Ap World Chapter 29-31 Test Review

Front 1

Great Depression

Back 1

international economic crisis following WWI; began with collapse of American stock market in 1929; actual causes included collapse of agricultural prices in the 1920s; included collapse of banking houses in the US and western Europe, massive unemployment; contradicted optimistic assumptions of 19th century

Front 2

Socialism in one country

Back 2

Joseph Stalin's concept of Russian communism, based solely on the Soviet Union rather than the Leninist concept of internal revolution; by cutting off the Soviet Union from other economies, the USSR avoided worst consequences of the Great Depression

Front 3

Popular Front

Back 3

combination of socialist and communist political parties in France; won election in 1936; unable to take strong measures of social reform because of continuing strength of conservatives; fell from power in 1938

Front 4

The New Deal

Back 4

-in the US, the gov. offered direct aid to Americans in economic trouble in the form of the New Deal
-the social security system, government economic intervention and agricultural planning, and banking regulations were all attempts to recover from the depression
-most importantly for the Americans, restored confidence in the economy and in the gov.
-established a path for future govs, between the ineffectiveness of the English and French and extremism of the Italians, Germans, and Spanish

Front 5

Totalitarian state

Back 5

-a new kind of gov. in the 20th century that exercised massive, direct control over virtually all the activities of its subjects; existed in Germany, Italy, and Soviet Union; Hitler created a state replete with a secret police, purges of the opposition, strident nationalism, and an incessant attack on Germany;s large Jewish minority

Front 6

Gestapo

Back 6

secret police in Nazi Germany, known for brutal tactics

Front 7

Anschluss

Back 7

Hitler's union of Germany with the German-speaking population of Austria; took places in 1938, despite complaints of other European nations

Front 8

Appeasement

Back 8

policy of Neville Chamberlain, British Prime minister who hoped to preserve peace in the face of German aggression, particularly applied to Munich Conference agreement; failed when Hitler invaded Poland in 1939

Front 9

Spanish Civil War

Back 9

was fought between those favoring a parliamentary republic and those who wanted Fascism from 1936 to 1939; Germany and Italy supported the royalists or fascists; the Soviet Union supported the republicans, with help from Germany and Italy and with only verbal opposition from France, Britain,, and the US., the Fascists won

Front 10

Import substitution industrialization

Back 10

typical of Latin American economies; domestic population of goods during the 20th century that had previously been imported; led to light industrialization

Front 11

syndicalism

Back 11

economic and political system based on the organization of labor; imported in Latin America from European political movements; militant force in Latin American politics

Front 12

Tragic Week

Back 12

occured in Argentina in 1919; government response to general strike of labor forces led to brutal repression under guise of nationalism

Front 13

Corporatism

Back 13

political ideology with its roots in Fascism that emphasized the organic nature of society and made the state a mediator, adjusting the interests of different social groups; appealed to conservative groups of European and Latin American societies and to the military

Front 14

Lazaro Cardenas (1934- 1940)

Back 14

president of Mexico who was responsible for redistribution of land, primarily to create ejidos, or communal farms; also began a program of primary and rural education

Front 15

Getulio Vargas (1872- 1954)

Back 15

elected President of Brazil in 1929; launched centralized political program by imposing federal administrators over state govs,; held off coups by communists in 1935 and fascists in 1937; established a corporatist regime in Brazil modeled on Mussolini's Italy, but he backed the Allies in WWII; leaned to communists after 1949; after he committed suicide in 1954, Brazil began to struggle

Front 16

Juan D. Peron

Back 16

emerged as the leader of a military-style government in Argentina and forged an alliance with workers and industrialists at the expense of civil liberties
-His program was couched in nationalistic terms, taking control of foreign- owned railroad and oil resources, but Argentina's economy faltered anyway
-He was exiled but returned briefly to power in the 1970s
-After his death, the military took control again

Front 17

Five- year plans

Back 17

-Stalin's plans to hasten industrialization of USSR; constructed massive factories in metallurgy, mining, and electric power; led to massive state- planned industrialization at cost of availability of consumer products

Front 18

Socialist Realism

Back 18

attempt of Joseph Stalin with the USSR to relate formal culture to the masses in order to avoid the adoption of western European cultural forms; fundamental method of Soviet fiction, art, and literary criticism

Front 19

Politburo

Back 19

executive committee of the Soviet Communist party (20 members) who sycophantically followed Stalin's lead

Front 20

National Socialist Party (Nazi)

Back 20

-led by Adolf Hitler in Germany; picked up political support during the economic chaos of the Great Depression; advocated authoritarian state under a single leader, aggressive foreign policy to reverse humiliation of the Versailles treaty; took power in Germany in 1933

Front 21

Blitzkrieg

Back 21

German term for lighting warfare; involved rapid movement of troops, tanks, and mechanized carriers; resulted in early German victories over Belgium, Holland, and France in WWII.

