Ap1 - Ch 14 - Pns

Front 1

consists of nerves and ganglia outside of the CNS

Back 1

peripheral nervous system

Front 2

two functional subdivisions of the PNS

Back 2

Somatic nervous system

Autonomic nervous system

Front 3

consists of sensory (or afferent) nerves and motor (or efferent) nerves. These nerves carry signals from somatic receptors and to skeletal muscles. The somatic nervous system controls voluntary / conscious activities.

Back 3

Somatic nervous system

Front 4

includes autonomic sensory nerves and autonomic motor nerves. The autonomic integrating centers in the CNS are usually included with this system. The autonomic nervous system controls involuntary / unconscious regulation of cardiac muscle, smooth muscle, and glands.

Back 4

Autonomic nervous system

Front 5

Around the entire nerve

Back 5

epineurium

Front 6

Around each axon

Back 6

endoneurium

Front 7

Around each fascicle

Back 7

perineurium

Front 8

Conveys information about odors to the brain

Consists only of axons passing through small foramina in ethmoid bone

Axons synapse in the olfactory bulb, optic tract fibers carry the information onto the cerebrum

Back 8

olfactory nerve

Front 9

Conveys visual information to the brain

Visual pathway includes the optic nerves, optic chiasm, and optic tracts

Visual signals from each eye split in the optic chiasm, so each visual cortex receives signals from both eyes

Back 9

optic nerve

Front 10

controls 4 eye muscles plus autonomic input to the ciliary muscle and lens

Back 10

Oculomotor (III) nerve

Front 11

controls the superior oblique muscle

Back 11

Trochlear (IV) nerve

Front 12

controls the lateral rectus muscle

Back 12

Abducens (VI) nerve

Front 13

carries sensory signals from the mouth and much of the face, and motor signals to muscles of mastication

Back 13

trigeminal nerve

Front 14

three branches of the trigeminal nerve

Back 14

Ophthalmic nerve
Maxillary nerve
Mandibular nerve

Front 15

Carries sensory signals from the tongue, and from the facial muscles

Carries motor signals for facial and neck muscles

Carries autonomic signals to lacrimal and salivary glands

Back 15

Facial Nerve

Front 16

Conveys auditory and vestibular information from the inner ear to the brain

Two branches are
Vestibular branch
Auditory branch

Back 16

Vestibulocochlear Nerve

Front 17

Sensory fibers carry signals for taste, from pharyngeal muscles, and for blood pressure and blood chemistry

Motor fibers carry signals to pharyngeal muscles involved in swallowing

Back 17

Glossopharyngeal Nerve

Front 18

Sensory fibers carry information from a wide variety of cranial and visceral sources

Motor fibers carry parasympathetic signals to most thoracic and abdominal organs

Back 18

Vagus Nerve

Front 19

Carries sensory signals from neck muscles
Carries motor signals involved in swallowing, and to sternocleidomastoid and trapezius muscles

Back 19

Accessory Nerve

Front 20

Carries sensory signals from the muscles of the tongue
Carries motor signals to tongue muscles for speech and swallowing

Back 20

Hypoglossal Nerve

Front 21

Spinal nerves split into several branches

Back 21

Posterior ramus
Anterior ramus
Meningeal branch
Rami communicantes

Front 22

Several major plexuses are

Back 22

Cervical plexus
Brachial plexus
Lumbar plexus
Sacral plexus

Front 23

involving at least three neurons and two synapses

Back 23

polysynaptic

Front 24

involves moving the body away from a harmful stimulus

Back 24

withdrawal reflex

Front 25

Several specific areas in the CNS integrate autonomic information

Back 25

hypothalamus, brainstem, lumbar spinal cord

Front 26

autonomic nervous system has two main motor divisions

Back 26

Sympathetic division
Parasympathetic division

Front 27

regulates short term responses

"fight or flight"

Back 27

Sympathetic division

Front 28

regulates long term processes

"Rest and digest"

