Ap1 Midterm

Front 1

Name the 2 areas of Study Anatomy

Back 1

1) Gross - the study of structural features of the human body without the aid of a microscope

2) Microscopic - study of structures that cannot be seen without the aid of a microscope

Front 2

Ion

Back 2

you can tell an Ion because it will have elemental symbol and charge

Front 3

2 Kinds of Ions

Back 3

Cations

Anions

Front 4

Cations

Back 4

Has a positive Charge

Uses the name of the element

ie Sodium Ion

Front 5

Anions

Back 5

Has a negative Charge

Add -ide to the name of the element

ie Cl is Chloride

Front 6

Ions of the Body

Back 6

Electrolytes

Front 7

Electrolytes

Back 7

Ions (charged atoms) dissolved in water

Front 8

Polyions

Back 8

Grops of Atoms

Front 9

Molecules

Back 9

Groups of Atoms in stable configuration

Front 10

Acids

Back 10

pH of less than 7

Lower pH stronger acid

Front 11

Bases

Back 11

Have a pH greater than 7
(slippery)

The higher the number the stronger the base (alkaline)

Front 12

Organic Molecules

Back 12

Have C and one H

Front 13

4 kinds of Organic Molecules

Back 13

1) Carbohydrates
2) Lipids
3) Proteins
4) Nucleic Acids

Front 14

Carbohydrates

Back 14

Sugars, Starches, most of fiber

Prefix glycol-, gluco-
Suffix -ose

Front 15

Lipids

Back 15

Fats, oils, steriods, waxes

Tend to be insoluble in water

Prefix lipo-
Suffix -glyceride
-steriod
-sterol
-ster-

Front 16

Proteins

Back 16

- Important structural and functional molecules for cells

-Workhorse of the cell
-Provides structural integrity
-Catalyzes recations
-Provides movememtn

Front 17

Kinds of Proteins

Back 17

1) Enzymes are mostly protein
-end in -ase
2) Actinomyosin is the protien for movement

3) Antibodies in body defense

Front 18

Nucleic Acids

Back 18

Holds genetics and control activities of cells

Front 19

2 types of Nucleic Acids

Back 19

1) DNA
2) RNA

Front 20

DNA

Back 20

Deoxyribonucleic Acid

Front 21

RNA

Back 21

Information Carrier- relays messages to cell and back

Front 22

Molecules

Back 22

Build to Cells

Front 23

2 Types of Cells

Back 23

Eurkaryotic Cells

Prokaryotic Cells

Front 24

Eurkaryotic Cells

Back 24

Nucleated cell as in animals, plants fungus

Front 25

Prokaryotic Cells

Back 25

No nucleus ever - Goes to cytoplasm

Like bacteria

Front 26

3 Crucial Areas of the typical human cell

Back 26

Nucleus
Cytoplasm
Cell Membrane (plasma membrane)

Front 27

2 kinds of molecules are crucial in the composition of Cell membranes

Back 27

Phospholipids

Proteins

Front 28

Phospholipid

Back 28

fat molecule that has a portion that reacts ok with water and a portion that repels water

Front 29

Hydrophilic

Back 29

Water Loving

- not repelled by water
- Phospho: part of phospholipid

Front 30

Hydrophobic

Back 30

Water Hating

- repelled by water as are most lipids

Front 31

The diaphragm

Back 31

a flat muscular sheet divides the ventral body cavity into Thoracic cavity and abdominopelvic cavity

Front 32

Throracic Cavity

Back 32

contains the Pleural Cavity & Pericardial Cavity

Front 33

Viscera

Back 33

the internal organs withing the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities

Front 34

Serous Membrane

Back 34

lines the walls of these internal cavities and covers the surfaces of the enclosed visera

Front 35

Serous Membrane

Back 35

2 layers of this membrane are present with an organ is present

Visceral - (closest to the organ)
Perietal (opposing layer that lines the inner surface of the body wall or chamber

