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402 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Buccal
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cheek
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Cervical
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neck
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Cephalic
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head
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Cranium
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skull
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Frontal
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forehead
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Mental
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chin
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Nasal
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nose
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Nuchal
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nape
(back of neck) |
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Occipital
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back of head
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Oral
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mouth
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Orbital
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back of head
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Otic
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ear
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Abdominal
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abdomen
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Axillary
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armpit
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Coxal
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Hip
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Groin
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abdomen-thigh junction
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Inguinal
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groin
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Lumbar
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lower back
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Mammary
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breast
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Navel
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umbilical region
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Natal cleft
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groove separating buttocks
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Pelvic
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pelvis
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Perineal
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anus-to-genital area
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Pubic
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front of pelvis
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Sacral
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between the hips
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Scapular
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shoulder blade
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Spinal
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vertebral
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Sternal
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breastbone
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Thoracic
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chest
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Umbilical
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navel
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Vertebral
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spinal column
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Acromial
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point of shoulder
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Antebrachial
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forearm
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Antecubital
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front of elbow
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Brachial
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arm
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Carpal
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wrist
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Digital
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fingers or toes
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Manual
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hand
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Olecranal
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point of elbow
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Palmar
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palm
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Phalangeal
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fingers
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Pollex
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thumb
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Volar
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palm or sole (of foot)
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Calcaneal
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heel
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Crural
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leg (anterior portion)
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Femoral
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thigh
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Fibular
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outer side of leg
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Gluteal
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buttock
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Hallux
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Great toe
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Leg
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from knee to foot
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Patellar
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kneecap
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Pedal
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foot
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Peroneal
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fibular
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Phalangeal
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toes
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Plantar
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sole of foot
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Popliteal
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back of the knee
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Sural
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calf (posterior leg)
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Sole
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bottom of foot
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Tarsal
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ankle
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Thigh
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from groin to knee
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Anterior
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toward the front or in front of a structure
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Caudal
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toward the tail or coccyx
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Contralateral
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on opposite sides of the midline
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Deep
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away from the body's surface or body part
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Distal
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away from the point of origin of a body part
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Dorsal
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back or toward the back
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Inferior
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toward the feet or lower part of a structure
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Intermediate
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between two structures
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Ipsilateral
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on the same side of the midline
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Lateral
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away from the body's midline or toward the inner side of a structure
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Medial
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toward the body's midline or toward the inner side of a structure
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Posterior
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toward the back or behind a structure
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Proximal
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closer to the point of origin of a body part
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Superficial
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toward or on the body's surface or body part
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Superior
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toward the head or upper part of a structure
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Ventral
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toward the front
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Frontal (coronal) plane
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divides body or organ into the front and back parts
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Midsagittal
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divides teh body or organ into equal right and left halves
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Oblique plane