Back 28

Parasympathetic division

Front 29

cell bodies in the CNS and are myelinated

Back 29

Preganglionic neurons

Front 30

cell bodies in an autonomic ganglion and are unmyelinated

Back 30

Postganlionic neurons

Front 31

lie along the spinal cord, generally innervating thoracic organs

Back 31

Sympathetic trunk ganglia

Front 32

anterior to the spinal cord, generally innervating abdominal organs

Back 32

Prevertebral ganglia

Front 33

referred to as terminal ganglia because they are located close to or within their target organs

Back 33

Parasympathetic ganglia

Front 34

Parasympathetic axons exit the sacral region of the spinal cord

These nerves innervate organs in the pelvic region (colon, ureters, bladder, and reproductive organs)

Back 34

splanchnic nerves

Front 35

release acetylcholine

Back 35

Cholinergic neurons

Front 36

Cholinergic receptors

Back 36

Nicotinic receptors
Muscarinic receptors

Front 37

release norepinephrine

Back 37

Adrenergic neurons

Front 38

Adrenergic receptors

Back 38

Alpha-adrenergic receptors
Beta-adrenergic receptors

Front 39

bundle of thousands of axons plus associated connective tissue and blood vessels that lay outside of the brain and spinal cord

Back 39

nerves

Front 40

Three cranial nerves that only contain sensory nerves

Back 40

I (olfactory)
II (optic)
VIII (vestibulocochlear)

Front 41

contain axons of both sensory neurons and motor neurons

Back 41

mixed nerves

Front 42

innervate skeletal muscles

Back 42

somatic axons

Front 43

innervate glands, smooth muscles and cardiac muscle

Back 43

autonomic axons

Front 44

Bundles of axons of olfactory receptors extend superiorly through the olfactory foramen in the _____?

Back 44

cribriform of the ethmoid bone

Front 45

Arises in the olfactory mucosa, passes through the olfactory bulb and then the olfactory tract, which extends to the primary olfactory area of the cerebral cortex.

Sensory

function: smell

Back 45

Olfactory (I) Nerve

Front 46

Sensory

Arises in the retina of the eye, forms the optic chiasm and then the optic tracts, and terminates in the primary visual area of the cerebral cortex.

Function: Vision.

Back 46

Optic (II) Nerve

Front 47

Mixed

Sensory Portion. Consists of axons from proprioceptors in extrinsic eyeball muscles that terminate in the midbrain.

Motor Portion.

Originates in the midbrain. Axons of somatic motor neurons innervate the upper eyelid muscle and extrinsic eyeball muscles. Parasympathetic axons innervate intrinsic eyeball muscles.

Sensory function: Proprioception.

Somatic motor function: Movement of upper eyelid and eyeball.

Autonomic motor function: Alters lens shape and pupil size.

Back 47

Oculomotor (III) Nerve

Front 48

Mixed

Sensory portion: Consists of axons from proprioceptors in an extrinsic eyeball muscle, which terminate in the midbrain.

Motor portion:

Originates in the midbrain and innervates an extrinsic eyeball muscle.

Sensory Function: Proprioception.

Somatic Motor Function: Movement of the eyeball.

Back 48

Trochlear (IV) Nerve

Front 49

Mixed

Sensory portion:
Consists of three branches, all of which end in the pons.

The ophthalmic nerve (ophthalm- = the eye) contains axons from the scalp, forehead, upper eyelid, eyeball, lacrimal glands, and nose. The maxillary nerve (maxilla = upper jawbone) contains axons from the lower eyelid, nose, and mouth.

The mandibular nerve (mandibula = lower jaw bone) contains axons from the cheek, tongue, lower mouth, mandible, side of head, and lower side of face.

Motor portion: Originates in the pons and innervates muscles of mastication.

Sensory function: Conveys impulses for touch, pain, and temperature sensations and proprioception.

Somatic motor function: Chewing.

Back 49

Trigeminal (V) Nerve

Front 50

Mixed

Sensory portion: Consists of axons from proprioceptors in an extrinsic eyeball muscle that end in the pons.

Motor Portion: Originates in the pons and innervates an extrinsic eyeball muscle

Sensory Function: Proprioception.

Somatic Motor Function. Movement of the eyeball.

