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113 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
Aldosterone works by |
Increases rate of Na-K pump |
|
Aldosterone impacts osmolarity/volume how |
Does not impact osmolarity. As NA crosses membrane, water follows. Increases volume. |
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ADH works by |
Increases synthesis of aquaporins. |
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ADH impacts osmolarity/volume how |
Decreases osmolarity increase volume |
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Osmolarity formula |
Osmoles/volume |
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RAAS stands for |
Renin angiotensin aldosterone mechanism |
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Baroreceptors for blood pressure are where |
Carotid & aorta |
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Angiotensin does what |
Stimulates thirst, vasoconstriction, stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete aldosterone |
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Pancreatic enzymes |
Proteases (proteins), amylase (starches), lipases (break triglycerides into monoglyceridea and fatty acids, nuclease (digest dna/rna to nucleotides |
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Proteases |
Digest proteins into amino acids (trypsin/chymotrypsin) |
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Amylase |
Digests starches into maltose/glucose |
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Lipases |
Digest fats (triglycerides) into monoglycerides/fatty acids |
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Nuclease |
Digest rna/dna into nucleotides |
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Vital capacity |
Amount of air in lungs that can be exhaled after maximal forced inspiration |
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Inspiratory capacity |
Amt of air in lungs that can be inhaled after quiet exhalation. Sum of tidal volume + residual volume |
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Volume depletion |
Aka hypovolemia. Lose proportional amt of h20 + na+. Volume declines, osmolarity normal. Burns, hemorrhage, chronic diarrhea |
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Dehydration |
Negative water balance. Lose more H20 than na+; osmolarity increases |
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Hemocytometer calculation |
Large volume (=1000 mm3) ÷ small volume (.001 mm3/sq). 4 squares = 250,000. |
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Parietal cells secrete what |
HCl, intrinsic factor, ghrelin |
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Chief cells secrete what |
Gastric lipase (gastrin), pepsinogen (converted to pepsin by HCl) |
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Seminiferous tubules |
Tubules in which sperm are produced |
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Epididymis |
Tubules where sperm mature & become motile |
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Stages of sperm development |
Type A spermatogonium divides by mitosis (to type A + type B). Type b becomes primary spermatocyte, divides by meiosis to 2 secondary spermatocytes and then into 4 spwrmatids. They then evolve into sperm |
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Stages of digestive fx |
Ingestion, digestion, absorption, compaction, defecation |
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Ovulation triggered by |
LH |
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Endometrium governed by |
Progesterone |
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Stages of labor |
Dilation, expulsion, placental |
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Leptin |
Informs brain how much body fat we have |
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Glucagon |
Stimulates synthesis of glucose from glycogen stored in liver |
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Purposes of triglycerides |
Energy storage, glucose/protein sparing, membranes/myelin (phospholipids), absorption of fat soluble vitamins, serum lipoprotein (deliver lipids to cells) |
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Why do we need carbs |
Fuel, structure, dietary fiber |
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Major pathways of glucose metabolism |
Gylcolysis, anaerobic fermentation, aerobic respiration |
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Our bodies use compounds as fuel in what order |
Glucose, fats, amino acids (in starvation) |
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Glucagon made by |
Pancreatic beta cells |
|
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1. Total lung capacity 2. Inspiratory capacity 3. Functional residual capacity 4. Inspiratory reserve volume 5. Expiratory reserve 6. Vital capacity 7. Tidal volume |
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Chromatid vs chromosome |
Chromosome has one centromere. Chromotid is a copy. A chromosome may have one or two copies, each with one centromere. So a single chromosome with two copies will have two sister chromatids. |
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Developing follicles produce /secrete [blank] in response to [] |
Estrogen; FSH and LH |
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Corpus luteum secretes |
Progesterone |
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Primary oocytes are arrested where |
Early meiosis I (2n). These are present at birth. |
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Secondary oocytes arrested where |
Metaphase ii (1n). Mature to this level at puberty |
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Primordial germ cell |
Oogonium, spermatogonium |
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FSH + LH stimulate what |
Androgens, estrogens, progesterone from gonads |
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Predominant estrogen during reproductive years in female |
Estradiol |
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First two weeks of pregnancy, cells are called... |
Blastocyst |
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From day 16 through week 8 developing baby called |
Embryo |
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Hormones with strongest influence on pregnancy, AND secreted by what |
Estrogen, progesterone, human chorionic gonadotropin, human chorionic somatomammotropin; by placenta |
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Osmosis driven by |
Electrolyte concentration |
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Angiotensin release stimulated by |
Reduced blood pressure/volume |
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Things that change acid vase balance |
Lactic acid buildup, fatty acids/ketones, carbonic acid from excess CO2 |
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Space between tooth and gum |
Gingival sulcus |
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Phases of swallowing |
Oral, pharyngeal, esophageal |
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G (enteroendocrine) cells secrete X, which |
Gastrin, stimulates chief + parietal cells |
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Parts of small intestine |
Duodenum, jejunum, ilium |
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what is the most important force driving reabsorption at the venous end of a capillary |
blood colloid osmotic pressure |
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pulmonary arteries have (much/little higher/lower) bp compared to systemic arteries |
considerably lower |
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which of the following does not contribute to venous return? A, difference of pressure between venules and vena cava B. expansion/contraction of thoracic cavity C. suction created by atria expanding during systole D.widespread vasodilation E. contraction of skeletal muscles |
D |
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correct sequence of events of cardiac cycle: ventricular filling, isovolumentric contraction, isovolumetric relaxation, ventricular ejection |