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cuts organ at an angle, not perpendicular to an axis
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Parasagittal plane
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divides body or organ into unequal right and left sides
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Sagittal Plane
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divides body or into right and left sides
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Tranverse plane
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cuts across the long axis of the body or organ
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Abdominopelvic cavity
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inferior to diaphragm;
stomach, intestines, liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, kidneys, reproductive organs, urinary bladder |
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Abdominal cavity
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inferior to diaphragm and superior to pelvis;
stomach, small intestine, large intestine, liver, gall bladder, spleen, pancreas, and kidneys |
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Cranial cavity
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within skull;
brain |
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Dorsal cavity
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includes cranial vertebral cavities;
brain and spinal cavity |
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Mediastinum cavity
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between pleural cavities;
esophagus, trachea, thymus gland, and heart |
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Middle ear cavity
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temporal bones;
ear ossicles |
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Nasal cavity
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superior to oral cavity;
nasal septum, conchae |
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Oral cavity
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inferior to nasal cavity;
tongue and teeth |
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Orbital cavity
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anterior-superior skull;
eyeballs |
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Pelvic cavity
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within pelvis;
reproductive organs, urinary bladder, and rectum |
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Pericardial cavity
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mediastunum;
heart |
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Peritoneal cavity
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inferior to diaphragm;
same as in abdominopelvic cavity |
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Pleural cavity
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lateral to mediastinum;
lungs |
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Spinal cavity
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within vertebral;
spinal cord |
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Synovial cavity
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around movable joints;
synovial fluid to reduce friction |
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Thoracic cavity
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superior to diaphragm;
esophagus, trachea, lungs, and heart |
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Ventral cavity
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includes thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities;
abdominal and thoracic organs |
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Vertebral cavity
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same as spinal cavity;
spinal cord |
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Visceral cavity
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same as ventral cavity;
" " |
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Serous membrane
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protects the walls of the ventral cavity and the surfaces of visceral organs
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"Serous"
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"whey" - watery part of curdled milk
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Mesentary Serous Membrane
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abdominal cavity; associates with abdominal viscera
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Parietal Pericardium
serous membrane |
wall of pericardial sac around heart
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Parietal Peritoneum
serous membrane |
wall of abdominal cavity
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Parietal Pleura
serous membrane |
wall of pleural cavities around lungs
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Visceral Pericardium
serous membrane |
surface of heart
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Visceral Peritoneum
serous membrane |
surface of most abdominal organs
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Visceral Pleura
serous membrane |
surface of lungs
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Mucous Membrane
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internal body cavity ultimately has connection with the outside of the body, the inner lining
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Mucus
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viscous material most often secreted by specialized goblet cells that are part of the mucous membrane
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Abdominopelvic quadrant
Lower Left |
small intestine, descending colon, sigmoid colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
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Abdominopelvic quadrant
Lower Right |
small intestine, cecum, appendix, ascending colon, rectum, urinary bladder, reproductive organs
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Abdominopelvic quadrant
Upper Right |
liver, gall bladder, stomach, small intestine, ascending colon, transverse colon, right kidney
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Abdominopelvic quadrant
Upper Left |
spleen, stomach, pancreas, small intestine, transverse colon, descending colon, left kidney
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Abdominopelvic region
Epigastric |
liver, stomach, pancreas, transverse colon
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Abdominopelvic region
Hypogastric (Pubic) |
small intestine, rectum, urinary bladder, rectum, reproductive organs
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Abdominopelvic region
Left hypochondriac |
spleen, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, transverse/descending colon
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Abdominopelvic region
Left Inguinal (Left Iliac) |
descending colon, sigmoid colon
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Abdominopelvic region
Left Lumbar (left lateral abdominal) |
small intestine, descending colon, left kidney
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Abdominopelvic region
Right hypochondriac |
liver, gall bladder, small intestine, ascending/transverse colon, right kidney
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Abdominopelvic region
Right Inguinal (Right Iliac) |
small intestine, appendix, cecum, ascending colon
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Abdominopelvic region
Right Lumbar (right lateral abdominal) |
small intestine, ascending colon, right kidney
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Abdominopelvic region
Umbilical |
small intestine, both kidneys
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Arm of Microscope
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"backbone" of the microscope to which the head, nose piece, and base attaches
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Condenser of Microscope
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beneath stage; regulates light passing through slide; adjusted with small knob
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Course adjustment knob
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largest focusing knob for making dramatic changes in focus with minimal turning; this knob should not be used with objectives other than scanning low power
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Fine adjustment knob
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smaller focusing knob for minimal adjustments; while this knob can be used with any onjective, it is the only knob used with objectives other than scanning and low power
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Head of Microscope
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superior portion of the microscope to which the oculars and arm attach
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High power objective
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usually magnifies 40X or 45X (excluding ocular magnification)
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Iris diaphragm
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regulates amount of light shining up through the slide
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Low power objective
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usually magnifies 10X (excluding ocular magnification)
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Mechanical stage
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device that holds a slide in place and allows it to be moved in various directions
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Mechanical stage knobs
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two knobs that allow for movement of the mechanical stage; one knob moves the stage left and right while the other moves it forward and backward
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Nosepiece
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holds objective lenses; can be rotated to use another objective
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Objective
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contains lenses; classified as "high power", "low power", etc.