Back 50

Abducens (VI) Nerve

Front 51

Mixed

Sensory Portion: Arises from taste buds on the tongue, enters the pons, and then passes to the primary gustatory area of the cerebral cortex. Also contains axons from proprioceptors in muscles of the face and scalp.

Motor Portion: Originates in the pons. Axons of somatic motor neurons innervate facial, scalp, and neck muscles. Parasympathetic axons innervate lacrimal and salivary glands.



Sensory Function: Taste and proprioception.

Somatic Motor Function: Facial expression.

Autonomic Motor Function: Secretion of tears and saliva.

Back 51

Facial (VII) Nerve

Front 52

Sensory

The vestibular nerve arises in the organs of equilibrium in the inner ear and ends in the pons and cerebellum.

The cochlear nerve arises in the organ of hearing, in the inner ear, and relays impulses to the primary auditory area of the cerebral cortex.



Vestibular Branch Function: Conveys impulses related to equilibrium.

Cochlear Branch Function: Conveys impulses for hearing.

Back 52

Vestibulocochlear (VIII) Nerve

Front 53

Mixed

Sensory Portion: Consists of axons from taste buds and sensory receptors on the tongue, from proprioceptors in swallowing muscles, and from receptors in carotid sinus and carotid body. Axons end in the medulla oblongata.

Motor Portion: Originates in the medulla oblongata. Axons of somatic motor neurons innervate a muscle of the pharynx used in swallowing. Parasympathetic axons innervate the parotid gland.



Sensory Function. Taste and sensations (touch, pain, temperature) from the tongue; proprioception in swallowing muscles; monitoring blood pressure and blood gases.

Somatic Motor Function: Swallowing and speech.

Autonomic Motor Function: Stimulates secretion of saliva.

Back 53

Glossopharyngeal (IX) Nerve

Front 54

Mixed

Sensory Portion: Consists of axons from taste buds in the epiglottis and pharynx, proprioceptors in muscles of the neck and throat, receptors in the carotid sinus, carotid body, aortic body, and thoracic and abdominal cavity organs. Axons end in the medulla oblongata and pons.

Motor Portion: Originates in medulla oblongata. Axons of somatic motor neurons innervate muscles in the throat and neck.

Autonomic axons innervate the lungs, heart, and smooth muscle and glands of the respiratory passageways and gastrointestinal (GI) tract.



Sensory Function: Taste and sensations (touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception) from epiglottis and pharynx; monitoring of blood pressure and respiratory function, sensations from visceral organs in thorax and abdomen.

Somatic Motor Function: Swallowing and speech.

Autonomic Motor Function: Muscle contractions in organs of the respiratory and GI tract, and secretion of digestive fluids.

Back 54

Vagus (X) Nerve

Front 55

Mixed

Sensory Portion: Consists of axons from proprioceptors in muscles of the pharynx, larynx, and soft palate and ends in the medulla oblongata.

Motor Portion: Supplies muscles of the pharynx, larynx, soft palate, and neck muscles.



Sensory Function: Proprioception.

Somatic Motor Function: Swallowing and head movement.

Back 55

Accessory (XI) Nerve

Front 56

Mixed

Sensory Portion: Consists of axons from proprioceptors in tongue muscles and ends in the medulla oblongata.

Motor Portion: Originates in the medulla oblongata and supplies muscles of the tongue.



Sensory Function: Proprioception.

Motor Function: Movement of tongue during speech and swallowing.

Back 56

Hypoglossal (XII) Nerve

Front 57

How many pairs of spinal nerves

Back 57

31

Front 58

there __ pairs of cervical nerves

Back 58

8

Front 59

there __ pairs of thoraic nerves

Back 59

12

Front 60

there __ pairs of lumbar nerves

Back 60

5

Front 61

there __ pairs of sacral nerves

Back 61

5

Front 62

there __ pairs of coccygeal nerves

Back 62

1

Front 63

Supplies the skin and muscles of the head, neck, and superior part of the shoulder and chest

