARE PHARYNGOTYPMPANIC TUBES?
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AUDITORY TUBES
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WHAT DO PHARYNGO-TYMPANIC TUBES DO?
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ALLOW MIDDLE EAR PRESSURE TO EQUALIZE WITH ATMO PRESSURE?
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THE ARCHWAY IN THE ORO-PHARYNX IS CALLED WHAT?
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ISTHMUS OF FAUCES
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2 TONSILS OF THE ORO-PHARYNX?
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LINGUAL (TONGUE)
PALATINE (ATTACH: UVULA) |
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WHERE IS THE LYRYNGO-PHARYNX LOCATED BTN?
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EPIGLOTTIS (UPRIGHT)
LARYNX |
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-------- CLOSES DURING SWALLOWING TO STOP FOOD GETTING IN AIRWAYS?
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EPIGLOTTIS
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WHAT STOPS BRIEFLY DURING SWALLOWING?
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AIRFLOW
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THE EPIGLOTTIS IS MADE OF WHAT?
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ELASTIC CARTILAGE
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THE LARYNX IS COMPOSED OF 9 SEPERATE CARTILAGES ALMOST ALL COMPOSED OF WHAT?
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HYALINE CARTILAGE
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LARYNX LIES UNDER -----------?
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EPIGLOTTIS
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LARYNX IS ATTACH TO ---------- (POSTERIOR) AND ---------- (ANTERIOR)
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ARYTENOID CARTILAGE
THROID CARTILAGE |
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CARTILAGE ORDER IN LARYNX
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CU
CO A CRIC TRACH CART... |
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VOCAL LIGAMENTS ARE WHAT?
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VOCAL FOLDS OR TRUE VOCAL CORDS
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WHAT IS THE GLOTTIS?
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VOCAL FOLDS AND SPACE BTN THEM
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MUSCLES OF VOCAL CORDS ARE ATTACH TO ?
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ARYTENOID CARTILAGES
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WHAT CAUSES THE "QUALITY" OF VOICE?
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THE STRUCTURES ABOVE THE GLOTTIS
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PHARYNX IS WHAT (SOUND)?
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A RESONATING CHAMBER
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WHAT IS THE VALSALVA'S MANUEVAR?
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LARYNX CLOSES WHEN LIFTING HEAVY OBJECTS
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WHERE IS THE TRACHEA LOCATED?
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BTN THE LARYNX AND THE
MEDIASTINUM |
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TRACHEA HAS 3 LAYERS?
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MUCOSA
SUB-MUCOSA ADVENTITIA |
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WHAT MUSCLE IS INVOLVED IN COUGHING VIOLENTLY?
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TRACHEALIS MUSCLE
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WHERE APPRX. DOES THE TRACHEA SPLIT OFF?
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T7 VERTIBRAE
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interNAL RESP
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O2 OUT BLOOD
CO2 INTO BLOOD |
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WHAT IS DALTON'S LAW OF PARTIAL PRESSURE?
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TOTAL PRESS OF 2 GASES IS THE SUM OF BOTH THEIR PRESSSURES ADDED UP
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DOYLES LAW RELATES TO?
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PRESSURE
VOLUME |
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PARTIAL PRESSURE INVOLVES WHAT?
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2 DIFF GASES
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NITROGEN'S PARTIAL PRESSURE IS WHAT?
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78% GAS IN AIR
SO MULT AIR PRESSURE 760ml X .78 = 597 THAT IS PAR PRESS |
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WHAT IS HENRY'S LAW?
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GASES IN CONTACT W/LIQUID
GAS WILL DISOLVE IN PROPORTION TO PARTIAL PRESSURE |
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HENRY'S LAW
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??
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WHICH IS MORE SOLUABLE CO2 OR O2?
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CO2
BY 20X |
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TEMP OF BLOOD PLASMA IS INCREASED WHERE?
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IN TISSUES
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WHAT IS AVELAR GAS COMPOSED OF?