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Ocular (eyepiece)
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set of lenses through which the microscope user views object on slide
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Oil immersion objective
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typically magnifies 95X; requires a drop of oil on cover slip; smallest field of vision and the shallowest depth of focus
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Scanning objective
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typically magnifies 4X; greatest field of vision and the deepest depth of focus
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Stage of Microscope
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supports the microscope slide
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Stage aperture
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opening in the stage that allows light to pass up through the microscope slide
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Stage clips
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found on some microscopes, these hold the slide in place on the stage
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Active transport (AT)
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movement of a substance against a gradient; requires cell to expend energy
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Primary AT
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movement of a substance though a carrier that uses ATP directly
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Secondary AT
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movement of a substance through a carrier that does not use ATP directly
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Antiporter
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Secondary AT carrier though which two substances move in opposite directions; one substance moves against a gradient while the other substance moves along a gradient
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Counter-transport
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Secondary AT process involving an antiporter
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Symporter
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Secondary AT carrier through which two substances move in the same direction; one substance moves against a gradient while the other substance moves along a gradient
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Symport
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Secondary AT process involving a symporter
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Bulk transport
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movement of relatively large particles into or out of a cell via a vesicle
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Endocytosis
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bulk transport involving a particle moving into a cell
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Phagocytosis
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Endocytosis involving relatively large solid particles, including other cells and viruses
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Pinocytosis
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endocytosis involving large molecules or liquid droplets
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Receptor-mediated endocytosis
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bulk transport when a substance attaches to a specific receptor on the cell's surface
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Exocytosis
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bulk transport involving a particle moving out of a cell
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Crenation
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shriveling of a cell due to a loss of water when surrounded by a hypertonic solution
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Dialysis
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separation of small and large solutes by diffusion of the smaller particles through a semipermeable membrane
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Diffusion
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movement of a substance from a region where it is in a higher concentration to region where that substance is in a lower concentration
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Facilitated diffusion
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diffusion of a substance through a carrier protein
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Hydrostatic pressure
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pressure exerted by a fluid on the inside of a tube or other cavity; waterhose
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Hyperosmotic
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solution having a higher osmolarity (solute particle concentration)
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Hypertonic
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hyperosmotic solution around a cell that causes the cell to crenate
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Hypoosmotic
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solution having a lower osmolarity (solute particle concentration)
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Hypotonic
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solution around a cell that has a lower concentration of solute particles than the cytosol; hypotonic solutions cause cells to swell
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Isoosmotic
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solutions having the same osmolarity
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Isotonic
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solution around a cell that has the same concentration of solute particles as the cytosol
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Lysis
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rupturing a cell due to an influx of water from a surrounding hypotonic solution
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Osmosis
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diffusion of water through a semipermeable membrane
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Osmolarity
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measure of the concentration of solute particles per unit volume of solution
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Milliosmoles/L
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measure of osmolarity; solutions containing 280 mOsm/L are isotonic to human cells
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Osmotic pressure
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pressure required to prevent osmosis; a solution's tendency to gain water due to its osmolarity; the higher the OP in a solution, the more water that solution tends to gain
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Semipermeability
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Ability to allow some materials to pass through while preventing others
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Solute
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particles dissolved in a solvent
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Solution
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solute + solvent
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Solvent
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substance in which solute particles are dissolved
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Simple cell arrangement
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single layer of cells
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Stratified cell arrangement
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two or more layer of cells
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Pseudostratified
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single layer of cells in which all cells attach to the basement membrane, but not all cells reach the free surface; gives the illusion of being stratified
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Squamous
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flat, scale-like cells
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cuboidal
