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76 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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What led to conflict in different theaters? |
Western Front Central/Eastern Europe Middle East Sub-Saharan Africa |
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Why were the alliances created? |
fear of Germany (industrial strength, military potential, aggressive leader--Wilhelm) |
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What were the different alliances? |
-Triple Entente (Russia, France, Britain)
-Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy)
Italy switches sides due to Austria-Hungary |
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Explain how the imperial rivalries got stronger. |
Prestige of nation linked to size of empire -ran out of areas to colonize -Climax (Morocco annex French-Germany tries stop) |
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Jingoism |
super warlike nationalism middle/working class caught up |
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Describe the arms race. |
-intense/costly -Germany's navy threatened Britian's centuries control of seas -arms limitations agreements failed -constantly practiced maneuvers-moved troops-always prepared -Russia got stronger |
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Explain the foreign policy connected to domestic problems. |
-business classes challenged by labor/lower classes -foreign wars distracts from domestic problems -proletariat/business owners benefit |
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Archduke Ferdinand |
heir apparent to the Austria-Hungary throne whose assassination in Sarajevo set in motion the events that started World War I |
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Sarajevo |
administrative center of the Bosnian province of Austrian Empire, assassination there of Archduke Ferdinand |
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What became the center of crisis during WWI? |
Balkans -ethnically diverse, wants independence, Russia supports Serbs -Archduke Ferdinand is assassinated |
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How do regional conflicts turn continental? |
armies mobilized -inept diplomacy (letters from Wilhelm to Nicholas II) -war inevitable -war could sort out tensions |
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Western Front |
front established in WWI, generally along line from Belgium to Switerland, featured trench warfare and horrendous casualties for all sides in the conflict |
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What does the war in Europe lead to? |
stalemate (Germany's quick strike fails) -German speed not enough for Belgium fighting, British support, France regroups -trench warfare (protection from artillery/machine guns) -impossible to win -generals used outdated strategies |
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Nicholas II |
tsar of Russia, forcefully suppressed political opposition and resisted constitutional government, deposed by revolution in 1917 |
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Explain Russia's weakness in the War in the East and Italy |
highest casualty numbers -aristocratic gernerals (not meritocracy) -illiterate/poorly trained peasants -uncoded commands -Russian artillery controlled by upper class |
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Describe the Austro-Hungarian soldiers |
not excited to fight for emperor |
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What was a common theme in the War in the East and Italy? |
-incompetent leaders -annoyed/fatalistic soldiers -corrupt/stupid politicians |
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Explain the European soldiers' annoyance with civilians. |
-leaders safe from home -civilians overly patriotic, unrealistic about realities of war -inexhustible supply of civilians to mobilize the troops |
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Explain how the governments took control. |
-to avoid protests/labor strikes, companies taken over by state -newspapers censored |
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What becomes targets? |
civilian population |
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Explain how changes sped up. |
-trade union chief's given power (they can mobolize working class) -labor being protesting/uniting against war -shortages of food/fuel lead to mass protests -women get more power |
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Gallipoli |
peninsula south of Istanbul, site of decisive 1915 Turkish victory over Australian and New Zealand forces under British command during WWI |
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Armenian genocide |
assault carried out by mainly Turkish military forces against Armenian population in Anatolia in 1915, over a million Armenians perished and thousands fled to Russia and the Middle East |
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Who had colonies? |
all of Europe except Austria-Hungary -colonies were used from manpower + resources |
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Colony's citizens... |
-settler colonies (used to enforce manpower) -India fought Middle East and AFrica -French use Vietnamese/AFrican laborers |
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Only area not involoved in WWI... |
s Amercia |
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What did Britain's navy do in the war outside Europe? |
-cut off Germany from food/raw materials -controlled trans-Atlantic cable lines |
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Who did Germany support? |
-African soldiers (East Africa) -Ottoman Empire
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Describe the US becoming a global power. |
-american businesses profited -becomes worlds largest creditor -supported British-Angolphile -by 1918, #s forced Germany to launch offensive |
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EAstern Front |
most mobile of the fronts established during WWI, after early successes, military defeats led to downfall of the tsarist government in Russia |
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Adolf Hitler |
nazi leader of Germany who created a strongly centralized state in Germany, eliminated all rivals, launched Germany on aggressive foreign policy leading to WWII, responsible for the genocide of JEws |
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Explain Germany's surrender. |
-gererals blame on new govt -must accept treaty rules of British and French -propoganda left German civilians shocked -hitler would later claim Germany |
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Georges Clemenceau |
French prime minister in last years of WWI and during Versailles Conference of 1919, pushed for heavy reparations from Germany |
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David Lloyd George |
prime minister of great britain who headed a coalition government through much of WWI and the turbulent years that followed |
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self-determination |
right of people in a region to determine whether to be independent to not |
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League of Nations |
international diplomatic and peace organization created in the Treaty of Versailles that ended WWI, one of the chief goals of President Woodrow Wilson of the United States in the peace negotiations, the United States was never a member |
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What was the French perspective? |
germany take all blame, pay reparations, shrink size of country |
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What was the US perspective? |
peace for everyone (Woodrow Wilson) -self determination |
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What was Britain's perspective? |
if Germany is weak, communist revolution is possible |
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Problems with Peace |
