Ap World Group 4

Front 1

Zheng He

Back 1

Chinese Muslim admiral who commanded series of Indian Ocean, Persian Gulf & Red Sea trade expeditions under 3rd Ming emperor, Yung lo, between 1405-1433

Front 2

Prince Henry the Navigator

Back 2

Portuguese prince responsible for direction of series of expeditions along the African coast in the 15th century; marked beginning of Western European expansion

Front 3

Caravel

Back 3

Slender, long-hulled vessels utilized by Portuguese; highly maneuverable & able to sail against the wind; key to development of Portuguese trade empire in Asia

Front 4

Columbus

Back 4

Genoese captain in service of king & queen of Castile & Aragon; successfully sailed to New World and returned in 1492; initiated European discoveries in Americas

Front 5

Astrolabe

Back 5

astronomical instrument for taking altitude of sun or stars & more; used by Greek astronomers 200B.C. & Arab astronomers from Middle Ages

Front 6

Mercantilism

Back 6

Economic theory that stressed government's promotion of limitation of imports from other nations and internal economies in order to improve tax revenues; popular during 17th & 18th centuries in Europe.

Front 7

Commercial Revolution

Back 7

period of European economic expansion, colonialism, & mercantilism; succeeded by Industrial Revolution

Front 8

Columbian Exchange

Back 8

Biological & ecological exchange that took place following Spanish establishment of colonies in New World; peoples of Europe & Africa came to New World; animals, plants & diseases of 2 hemispheres were transferred

Front 9

Cash Crop

Back 9

any crop that is considered easily marketable; as wheat or cotton

Front 10

Cult of Saints

Back 10

dominant form of religion in Christian Europe after fall of Roman Empire

Front 11

Kabuki

Back 11

popular drama of Japan; elaborate costuming, rhythmic dialogue, stylized acting, music & dancing, and performance of both male & female roles by male actors

Front 12

Chattel slavery

Back 12

traditional slavery

Front 13

Encomienda

Back 13

grants of Indian laborers made to Spanish conquerors & settlers in Mesoamerica & South America; basis for earliest forms of coerced labor in Spanish colonies

Front 14

Mita

Back 14

labor extracted for lands assigned to the state and the religion; all communities were expected to contribute; an essential aspect of Inca imperial control

Front 15

Sociedad de Castas

Back 15

American social system based on racial origins; Europeans or whites at top; black slaves or Native Americans at the bottom, mixed races in middle

Front 16

Daimyo

Back 16

Warlord rulers of 300 small states following civil war and disruption of Ashikaga Shogunate; holdings consolidated into unified and bounded mini-states

Front 17

"Flowery Death"

Back 17

Death while taking prisoners for sacrifice; promised eternity; also given to women who died in childbirth

Front 18

Divine Right

Back 18

the doctrine that the right of rule derives directly from God, not from the consent of the people

Front 19

Samurai

Back 19

Mounted troops of Japanese warrior leaders (bushi); loyal to local lords, not the emperor

Front 20

Civil Service Exam

Back 20

a system/method of appointing government employees on the basis of competitive examinations, rather than by political patronage

Front 21

Footbinding

Back 21

Practice in Chinese society to mutilate women's feet in order to make them smaller; produced pain and restricted women's movement; made it easier to confine women to the household

Front 22

Cannon

Back 22

a mounted gun for firing heavy projectiles, British

Front 23

30 Years War

Back 23

War within the Holy Roman Empire between German Protestants & their allies (Sweden, Denmark, France) & the emperor & his ally, Spain; ended in 1648 after great destruction with Treaty of Westphalia

Front 24

Renaissance

Back 24

cultural & political movement in western Europe; began in Italy c.1400; rested on urban vitality & expanding commerce; featured a literature & art with distinctly more secular priorities than those of the Middle Ages

Front 25

Reformation

Back 25

religious movement in 16th century that had for its object the reform of the Roman Catholic Church; led to establishment of Protestant

Front 26

Absolute Monarchy

Back 26

concept of government developed during rise of nation-states in western Europe during 17th century; featured monarchs who passed laws without parliaments, appointed professionalized armies & bureaucracies, establish state churches, imposed state economic policies

Front 27

Enlightenment

Back 27

Intellectual movement centered in France during the 18th century; featured scientific advance, application of scientific methods to study of human society; belief that rational laws could describe social behavior

Front 28

Battle of Lepanto

Back 28

Holy League defeated Ottoman Empire

Front 29

Taj Mahal

Back 29

Most famous architectural achievement of Mughal, India; originally built as a mausoleum for the wife of Shah Jahan, Mumtaz Mahal

Front 30

Janissaries

Back 30

Ottoman infantry divisions that dominated Ottoman armies; forcibly conscripted as boys in conquered areas of Balkans, legally slaves; translated military service into political influence, particularly after 15th century

Front 31

Westernization

Back 31

to influence with ideas, customs, practices, etc., characteristic of the west

Front 32

Peter the Great

Back 32

son of Alexis Romanov; ruled from 1689-1725; continued growth of absolutism & conquest; included more definite interest in changing selected aspects of economy & culture through imitation of western Europe models

Front 33

Sun King

Back 33

Louis XIV, French monarch of the late 17th century who personified absolute monarchy

Front 34

Ottoman Empire

Back 34

Turkic Empire established in Asia Minor & eventually extending throughout the Middle East; responsible for conquest of Constantinople & end of Byzantine Empire in 1453; succeeded Seljuk Turks following retreat of Mongols

Front 35

Safavid Empire

Back 35

Originally a Turkic nomadic group; family originated in Sufi mystic group; espoused Shi'ism; conquered territory & established kingdom in region equivalent to modern Iran; lasted until 1722

Front 36

Mughal Empire

Back 36

Established by Babur in India in 1526; the name is taken from the supposed Mongol descent of Babur, but there is little indication of any Mongol influence in the dynasty; became weak after rule of Aurangzeb in 1st decades of 18th century