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cube-shaped cells
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Columnar
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column-shaped cells
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Transitional cell shape
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a stratified epithelium in which the apical cells change shape (between cuboidal and squamous) throughout the day due to pressure applied to them by overlying liquid. Found in the inner lining of the ureters ans urethra
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Endothelium
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simple squamous epitheluim that forms the inner lining of vessels
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Serous membrane (Serosa)
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simple squamous epithelium lining cavities that have no connection with the outside of the body; it secretes a watery serous fluid. include the pleura, pericardium, peritoneum, and mesentary
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Mucous membrane
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lines cavities that have connections with outside of body; contains goblet cells that secrete mucus; forms inner linings of four organ system
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Cutaneous membrane
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skin, including the epidermis, which is stratified squamous epithelium overlying the true skin or dermis
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Simple squamous
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endothelium, serous membranes, alveoli, and glomerular capsules (filtering structures in kidneys)
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Keratinized Stratified squamous
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epidermis of the skin
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Nonkeratinized Stratified squamous
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inner lining of mouth, esophagus, epiglottis, and vagina, and covering of cornea
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Simple cuboidal
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kidney tubules, pigmented layer of eye's retina, surface of ovaries and eyeball lens
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Stratified cuboidal
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ducts of sweat glands, mammary glands, salivary glands, male's urethra
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Simple ciliated columnar
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lining of fallopian tubes and uterus, central canal of spinal cord
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Simple nonciliated columnar
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mucous membrane of digestive tract, inner lining of bile ducts
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Stratified columnar
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conjunctiva, part of urethra
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Pseudostratified Ciliated
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mucous membrane within respiratory passageways
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Pseudostratified Nonciliated
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lining of epidymis, part of male urethra, and some ducts
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Transitional
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inner lining of ureters, urinary bladder, and part of urethra
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Apical layer
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the superficial layer of cells in stratified epithelium; it lies next to the free surface
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Basal lamina
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the superficial half of the glycoprotein basement membrane; secreted by epithelial cells
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Basal layer
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the deepest layer of cells in stratified epithelium; it lies on the basement membrane
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Basement membrane
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the glycoprotein layer on which membranous epithelium rest; it separates teh epithelium from teh underlying connective tissue; the basal lamina is the part of the basement membrane secreted by teh basal layer of epithelial cells
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Holocrine gland
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contains glandular cells the disintegrate and their cell fragments make up the secretion
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Merocrine gland
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releases its secretion through exocytosis
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Mucus
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viscous secretion containing mucin protein and is secreted from goblet cells
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Peritoneum
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serous membrane that covers abdominal viscera and inner lining of the abdominal cavity
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Pleura
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serous membrane that covers the lungs and inner lining pleural cavities
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Chondroblast
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cartilage-generating cell
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Chondrocyte
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mature cartilage cell within a lacuna
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Collagen fibers
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strands of collagen protein formed when globular collagen polypeptides are secreted from fibroblasts and hook together to form long, thick collagen filaments in the ECF
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Elastic fibers
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strands of elastin protein formed when globular elastin polypeptides are secreted from fibroblasts and hook together to form long, thin elastin filaments in the ECF
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Erythrocyte
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RBC
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Fibroblast
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synthesizes and secretes collagen and other proteins that form fibers in the ECF
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Ground substance
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interstitial fluid within the matrix of connective tissue
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Lacuna
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tiny cavity within bone or cartilage that is occupied by an osteocyte or chondrocyte
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Lamina propria
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areolar connective tissue beneath a mucous membrane
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Leukocyte
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WBC
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Matrix
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all intercellular material within connective tissues; includes the matrix
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Osteoblast
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bone-generating cell
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Osteocyte
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mature bone cell within a lacuna
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Reticular fiber
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thin, highly branched strands of collagen protein; contains filamentous collagen proteins secreted from fibroblasts; these strands hook together to form filaments in the ECF
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Reticular lamina
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glycoprotein component of a basement membrane; secreted from connective tissue cells
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Stroma