Front 36

Viseral

Back 36

portion of the visceral layer closest to the organ

Front 37

Parietal Layer

Back 37

opposing layer that lines the inner surface of the body wall or chamber

Front 38

Disease

Back 38

Improperly functioning organs, the inability to maintain homeostasis

Front 39

Mediastinum

Back 39

Region between the lungs

Front 40

Coronal Plane

Back 40

Divides a human into ventral and dorsal parts

Front 41

Human development prior to 8 weeks after conception

Back 41

Embryo

Front 42

Human development after 8 weeks after conception

Back 42

Fetus

Front 43

Fluid Mosaic

Back 43

Arrangement of of molecules in the cell membrane

Front 44

Smallest structural and function unit of life

Back 44

Cell

Front 45

Cytoplasm

Back 45

Area between the nucleus and cell membrane

Front 46

Cytoplasm 2 parts

Back 46

Cytosol
Intracellular Fluid (ICF

Front 47

Cytosol

Back 47

Liquid portion of Cytoplasm

Front 48

Cytosol Functions

Back 48

site of many metabolic reactions.

Front 49

Organelles

Back 49

Specific structure with specific functions

Front 50

Smooth ER

Back 50

Folded or tubular membranes, no speckles

Function:
1) Lipid synthesis
2) Detox
3) Storage

Front 51

Rough ER

Back 51

Folded membranes with ribosomes on outside.

Function:
Protein synthesis (especially for product for release outside the cell)

Front 52

Ribosomes

Back 52

Sphere of RNA, protein

Function:
Protein syntheses
Free ones- for all proteins staying in cell

Front 53

Golgi Body

Back 53

Flattened pancake

Function:
Phospholipids and proteins

Wraps product in cell membrane for transport

Front 54

Vesicle

Back 54

Small Package

Function:
Storage and Secretion

Front 55

Vacuole

Back 55

Large package

Function:
Storage and Secretion

Front 56

Lysosomes

Back 56

Double membrane

Function:
1) digest particles
2) recycle break down old organelles
3) self destruction
4) Suicide

Front 57

Mitochondria

Back 57

Looks like a thread of cartilage

Function:
Powerhouse of the cell
- aerobic respiration

Front 58

Cytoskeleton

Back 58

Tubulin protein

Support skeleton

Front 59

Microtubular

Back 59

Thick Rod

Front 60

Microfilament

Back 60

Thinner Rod

Front 61

Centrioles

Back 61

2 pairs of cylinders (right angle or parallel)

Function:
Cell Division

Front 62

Cilia

Flagella

Back 62

Hair like

With Tail

Function:
Extensions: Move material by the cell, Move the cell

ex) sperm

Front 63

Active Transport

Back 63

requires energy investment by cell

Front 64

Active Transport Requirements

Back 64

1) Cell uses some of its own energy to do this

2) Uses a carrier molecule made of protein and called a PUMP

3) Does not have to follow diffusion to concentration gradient

Front 65

Resting potential

Back 65

Characteristic of muscle and nervous tissue

A slightly positive charge on the exterior of the cell membrane of a cell at rest.

Established by active transport

Front 66

Active transport

Back 66

Action: Each action will push 3 NA+ out of cytoplasm and into the surrounding environment

2) then will bring 2 K+ from surrounding back into the cell cytoplasm

a) 3 Na+ out
b) 2 K+ in

Front 67

Vesicular Transport

Back 67

Cell is creating vesicles or vacuole to aid in the movement of materials (requires energy to do this)

1) Exocytosis
2) Endocytosis

Front 68

Exocytosis

Back 68

Cell producing material for release to the outside

1) Materiel is made in ER, packed in the Golgi Body

2) Sent to the cell membrane in a vesicle

3) Vesicle then fuses to the cell membrane and material spills out

Example: Goblets cells in the intestines

Front 69

Endocytosis

Back 69

Material is brought into the cell via vesicle or vacuole

Phagocytosis & Pinocytosis

Front 70

Phagocytosis

Back 70

1) Cell eating
2) Cell brings in particulate material (like bacteria for WBC)
3) Creates a food vacuole from cell membrane

Front 71

Pinocytosis

Back 71

1) Cell brings in fluids (like Oils)
2) Creates a tiny vesicle

Front 72

Passive Transport
(requires no energy expenditure by cell)

Back 72

Diffusion

Front 73

Diffusion

Back 73

Movement of material or energy from greater to lesser concentration.