-russian bolsheviks not invited -wartime promises to Arabs ignored (divided up empires) -China left on its own -Ho Chi Minh-Vietnamese leader ignored -US Congress vetoed-league of nations |
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National Congress Party |
grew out of regional associations of Western-educated Indians, originally centered in cities of Bombay, Poona, Calcutta, and Madras,,became political party in 1885, focus of nationalist movement in India, governed though most of postcolonial period |
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India subjugated longer than ___- |
Africa
-educated elite oganized politically -due to size, importance |
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Who became the center of natinalisitic organization |
Egypt |
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What were the key terms in independence movements? |
-western-educated elites -charismatic leaders take message and spread to masses -reliance on nonviolent forms of protest |
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How was the Indian National Congress Party ineffective at first? |
-focused on elite INdian issues -few if any full-time members -members loyal to British |
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What would be issue to galvanize support? |
-preferential treatment for British investors -drain of Indian resources -Indian money spent for British wars or pay for British govt -infrastrucure built using British manufactured goods -decline in food production to make cash crops for Britian |
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B. G. Tilak |
believed that nationalism in India should be based on appeals to Hindu religiosity, worked to promote the restoration and revival of ancient Hindu traditions, offended Muslims and other religious groups, first populist leader in Indian nationalist movement |
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Morley-Minto reforms |
provided educated Indians with considerably expanded opportunities to elect and serve on local and all-India legislative councils |
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Explain the religious based issues in the rise of militant nationalism. |
some believed that Muslim perspective should be ignored -believed in restoration of Hindu traditions -lowered wedding age, no women's educaiton -hindu festivals =--> political meetings
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Describe HIndu communalist terrorists. |
-Bengalis (secret terrorist societies) -bomb British buildings/officials/sometimes expats -essentially controlled by WWI |
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Montagu-Chelmsford Reforms |
increased the powers of Indian legislators at the all-India level and placed much of the provincial administration of India under local ministries controlled by legislative bodies with substantial numbers of elected Indians |
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Rowlatt Act |
placed severe restrictions on key Inidian civil rights such as freedom of the press, acted to offset the concessions granted under Montagu-Chelmsford reforms |
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Mohandas Gandhi |
led sustained all-India campaign for independence from British Empire after WWI, stressed nonviolent but aggressive mass protest |
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satyagraha |
"truth-force", strategy of nonviolent protest developed by Gandhi and his followers in India, later deployed throughout the colonized world and US |
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Why did the Indians become annoyed with the British and WWI? |
-wartime inflation hurts products -products can't be shipped (blockades) -laborer wages don't go far |
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Lord Cromer |
British proconsul in Egypt, pushed for economic reforms that reduced but failed to eliminated the debts of the Khedial regime |
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effendi |
class of prosperous business and professional urban families in khedival egypt, as a class generally favored egyptian independence |
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Dinshawai Incident |
clash between British soldiers and egyptian villagers, arose over hunting accident along Nile River where wife of prayer leader of mosque was accidentally shot by army officers in hunting pigeons, led to Egyptian protest movement |
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(landlords) in Egypt |
get rich -get paid money for infrastructure building -build larger estates -moved to cities and let estates be run by hired managers |
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Ataturk |
also known as Mustafa Kemel, leader of Turkish republic formed in 1923, reformed Turkish nation using Western models |
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Hussein |
sherif of Mecca, used British promise of independence to convince Arabs to support Britain against the Turks in WWI, angered by Britian's failure to keep promise |
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mandates |
governments entrusted to European nations in the Middle East in aftermath of WWI, Britain occupied mandates in Syria, Iraq, Lebanon, and Palestine |
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Zionists |
people that argued that the Jews must return to the Middle Eastern holy land, eventually identified with the settlement of Palestine |
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Balfour Declaration |
British minister Lord Balfour's promise of support for the establishment of Jewish settlement in Palestine |
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LEon Pinsker |
European Zionist who believed that Jewish assimilation into Chirstian European nations was impossible, argued for return to ME Holy Land |
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Theodor Herzl |
Austrian journalist and Zionist, formed World Zionist Organization, promoted Jewish migration to Palestine and formation of a Jewish state |
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Alfred Dreyfus |
French Jew falsely accused of passing military secrets to the Germans, his mistreatment and exile to Devil's island provided flash-point for years of bitter debate between the left and right in France |
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World Zionist Organization |
founded by Theodor Herzel to promote Jewish migration to and settlement in Palestine to form a Zionist state |
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Explain the New Turkish nation in 1923 |
-new latin alphabet -women's suffrage -attempts to secularize nation |
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Wafd party |
Egyptian nationlist party that emerged after an Egyptian delegation was refused a hearing at the Versailles treaty negotiations following WWI, led by Sa'd Zaghlul, negotiations eventually led to limited Egyptian independence |
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Sa'd Zaghlul |
leader of the Wafd party |
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Marcus Garvey |
African American political leader, had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders |
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W. E. B. Du Bois |
African American political leader, had a major impact on emerging African nationalist leaders |
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pan-African |
organization that brought together intellectuals and political leaders from areas of Africa and African diaspora before and after WWI |
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negritude |
literacy movement in Africa, attempted to combat racial stereotypes of African culture, celebrated the beauty of black skin and African physique, associated with origins of African nationalist movements |
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Leopold Sedar Senghor |
one of the post-WWI writiers of the negritue lieracty movement that urged pride in African values, president of Senegal |