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connective tissue component of an organ
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Thrombocyte
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platelet; a cell fragment important in blood-clotting
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Name 5 epidermal strata
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stratum corneum
stratum lucidum stratum granulosum stratum spinosum stratum basale |
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Epidermis
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outer covering of skin; consists of stratified squamous epithelium
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Stratum basale
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basal layer of epidermis; cells capable of dividing and give rise to other strata; secretes teh basal lamina part of the basement membrane
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Stratum corneum
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apical later of epidermis; dead, keratinized squamous cells
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Stratum granulosum
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between stratum spinosum and stratum corneum (or lucidum in soles or palm)
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Stratum lucidum
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thin layer visible only in soles or palms; located between stratum corneum and stratum granulosum
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Stratum spinosum
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between granulosum and basale
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Basement membrane
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glycoprotein foundation on which epidermis rests; includes a basal lamina secreted by the epidermis and a reticular lamina secreted by the dermis
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Keratinocytes
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most abundant cell type in the epidermis; produced in the stratum basale and gradually pushed toward the apical surface; produces large amounts of keratin protein that helps protect underlying tissues
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Langerhans cell
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specialized WBC that attacks foreign particles in the epidermis and dermis
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Melanocyte
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25% of cells in stratum basale; produce melanin
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Merkel's cell
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cell in the stratum basale that interacts with a nerve ending to form a Merkel's disc
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Epidermal pegs
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projections of the epidermis that interdigitate with dermal papillae of the dermis; helps anchor epidermis on dermis and increase SA through which nutrients can diffuse
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Dermis
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"True skin" located between the epidermis and hypodermis
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Papillary region
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located immediately deep to teh stratum basale; consists of areolar connective tissue; nourishes epidermis
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Dermal papilla
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projections of the papillary region that interdigitate with epidermal pegs; anchors epidermis and provides nutrients to it via diffusion through the basement membrane
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Meissner corpuscles
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tactile receptors located within dermal papillae
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Merkel's discs
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nerve endings in the papillary region plus the overlying Merkel's cells in the epidermis; function as tactile receptors
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Reticular layer
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major portion of dermis; consists of dense irregular connective tissue; contains skin glands,hair follicles, and various sensory receptors
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Sebaceous
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Oil glands
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Free sebaceous
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sebaceous glands that secrete oil (sebum) directly onto the skin's surface
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Pilosebaceous unit
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hair follicle plus a sebaceous gland that empties oil into the follicle
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Sudoriferous
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sweat glands; all are merocrine
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Eccrine
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most abundant sweat glands; secrete watery sweat for thermoregulation; ducts empty sweat directly onto outer surface of epidermis
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Apocrine
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found in axillary, pubic, anal and nipple regions; secretes more viscous sweat; usually secretes sweat into hair follicle; sweat may contain pheromones
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Ceruminous
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found in external auditory meatus; modified apocrine sweat glands that secrete wax to help waterproof ear canal and function as insect repellant
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Hair follicle
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tube-like sac from which hair shaft grows
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Epithelial root sheath
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inner layer of hair follicle derived from epidermal cells
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Dermal root sheath
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outer connective tissue layer of the hair follicle
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Arrector pili muscle
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attached to and pulls hair follicle causing goose bumps or hair to rise
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Hair papilla
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dermal papilla at base of hair follicle; nourishes hair matrix
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Hair
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derived from epidermal cells during embryonic development; shade the epidermis against UV radiation and glare, and can reduce friction in regions where skin rubs skin
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Anagen stage
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teh first and longest phase of hair growth during which matrix cells are dividing withiin a fully developed hair follicle; anagen for scalp hairs typically last 2-6 years, whereas it lasts only 1-2 months for eyelash and eyebrow hairs
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Catagen stage
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teh second and shortest phase of the hair growth cycle, lasying only 2-4 weeks for scalp hairs; during this period, the base of the hair follicle shrinks toward the epidermis, eventually diminishing to about 1/6 its original length. the matrix cells die, and the hair bulb detaches from the hair papilla resulting in a club hair
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Telogen stage
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the hair follicle's resting phase; during this final period of the hair growth cycle, the base of the follicle has shrunk to the point that it is very near the surface of the epidermis; at this time, the club hair may be shed from the follicle
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Hair bulb
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swollen basal portion of a hair; overlying the hair papilla