ventricular filling, contraction, ejection, relaxation |
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which vessels have thickest tunica media |
large arteries |
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alternative routes of blood supply are called |
anastomoses |
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which of the following is associated with vasomotion: collagen/elastic tissue in tunica media; elastic tissue in tunica externa; endothelium in tunica interna; smooth muscle in tunica media; fenestrations in tunica externa |
smooth muscle |
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which of the following would decrease velocity of blood flow? increased viscosity, increased bp, increased vessel radius, increased afterload, decreased vasomotion |
viscosity |
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which has the most important effect on blood velocity: blood viscosity, vessel radius, blood osmolarity, hematocrit, vessel length |
vessel radius |
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where is vasomotor center located: hypothalamus, medulla oblongata, spinal cord, cerebellum, cerebral cortex |
medulla oblongata |
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opening and closing of the heart valves is caused by: breathing, gravity, valves contracting/relaxing, osmotic gradients, pressure gradients |
pressure gradients |
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chordae tendinae of AV valves anchored to what in the ventricles |
papillary muscles |
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which of the following is shared by cardiac and skeletal muscles: muscle fiber striations, dependence on nervous stimulation, communcation via gap junctions, intercalated discs, autorhythmicity |
muscle fiber striations |
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the [blank] is the pacemaker that intiates each heartbneat |
sinoatrial node |
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pacenajer potential is a result of: NA inflow, NA outflow, K inflow, K outflow, Ca2 inflow |
Na inflow |
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cells of the sinaotrial node (depolarize/repolarize) (fast/slow) during pacemaker potential |
depolarize slow |
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the [blank] provides most of Ca2+ needed for myocardial contraction |
sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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when a clot is no longer needed, fibrin dissolved by |
plasmin |
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structural framerowrk of a bloof clot is formed by |
fibrin polymer |
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where in the body are hematopoeitic stell cells found |
bone marrow |
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which is most likely to cause anemia: altitude, air pollution, renal disease, smoking, anything that causes hypoxemia |
renal disease |
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what is the most superficial layer enclosing heart |
perietal pericardium |
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the (blank) performs work of the heart |
myocardium |
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a woman's first pregnancy is norma but the second pregnancy results in hemolytic disease of the newborn. The mother is likely type __ and both children are __. |
A, Rh neg; B, rh pos. |
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tissues become edematous when which of the following occurs? colloid osmotic pressure is high, hyperproteneimia, high NA/protein concentration, high hematocrit, dietary protein deficiency |
protein deficiency |
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3 categories of lymphocyes |
B, T, NK |
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vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole would (reduce/increase) filtration rate |
reduce |
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vasoconstriction of afferent arteriole would (reduce/increase) filtration rate |
increase |
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glucose and amino acids are reabsorbed from filtrate by |
proximal convoluted tubule |
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how is vital capacity calculated |
expiratory reserve+ tidal volume + inspiratory reserve |
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(blanks) constitutes one half of all nitrogenous wastes |
uric acid |
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blood plasma is filtered in the |
renal corpuscle |
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what is primarily responsible for maintaining the salinity gradient of the renal medulla |
juxtamedullary nephrons |
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which of the following is not a function of respiratory system: control of pH; flow of lymph and venous blood; regulation of bp; synthesis of vasodilators; defecation aid |
vasodilators |
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alveolar capillaries supplied by |
pulmonary artery |
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chemical reaction of gasses in pulmonary system supports |
regulation of pH |
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addition of CO2 to the blood generates [blank] ions in the RBCs |
hydrogen |
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lymph is similar to plasma except |
low in protein |
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secretes perforins |
NK cell |
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B cells differentiate into |
plasma celsl |
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cannot act as APC |
T cell |
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haptens determine |
antigenicity of a molecule |
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lymphatic nodules |
dense masses of lymphocytes and macrophages that congregate in response to pathogens |
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interleukins are |
chemical signals for cell communication |
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chemoreceptors in medulla monitor |
pH of cerebrospinal fluid |
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thick segment of nephron loop impermeable to water (T/F) |
true |
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primary function of nephron loop is to generate salinity gradient that allows collecting duct to dilute urine (t/F) |
F |
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Systole |
Contraction |
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Diastole |
Relaxation |
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Exchange of materials at capillary beds occurs by |
Filtration, diffusion, osmosis, transcytosis |
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Types of granulocytes |
Neutrophils, eosinophils, basophils |
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Basophils secrete |
Leukotrienes, histamine, heparin |
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Monocytes become |
Macrophages/dendrites |
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Characteristics of adaptive immunity |
Systemic, specific, memory |
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Stages of adaptive immunity |
Recognition, attack, memory |
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T cells part of (cellular/humoral) immunity |
Cellular |
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B cells (humoral/cellular) immunity |
Humoral |
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Vasa recta |
Capillaries that extend from peritubular capillaries, surround & exchange material with nephron loop |
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Peritubular capillaries |
Branch from efferent arteriole, reabsorb water/nutrients |
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Stages of urine formation |
1) filtration 2) tubular reabsorption 3) tubular secretion 4) water conservation |