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CO2
WATER VAPOR A LITTLE O2 |
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WHAT CHANGES AVEOLAR PARTIAL PRESSURE
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CHANGING RATE OF BREATHING AND/OR DEPTH OF BREATHING
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EXTERNAL RESP (AVELI TO BLOOD) PULM GAS EXCHANGE OCCURS AS A RESULT OF DIFFUSION THAT IS INFLUENCED BY WHAT 3 FACTORS?
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1 PARTIAL PRESSURE AND GAS SOLUABILITY
2- MATCHING OF ALVEOLAR VENTILATION AND PULM BLODD PERFUSION 3- THICKNESS AND SURF AREA OF THE RESP MEMBRANE DONT WORRY ABOUT #2 |
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WHAT HAPPENS IF RESP MEMBRANE GETS THICKER ?
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DIFFUSION TAKES LONGER
BECOMES MORE DIFFICULT |
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WHICH ONE IS INTERNAL RESP?
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GOING FROM LUNGS TO BLOOD TO TISSUES
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WHICH ONE IS EXTERNAL RESP?
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GOES FROM TISSUES TO BLOOD TO LUNGS
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O2 IS CARRIED BY BLOOD 2 WAYS?
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1-1.5% DISSOLVES IN PLASMA
98.5% IS ATTACHED TO Hb HEMOGLOBIN |
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HOW MANY IRON ATOMS IN Hb?
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4
EACH HAS 1 O2 MOL |
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WHAT IS DEOXYHb?
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Hb WITH O2 ON IT
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WHAT IS DEOXYHEMAGLOBIN?
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Hb WITH CO2
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OXYGEN BINDS WITH HB HOW?
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REVERSIBLY
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EACH HB CAN CARRY ?
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4 OXYGEN MOLECULES
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A TEMP INCREASE HELP ------ O2 MOLECULES?
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RELEASE
LIKE IN THE TISSUES |
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pH INCREASE LEADS TO A ------ OF O2?
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INCREASED UPTAKE OF O2
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CCO2 IN A SOLUTION IS WHAT?
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CARBONIC ACID
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WHAT IS BOHR EFFECT?
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INCREASED CO2 AND DECLINING pH
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HYPOXIA IS WHAT?
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LIPS TURN BLUE
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CARBON MONOXIDE IS A FORM OF ---------- ---------?
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HYPOEXEMIC HYPOXIA
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CO2 IS TRANSPORTED IN 3 WAYS?
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O2 IS ONLY 2 WAYS**
7-10% DISSOLVED IN PLASMA 20% CARRIED ON RBC BOUND TO Hb 70% TRANSPORTED AS BICARBONATE (HCO3-) |
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WHERE IS MOST CO2 CONVERTED TO BICARBONATE
HCO3-? |
RBCs
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WHAT MAKES CARBONIC ACID INTO BICARBONATE?
|
DISSOLVING CO2 AND ADDING WATER H20 =
H2CO3 = CARBONIC ACID CARBONIC ACID IS UNSTABLE AND TEARS APART TO FORM H+ AND BICARBONATE |
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WHAT TRIGGERS THE BOHR EFFECT?
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CO2 + H+
THEY ENHANCE RELEASE OF O2 RELEASE FROM Hb |
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WHAT IS THE HALDANE EFFECT?
|
AMOUNT OF O2 INFLUENCES THE CO2 THAT CAN BE CARRIED
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WHAT DOES BICARBONATE DO?
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ITS A BUFFER SYSTEM
IT BLOCKS RELEASE OF H+ IN THE BLOOD TO STOP pH FROM CHANGING |
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WHAT DOES CARBONIC ACID DO
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BUFFERS JUST LIKE BICARBONATE, JUST FOR BASES
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WHAT IS THE MOST SIGNIFICATE REGULATOR OF RESPIRATION?
|
PCO2
IS THAT PRESSURE? |
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WHAT IS APNEA?
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STOPPING BREATHING
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