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Hair cortex
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middle, thickest portion of a hair shaft
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Hair cuticle
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outer layer of overlapping dead cells of a hair shaft
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Hair matrix
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region from which hair cells are formed over hair papilla
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Hair medulla
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innermost portion of a hair shaft
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Hair root
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part of hair shaft that extends from the hair papilla to the level of the sebaceous gland
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Hair shaft
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part of hair located superficial to the sebaceous gland
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Club hair
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hair bulb that has detached from the hair matrix during the catagen phase; appears as a club-shaped mass
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Terminal hair
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usually long and pigmented
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Vellus hair
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very fine and usually not pigmented ("peach fuzz")
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Hypodermis
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subcutaneous tissue or superficial fascia; located immediately deep to the dermis and consists mostly of primarily adipose tissue
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Sensory receptors
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specialized structures that respond to specific types of stimuli, such as touch, pressure, and/or chemicals in the surrounding extracellular fluid
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free nerve endings
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non-encapsulated nerve endings (temperature and pain receptors)
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Hair root plexus
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free nerve endings wrapped around hair follicle; detects hair movement
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Krause end bulb
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tactile receptor abundant in mucous membranes around body orifices; abundant around lips
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Meissner's corpuscle
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encapsulated tactile receptor located within a dermal papilla beneath the epidermis
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Merkel's disc
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a tactile receptor located at the epidermis-dermis interface
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Pacinian corpuscle
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a deep pressure receptor located within or near the hypodermis
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Ruffini's corpuscle
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a mushroom-shaped tactile receptor in the dermis
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Nails
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derived from epidermal cells; consists of dead, highly keratinized keratinocytes
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Eponychium
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the "cuticle" on the proximal end of a nail; consists of stratum corneum extending over the nail
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Hyponychium
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the "quick" located under the free edge of a nail
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Lunula
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light-colored region at the proximal end of a nail; it is the visible part of the nail matrix
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Nail bed
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lies immediately deep to nail body
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Nail body
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the "hard" visible part of a nail
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Nail fold
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a ridge of skin where the nail body and the skin connect
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Nail groove
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a "crease" between the nail fold and nail body
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Nail matrix
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site where the nail body arises; the part that is visible is the lunula
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Nail root
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the proximal end of a nail lying beneath the skin
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Gliding
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bones slide along a flat surface in one place
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Angular
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movement in a sagittal plane that changes the angle between articulating bones
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Flexion
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decreases the angle of the articulating bones
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Extension
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movement increases the angle of the articulating bones
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Hyperextension
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extension beyond anatomical position
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Abduction
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bone moves away from the body's midline
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Adduction
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bone moves toward the body's midline
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Circumduction
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end of the bone moves in a circular pattern
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Rotation
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bone moves around its longitudinal axis
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Lateral rotation
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anterior surface of a bone moves away from the midline
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Medial rotation
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anterior surface of a bones moves toward the midline
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Right rotation
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twisting the head or thorax to the right of anatomical position
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Left rotation
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twisting the head or thorax to the left of anatomical position
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Depression
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movement of a bone inferiorly in a vertical plane
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Elevation
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movement of a bone superiorly in a vertical plane
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Protraction
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movement of a bone anteriorly in a horizontal plane
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Retraction
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movement of a bone posteriorly in a horizontal plave
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Excursion
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moving the mandible side-to-side
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Pronation
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rotating the forearm so the palm faces posteriorly or inferiorly
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Supination