Front 22

Winston Churchhill

Back 22

British prime minister during WWII; responsible for British resistance to German air assaults

Front 23

Battle of Britain

Back 23

the 1940 Nazi air offensive including saturation bombing of London and other British cities, countered by British innovative air tactics and radar tracking of German assault aircraft

Front 24

Holocaust

Back 24

term for Hitler's attempted genocide of European Jews during WWII; resulted in deaths of 6 million Jews

Front 25

Battle of the Bulge

Back 25

Hitler's last ditch effort to repel the invading Allied armies in the winter of 1944-45

Front 26

Pearl Harbor

Back 26

American naval base in Hawaii; attack by Japanese on this facility in December 1941 crippled American fleet in the Pacific and caused entry of US into WWII

Front 27

Battle of the Coral Sea

Back 27

-World War II Pacific battle; US and Japanese forces fought to a standoff

Front 28

Midway Island

Back 28

the WWII Pacific battle; decisive US victory over powerful Japanese carrier force

Front 29

United Nations (*when was it formed?)

Back 29

formed in the aftermath of WWII; included all of the victorious Allies

Front 30

Tehran Conference

Back 30

meeting among leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1943; agreed to the opening of a new front in France

Front 31

Yalta Conference

Back 31

meeting among leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet Union in 1945; agreed to Soviet entry into the Pacific War in return for possessions in Manchuria, organization of the United Nations; disputed the division of political organization in the eastern European states to be reestablished after the war

Front 32

Postdam

Back 32

meeting among leaders of the US, Britain, and the Soviet union just before the end of WWII in 1945; Allies agreed upon Soviet domination in eastern Europe;Germany and Austria to be divided among victorious allies

Front 33

Atlantic Charter of 1941

Back 33

WWII alliance agreement between the US and Britain; included a clause that recognized the right of all people to choose the form of government under which they live; indicated sympathy for decolonization

Front 34

Quit India Movement

Back 34

mass civil disobedience campaign that began in the summer of 1942 to end British control of India

Front 35

Muslim League

Back 35

founded in 1906 to better support demands of Muslims for separate electrorates and legislative seats in Hindu- dominated India; represented division within India nationalist movement

Front 36

Muhammad Ali Jinnah

Back 36

Muslim nationalist in India; originally a member of the National Congress Party; became leader of Muslim League; traded Muslim support for British during WWII for promises of a separate Muslim state after the war; first president of Pakistan

Front 37

Convention Peoples' Party

Back 37

political party established by Kwame Nkrumah in opposition to British control of colonial legislature in Gold Coast

Front 38

Jomo Kenyatta

Back 38

leader of the nonviolent nationalist party in Kenya; organized the Kenya African Union; failed to win concessions because of resistance of white settlers; came to power only after suppression of the Land Freedom Army, or Mau Mau

Front 39

Kenya African Union

Back 39

leading nationalist party in Kenya; adopted nonviolent approach to ending British control in the 1950s

Front 40

Land Freedom Army

Back 40

radical organization for independence in Kenya; frustrated by failure of nonviolent means, initiated the campaign of terror in 1952; referred to British as the Mau Mau

Front 41

National Liberation Front

Back 41

radical nationalist in Algeria; launched sustained guerilla war against France in the 1950s; success of attacks led to independence of Algeria in 1958

Front 42

Secret Army Organization

Back 42

organization of French settlers in Algeria- led to guerilla war following independence during the 1960s; assaults directed against Arabs, Berbers, and French who advocated independence

Front 43

Afrikaner Nationalist Party

Back 43

emerged as the majority party in the all- white South African legislature after 1948; advocated complete independence from Britain; favored a rigid system of racial segregation called apartheid

Front 44

Apartheid

Back 44

policy of strict racial segregation imposed in South Africa to permit the continued dominance of whites politically and economically

Front 45

Haganah

Back 45

Zionist military force engaged in violent resistance to British presence in Palestine in the 1940s

Front 46

Kellogg Briand Pact

Back 46

a treaty coauthored by American and French leaders in 1928; in principle outlawed war forever; ratified subsequently by other nations

Front 47

cubist movement

Back 47

20th century art style; best represented by Spanish artist Pablo Picasso; rendered familiar objects as geometrical shapes

