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43 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What did African societies develop? |
diverse forms, from large centralized states to stateless societies organized around kinship or age sets rather than central authority |
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What was within the African diversity? |
many shared aspects of language and beliefs, universalistic faiths penetrated the continent and served as the basis for important cultural developments in Nubia and Ethiopia |
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What contributed to Africa's lack of political unity? |
differences in... -geography -language -religion -politics |
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Stateless Societies |
African societies organized around kinship or other forms of obligation and lacking the concentration of political power and authority associated with states |
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explain secret societies |
-controlled customs and beliefs -able to limit rulers' authority -settled village disputes -maintained stability
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What provided unity within Africa? |
-bantu-speaking people -animistic religion |
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What were closely intertwined? |
religion, economics, history |
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Ifriqiya |
the Arabic term for eastern north AFrica
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Maghrib |
the Arabic word for western north Africa |
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Almohadis |
a reformist movement among the Islamic Berbers of northern Africa, penetrated into sub-Saharan Africa, after the Almoravids |
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What were some Islamic attractions within Africa? |
-equality of Muslims -uniting the powers of the state and religion in the person of the ruler/caliph --> kings liked this |
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Where did Christians communities thrive? |
Egypt and Nubia |
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What emerged in the Sahel grasslands? |
several powerful states that combined Islamic religion and culture with local practices. The kingdoms of Mali and Songhay and the Hausa states were African adaptations of Islam and its fusion with African traditions |
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How was Islam first spread to the Sahara? |
through merchants and travelers |
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What were some similarities between the Sudanic States? |
-patriarch/council of elders or groups of lineages as leaders -had a territorial core area and subordinate communites -rulers were considered sacred -Islam |
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Juula |
manlinkek merchants, formed small partnerships to carry out trade throughout Mali Empire, eventually spread throughout West Africa |
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Sundiata |
the "Lion Prince" a member of the Keita Clan, created a unified state that became the Mali Empire |
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Griots |
professional oral historians who served as keepers of traditions and advisors to kings within the Mali Empire |
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Ibn Batuta |
Arab traveler who described African societies and cultures in his travel records |
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Timbuktu |
port city of Mali, population of 50,000, contained a library and university |
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What was life centered on in Mali and other Sudanic States? |
agricultural cycle and the village |
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Songhay |
successor state to Mali, dominated middle reaches of Niger valley, formed as independent kingdom under a Berber dynasty, reached imperial status under Sunni Ali |
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Muhammad the Great |
extended the boundaries of the Songhay Empire, Islamic ruler of the mid-16th century |
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Hausa |
people of northern Nigeria, formed states following the demise of Songhay Empire that combined Muslim and pagan traditions |
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Women in Sudanic societies |
matrilineal, recognized the role of women within the lines of kinship |
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Sharia |
Islamic law, defined among other things the patrilineal nature of Islamic inheritance |
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What was tired to trade across the Indian Ocean? |
a string of Islamicized African ports, although these cities were ISlamicized, African customs and the Bantu Swahili language remained so strong that they represented a cultural fusion, most limited to the coast |
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Zenj |
arabic term for the east African coast |
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What developed across central Africa? |
kingdoms that were supported by complex agrarian societies capable of great artistic achievements. At Benin, in the Kongo, in the Yoruba city-states, and at Great Zimbabwe, royal authority often considered divinely inspired-lead to the creation of powerful states |
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Demography |
the study of population |
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demographic transisiton |
shirt to low birth rate, low infant death rate, stable population and first emerged in western europe and US in late 19th century |
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What was considered to be the original cultural center? |
Ile-Ife |
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Benin |
powerful city-state, important commercial and political entity until the 19th century |
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Kongo |
kingdom based on agriculture, ruled by hereditary monarchy |
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Great Zimbabwe |
Bantu confederation of Shona-speaking people, featured royal courts built of stone, centralized state in 15 century |
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What did Mansa Musa symbolize? |
potential of Africa |
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stateless societies were unable to ____ |
-mobilize for war -organize large building projects -create stable conditions for long distance trade |
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North AFrica economy |
different -fully involved in Mediterranean trade |
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who did christian egyptians trade with |
byzantine empire -muslim leaders had tolerance
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Sudan States' power over subordinate communities |
-collect taxes, tribute, military support |
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Songhay Kingdom familiar pattern |
-created unique brand of ISlam |
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ISlam served many groups: |
-common religion/law united -trust to merchants -leaders took name to reinforce authoirty -maintained theocracy
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Yoruba |
agricultural society (city ile-ife) non-bantu language -city states |