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rotating the forearm so the palm face anteriorly or superiorly
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Lateral flexion
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bending the vertebral column to the side
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Inversion
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bending the ankle to make the sole face medially
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Eversion
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bending the ankle to make the sole face laterally
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Dorsiflexion
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bending teh ankle to raise the toes; "standing on heel"
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Plantar flexion
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bending the ankle to raise the heel; "standing on toes"
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Opposition
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moving the thumb medially toward the palm
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Reposition
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moving the thumb to anatomical position after opposition
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A band
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dark band in skeletal/cardiac myofiber; overlap of myofilaments
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Actin
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contractile, filamentous protein and major component of thin filament
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Aponeurosis
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a broad, sheet-like tendon
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Deep fascia
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dense irregular connective tissue that separates muscles
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Dense body
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in smooth muscle; functionally similar to Z disc; attachment site for myofilaments
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Endomysium
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dense irregular connective tissue covering individual myofibers
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Epimysium
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dense irregular connective tissue covering an entire muscle
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Fascicle
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bundle of myofibers within a muscle
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H zone
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light-colored band in the center of an A band; contains only thick filaments
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I band
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light-colored band around a Z disc; contains only thin filaments and titin
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Myofiber
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muscle cell
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Myofibril
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cylindrical organelle within skeletal myofibers; composed of sarcomeres
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Myofilament
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filamentous proteins that interact to produce muscle movement
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Myosin
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contactile protein of thick myofilaments; has crossbridges that attach to actin
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Perimysium
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dense irregular connective tissue covering a fascicle
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Sarcolemma
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muscle cell membrane
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Sarcomere
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functional unit of skeletal myofiber; between two Z discs; make up myofibril
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Sarcoplasm
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muscle cell cytoplasm
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Sarcoplasmic reticulum
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SR; ER in a myofiber; store Ca2+ for muscle contractions
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Tendon
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dense regular connective tissue attaching a muscle to a bone
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Thin filament
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made of actin, tropomyosin, and troponin
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Transverse tubule
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(T tubule), invagination of a muscle cell's membrane; pathway for impulse to SR
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Titin
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protein that attaches myosin to Z disc; largest polypeptide known
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Tropomyosin
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regulatory protein taht covers myosin-binding sites on actin to prevent contraction
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Troponin
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regulatory protein that covers attached to tropomyosin; when bound to Ca2+ troponin moves tropomyosin off myosin-binding sites so myosin crossbridges can attach to actin
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Z disc
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protein disc that separates sarcomeres; anchoring site for actin and titin
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CNS
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brain and spinal cord
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PNS
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outside of the CNS; include nerves
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Sympathetic NS
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thoracolumbar ("fight or flight") division; responsible for increasing the involuntary actions during stress
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Parasympathetic
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craniosacral "rest and digest" division; responsible for decreasing the involuntary actions during rest
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Neurons
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impulse conducting cells
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Axon
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also called a nerve fiber; long neuron extension that conducts AP
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Cell body
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site of nucleus and most organelles of a neuron; experiences graded potentials
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Dendrite
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short neuron extension that experiences GP
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Ganglion
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collection of neuron cell bodies in the PNS
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Gray matter
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collection of neuron cell bodies in the CNS
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Nerve
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collection of axons in the PNS
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Synaptic end bulb
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also called an axon terminal; releases neurotransmitter into a synapse
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Tract
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bundle of axons in the CNS
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White matter
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light colored collection of axons in the CNS
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Bipolar neuron
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has one dendrite and axon
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Unipolar neuron