(Triangle Picture)
1) Highest at source
2) lowest further away

Front 74

Diffusion:

Temperature

Back 74

Higher temperature:

Greater diffusion

Front 75

Diffusion:

Agitation

Back 75

Greater agitation:

Greater diffusion

Front 76

Diffusion:

Size

Back 76

Greater Size, lesser diffusion

Front 77

Facilitate diffusion

Back 77

Still from greater to lesser concentration, but through a carrier molecule in a membrane

Front 78

Carrier molecule

Back 78

Gate or channel to aid the diffusion

This is a protein in form of a tunnel

-is a tunnel through the membrane and may a cap to prevent exit or diffusion until the cell requires it

-All -cains are sodium channel blockers (NOVOCAIN)

Front 79

How to always recognize facilitated diffusion

Back 79

1) will always mention a gate or channel
- i.e. Na+ diffusion
2) into a nerve or muscle cell
3) occurs through a Na+ Channel

Front 80

Gates or channels are specific

Back 80

1) K+ Channel
2) Ca++ Channel
3) Na+ Channel

Front 81

Osmosis

Back 81

Movement of a solvent from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration across a Semipermeable membrane

Front 82

Osmosis has 2 restrictions

Back 82

1) Refers to a movement of a solvent

2) Must pass a semipermeable membrane

Front 83

Solute

Back 83

Material being dissolved

i.e. Salt in Sea Water

Front 84

Solvent

Back 84

Material that does the dissolving

i.e. Water in Sea Water

Front 85

Solution

Back 85

Homogenous mix of solute and solvent

i.e. Sea Water

Front 86

Solution

Back 86

Usually identified as a % or amount

-if %, easy to figure out how much is the solvent

Front 87

Hypertonic

Back 87

means in a comparison this has a greater amount of solute

- 3.5% sea water is hypertonic to the cells

- Cell will shrink as water leaves it (CRENATION)

Front 88

Hypotonic

Back 88

comparison has the lesser amount of solute

-Pure water is hypotonic to cells & Cells will swell and lysis may occur

Front 89

Isotonic

Back 89

Occurs when a cell is placed in a solution that has the same amount of solute in both materials being compared

isotonic = cell "I SO HAPPY" Equilibrium

Front 90

Interphase

Back 90

G1 (Growth phase 1 making proteins and new organelles)
S (synthsis of DNA & Histones)
G2 (Growht phase 2 making proteins to help divide)

Front 91

Mitosis & Cytokinese

Back 91

Growth and repair

Front 92

Prophase

Back 92

1) DNA Coils up
2) Nuclear envelope disappears
3) Centriols migrate
4) Aster and Spindle Form

Front 93

Metaphase

Back 93

1) Chromosomes lines up
2) spindle fully formed
3) centrioles at opposite ends

Front 94

Anaphase

Back 94

1) Pull Chromatids apart
2) Separate centromere

Front 95

Telephase

Back 95

- Cytokinese
- Cell returns to normal

1) DNA uncoils
2) Nuclear Envelope reappears
3) Spindle disppears

Front 96

Functions of the cellular membrane

Back 96

1) Semipermeable so can somewhat control what enters and exits the cell
2) Identification of cell as part of a tissue or part of self
3) Receptor site for chemical messages
4) Boundary to separate cell from environment.

Front 97

Functions of Nucleolus

Back 97

Dense region in the nucleus that represents the site of RNA synthesis

Front 98

Function of a Nucleus

Back 98

control center for the cellular operations