Back 63

cervical plexus

Front 64

stimulates the diaphragm

Back 64

phrenic plexus

Front 65

provides the entire nerve supply of the shoulder and upper limbs

Back 65

brachial plexus

Front 66

supplies the anterior and lateral abdominal wall, external gentials

Back 66

lumbar plexus

Front 67

innervate the anterior and medial thigh and medial leg

Back 67

femoral nerve

Front 68

innervates the medial thigh

Back 68

obturator nerve

Front 69

supplies the buttocks, perineum and lower limbs

Back 69

saral nerve

Front 70

the longest and thickest nerve in the body

innervates most of the lower limb, except for the anterior and medial thigh

Back 70

sciatic nerve

Front 71

innervates the perineum

Back 71

pudendal nerve

Front 72

contraction of skeletal muscles

Back 72

somatic reflexes

Front 73

not consciously percieved, involve in the response of smooth muscle, cardiac muscles and glands

Back 73

autonomic reflexes

Front 74

only one synapse in the integrating center

Back 74

monosynaptic reflex arc

Front 75

involves more than two types of neurons and more than one integrating center synapse

Back 75

polysynaptic reflex arc

Front 76

monitors changes in the length of the muscle

Back 76

muscles spindels

Front 77

sensory nerve impulses enter the spinal cord on the same side which motor nerve impulses leave it

Back 77

ipsilateral reflex

Front 78

All monosynaptic reflexes are ipsilateral.

True or False?

Back 78

True

Front 79

prevents conflict between opposing muscles and is vital in coordinating body movements

Back 79

reciprocal innervation

Front 80

sensory receptors that monitor the inernal environment of the body, such as chemorecptors that monitor blood CO2 level and mechanreceptors that detect the degree of stretch in the walls of organs or blood vessels

Back 80

interoceptors

Front 81

regulate visceral activites by either decreasing or increasing ongoing activities in their effector tissues

Back 81

autonomic motor neurons

Front 82

collection of neuronal cell bodies in the PNS

Back 82

autonomic ganglion

Front 83

all somatic motor neurons release _______ as the neurotransmitter

Back 83

acetylcholine

Front 84

all autonomic motor neurons release______as the neurotransmitter

Back 84

acetylcholine or norepinephrine

Front 85

nerve impulses from one division of the ANS stimulate the organ to increase its activity

Back 85

sympathetic division

Front 86

nerve impulses from one division of the ANS stimulate the organ to decrease its activity

Back 86

parasympathetic division

Front 87

What the two principal motor branches of the ANS

Back 87

sympathetic and parasympathetic

Front 88

ganglia extend from the base of the skull to the coccyx

innervates organs above the diaphragm

Back 88

sympathetic trunk ganglia

Front 89

lies in the abdomen and anterior to the vertebral column.

innervates organs below the diaphram

Back 89

prevertebral ganglia

Front 90

innervates smooth muscles and glands in the wall of the colon, ureters, urinary bladder, and reproductive organs

Back 90

pelvic splanchnic nerves

Front 91

the five parasympathetic responses: (SLUDD)

Back 91

salivation
lacrimation
urination
digestion
defecation

Front 92

the three decreases of parasympathetic response

Back 92

decreased heart rate

decreased diameter of airways

decreased diameter of pupils

Front 93

serves the muscles and skin of the posterior trunk of the body

Back 93

posterior ramus

Front 94

serves the muscles and structures of the upper and lower limbs and the skin of the lateral and anterior trunk

Back 94

anterior ramus

Front 95

reenters the vertebral canal through the intervertebral foramen and supplies the vertebrae, spinal cord, and meninges

Back 95

meningeal branch

Front 96

A stretch reflex causes contraction of a skeletal muscle (the effector) in response to stretching of the muscle. This type of reflex is a

Back 96

monosynaptic reflex arc

Front 97

A polysynaptic reflex arc results from a painful stimulus, such as stepping on a tack. In response to such a painful stimulus, you immediately withdraw your leg. This reflex, called the

Back 97

flexor or withdrawal reflex

Front 98

In the sympathetic division, cell bodies of preganglionic neurons are located in the gray matter of____

Back 98

thoracic and first two or three lumbar segments of the spinal cord

Front 99

Cell bodies of preganglionic neurons of the parasympathetic division are located in the __________

Back 99

brain stem and sacral segments of the spinal cord