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single projection from cell body
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Multipolar neuron
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many dendrites and one axon
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Sensory neurons
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conduct impulses toward the CNS; most are unipolar, but some are bipolar
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Motor neurons
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conduct impulses away from the CNS; multipolar
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Association neurons
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conduct impulses within the CNS; multipolar
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Schwann cells
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forms myelin sheaths in the PNS
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Oligodendrocytes
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forms myelin sheaths in CNS
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Astrocytes
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most common CNS glial cell
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Microglial cells
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phagocytic glial cells in the CNS
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Ependymal cells
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secretes cerebrospinal fluid at choroid plexuses in brain ventricles
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Satellite cells
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surround neurons in ganglia of the PNS
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Myelin sheaths
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insulated layer around an axon; formed by Schwann cells in PNS and oligodendrocytes in CNS
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Neurilemma
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Schwann cell cytoplasm around a myelin sheath
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Node of Ranvier
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space between Schwann cells along a myelinated axon
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Fascicle of nerve
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bundle of axons within a nerve
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Endoneurium
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innermost layer of connective tissue; insulates axons from one another
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Perineurium
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connective tissue covering surrounding a fascicle
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Epineurium
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outer connective tissue covering around a nerve
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Order of the cranial nerves
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On = olfactory
Old = optic Olympus = oculomotor Towering = trochlear Tops, = trigeminal A = abducens Finn = Facial Very = Vestibulocochlear Gladly = Glossopharyngeal Viewed = Vagus Some = Spinal Accessory Hops = Hypoglossal |
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Function of cranial nerves
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Some Ships Make Money By Moving Big Sturdy Blue Boxes Many Miles
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I. Olfactory
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Sensory; Smell
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II. Optic
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Sensory; Vision
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III. Oculomotor
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Motor; most eye movements, pupil and lens changes for image focusing; raising eyelids
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IV. Trochlear
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Motor; looking down and to side
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V. Trigeminal
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Mixed; ophthalmic branch: sensory; maxillary branch: sensory; mandibular branch: motor
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VI. Abducens
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motor; looking laterally
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VII. Facial
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mixed; taste, facial expressions, producing tears and saliva
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VIII. Vestibulocochlear
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sensory; hearing & equilibrium
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IX. Glossopharyngeal
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mixed; bitter taste, swallowing, saliva secretion
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X. Vagus
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mixed;
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XI. Accessory
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motor; turning head and raising shoulders
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XII. Hypoglossal
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motor; moves tongue
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Preganglionic neuron
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conducts impulses from the CNS to postganglionic neurons inside an autonomic ganglion; releases Ach onto the postganglionic neurons
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Postganglionic neuron
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conducts impulses from an autonomic ganglion to an effector; Ach from the preganglionic neuron binds to nicotine, cholinergic receptors on the postganglionic neuron's dendrites
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Paravertebral ganglia
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"chain of beads" ganglia in sympathetic devision; adjacent to vertebral column; contain cell bodies of postganglionic neurons
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Prevertebral ganglia
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also called collateral ganglia; conatin cell bodies of postganglionic neurons in the sympathetic division; located anterior to the spinal cord and are farther away from spinal cord thann paravertebral ganglia
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Chemoreceptors
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respond to chemicals in the fluid around them
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Exteroceptors
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respond to changes in the external environment
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Mechanoreceptors
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respond to stretch, touch and/or motion
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Nociceptors
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respond to tissue damage and or various chemicals to cause the brain to perceive pain
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Osmoreceptor
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in hypothalamus; respond to changes in cerebrospinal fluid osmotic pressure
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Photoreceptors
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respond to light energy (electromagnetic radiation)
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Proprioceptor
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responds to stretch or motion; kinesthetic receptors, tendon organs, muscle spindles, receptors in the inner ear that respond to motion
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Tactile receptors
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respond to touch and pressure on the skin
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Thermoreceptor
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respond to changes in temperature
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Visceroceptors
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respond to changes within the body's blood vessels, visceral organs, or brain
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