Ap1 - Final

Front 1

composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

Back 1

epidermis

Front 2

produce keratin, a tough, fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals.

Back 2

Keratinocytes

Front 3

release a waterproofing sealant.

Back 3

Keratinocytes

Front 4

produce the pigment melanin


Melanin is a brown-black pigment that contributes to skin color and absorbs damaging ultraviolet (UV) light

Back 4

Melanocytes

Front 5

immune responses mounted against microbes that invade the skin and are easily damaged by UV light.

Back 5

Langerhans cells

Front 6

associated Merkel discs function together in the sensation of touch.

Back 6

Merkel cells

Front 7

Deepest layer, composed of a single row of cuboidal or columnar keratinocytes; stem cells undergo cell division to produce new keratinocytes; melanocytes, Langerhans cells, and Merkel cells are scattered among the keratinocytes.

Back 7

Basale

Front 8

Multiple rows of many-sided keratinocytes; includes projections of melanocytes and Langerhans cells.

Back 8

Spinosum

Front 9

Multiple rows of flattened keratinocytes, in which nuclei are beginning to degenerate; cells contain darkly staining keratin and lamellar granules, which release a lipid-rich, water-repellent secretion.

Back 9

Granulosum

Front 10

Present only in thick skin of fingertips, palms, and soles; consists of multiple rows of clear, flat, dead keratinocytes with large amounts of keratin.

Back 10

Lucidum

Front 11

Multiple rows of dead, flat keratinocytes that contain mostly keratin.

Back 11

Corneum

Front 12

The superficial portion of the dermis; consists of areolar connective tissue with elastic fibers and dermal papillae that house capillaries, corpuscles of touch, and free nerve endings.

Back 12

Papillary

Front 13

The deeper portion of the dermis; consists of dense irregular connective tissue with bundles of collagen and elastic fibers, adipocytes, hair follicles, nerves, sebaceous glands, and sudoriferous glands.

Back 13

Reticular

Front 14

oil glands

secrete sebum

Back 14

Sebaceous glands

Front 15

sweat glands, that release sweat, or perspiration

Back 15

sudoriferous glands

Front 16

forehead, palms, and soles

Back 16

Eccrine sweat glands

Front 17

skin of the axilla (armpit), groin, areolae (pigmented areas around the nipples) of the breasts, and bearded regions of the face in adult males.

Back 17

Apocrine sweat glands

Front 18

sweat glands in the external ear

secrete cerumen

Back 18

ceruminous glands

Front 19

he bone's shaft, or body—the long, cylindrical, main portion of the bone.

Back 19

diaphysis

Front 20

the proximal and distal ends of the bone.

Back 20

epiphyses

Front 21

the regions between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. In a growing bone, each metaphysis contains an epiphyseal plate (ep′-i-FIZ-ē-al), a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length (described later in the chapter). When bone growth in length stops, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by osseous tissue and the resulting bony structure is known as the epiphyseal line.

Back 21

metaphyses

Front 22

thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. Articular cartilage reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints.

Back 22

articular cartilage

Front 23

tough sheath of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. The periosteum contains bone-forming cells that enable bone to grow in thickness. It also protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish bone tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.

Back 23

periosteum

Front 24

marrow cavity, is the hollow, cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults.

Back 24

medullary cavity

Front 25

thin connective tissue membrane that lines the medullary cavity, contains bone-forming cells.

Back 25

endosteum

Front 26

unspecialized stem cells (undifferentiated cells that can divide to produce new cells) derived from mesenchyme, the tissue from which almost all connective tissues are formed. They are the only bone cells to undergo cell division; the resulting cells develop into osteoblasts. Osteogenic cells are found in the inner portion of the periosteum, in the endosteum, and in the canals within bones that contain blood vessels.

Back 26

Osteogenic cells

Front 27

synthesize and secrete collagen fibers and other organic components needed to build the extracellular matrix of osseous tissue, and they initiate calcification (described shortly). As osteoblasts surround themselves with extracellular matrix, they become trapped in their secretions and become osteocytes. (Note: Cells with the ending blasts in the name means that the cells secrete extracellular matrix.)

Back 27

Osteoblasts

Front 28

mature bone cells, are the most numerous cells in osseous tissue and maintain its daily metabolism, such as the exchange of nutrients and wastes with the blood. Like osteoblasts, osteocytes do not undergo cell division. (Note: Cells with the ending cytes in the name means that the cells maintain the tissue.)

Back 28

Osteocytes

Front 29

huge cells derived from the fusion of as many as 50 monocytes (a type of white blood cell) and are concentrated in the endosteum. On the side of the cell that faces the bone surface, the osteoclast releases powerful lysosomal enzymes and acids that digest the protein and mineral components of the underlying extracellular matrix of osseous tissue. This breakdown of the extracellular matrix of osseous tissue, termed resorption (rē-SORP-shun), is part of the normal development, maintenance, and repair of bones. (Note: Cells with the ending clast in the name means that the cell breaks down extracellular matrix.) In response to certain hormones, osteoclasts help regulate blood calcium levels (see Concept 17.6).

Back 29

Osteoclasts

Front 30

to loose and ion

Back 30

cation [+]

Front 31

to gain an ion

Back 31

anion [-]

Front 32

sharing of electrons

Back 32

covalent bonds

Front 33

inorganic substances

Back 33

water, salts, acids, bases

Front 34

organic substances

Back 34

hydrogen

Front 35

dissolves easily in water

Back 35

hydrophillic

Front 36

not water soluble

Back 36

hydrophobic

Front 37

H[+]

Back 37

acid
hydrogen ions

Front 38

[OH-]

Back 38

anion
hydrogenoxide ions

Front 39

what are some carbohydrates

Back 39

sugars, glycogen, starches, cellulose

Front 40

monsaccharides

Back 40

glucose, fructose, galactose, DNA, RNA

Front 41

disaccharides

Back 41

sucrose, lactose

Front 42

polysaccharides

Back 42

glycogen, starch, cellulose

Front 43

proteins are made from___?

Back 43

amino acids

Front 44

covalent bond - paired amino acids

Back 44

peptide bond

Front 45

sum of protons

Back 45

atomic number

Front 46

sum of protons and neutrons

Back 46

atomic mass

Front 47

cell would swell and burst

Back 47

hypotonic

Front 48

cell would shrink

Back 48

hypertonic