Front 48

Benito Mussolini

Back 48

Italian fascist leader after WWI; created first fascist government based on aggressive foreign policy and new nationalist glories

Front 49

Fascism

Back 49

political philosophy that became predominant in Italy and then Germany during the 1920s and 1930s; attacked weakness of democracy, corruption of capitalism; promised vigorous foreign and military programs; undertook state control of economy to reduce social friction

Front 50

Porifirio Diaz

Back 50

one of Juarez' generals; elected president of Mexico in 1876; dominated Mexican politics for 35 years; imposed strong central government

Front 51

Francisco Madero

Back 51

moderate democratic reformer in Mexico; proposed moderate reforms in 1910; arrested by Porfirio Diaz; initiated revolution against Diaz when released from prison; temporarily gained power, but removed and assassinated in 1913

Front 52

Pancho Villa

Back 52

Mexican revolutionary and military commander in northern Mexico during the Mexican Revolution; succeeded along with Emiliano Zapata in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta

Front 53

Emiliano Zapata

Back 53

Mexican revolutionary and military commander of peasant guerilla movement after 1910 centered in Morelos; succeeded along with Pancho Villa in removing Diaz from power; also participated in campaigns that removed Madero and Huerta; demanded sweeping land reform

Front 54

Victoriano Huerta

Back 54

attempted to reestablish centralized dictatorship in Mexico following the removal of Madero in 1913; forced from power in 1914 by Villa and Zapata

Front 55

Alvaro Obregon

Back 55

emerged as a leader of the Mexican governement in 1915; elected president in 1920

Front 56

Mexican Constitution of 1917

Back 56

promised land reform, limited foreign ownership of key resources, guaranteed the rights of workers, and placed restrictions on clerical education; marked formal end of Mexican Revolution

Front 57

Diego Rivera

Back 57

Mexican artist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; famous for murals painted on walls of public buildings; mixed romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology

Front 58

Jose Clemente Orozco

Back 58

Mexican muralist of the period after the Mexican Revolution; like Rivera's, his work featured romantic images of the Indian past with Christian symbols and Marxist ideology

Front 59

Cristeros

Back 59

conservative peasant movement in Mexico during the 1920s; most active in central Mexico; attempted to halt slide toward secularism; movement resulted in armed violence

Front 60

Red Army

Back 60

military organization constructed under leadership of Leon Trotsy, Bolshevik follower of Lenin; made use of people of humble background

Front 61

New Economic Policy

Back 61

initiated by Lenin in 1921; state continued to set basic economic policies, but efforts were now combined with individual initiative; policy allowed food production to recover

Front 62

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

Back 62

federal system of socialist republics established in 1923 in various ethnic regions of Russia; firmly controlled by Communist party; diminished nationalities protest under Bolsheviks; dissolved 1991

Front 63

Supreme Soviet

Back 63

parliament of Union of Soviet Socialist Republics; elected by universal suffrage; actually controlled by Communist party; served to ratify party decisions

Front 64

Stalin

Back 64

successor to Lenin as head of the USSR; strongly nationalist view of communism; represented anti- Western strain of Russian tradition; crushed opposition to his rule; established series of five year plans to replace New Economic Policy; fostered agricultural collectivization; led USSR through WWII; furthered cold war with western Europe and the US; died in 1953

Front 65

Comintern

Back 65

international office of communism under USSR dominance established to encourage the formation of Communist parties in Europe and elsewhere

Front 66

collectivization

Back 66

creation of large, state-run farms rather than individual holdings; allowed more efficient control over peasants, though often lowered food production; part of Stalin's economic political planning; often adopted in other communist regimes

Front 67

Yuan Shikai

Back 67

warlord in northern China after fall of Qing dynasty; hoped to seize imperial throne; president of China after 1912; resigned in the face of Japanese invasion in 1916

Front 68

May Fourth Movement

Back 68

resistance to Japanese encroachments in China began on this date in 1919; spawned movement of intellectuals aimed at transforming China into a liberal democracy; rejected Confucianism

Front 69

Li Dazhao

Back 69

Chinese intellectual who gave serious attention to Marxist philosophy;headed study circle at the University of Beijing; saw peasants as vanguard of revolutionary communism in China

Front 70

Mao Zedong

Back 70

communist leader in revolutionary China; advocated rural reform and role of peasantry in Nationalist revolution; influenced by Li Dazhao; led Communist reaction against Guomindang purges in 1920s, culminating in Long March of 1934; seized control of all of mainland China by 1949; initiated Great Leap Forward in 1958

Front 71

Guomindang

Back 71

Chinese Nationalist party founded by Sun Yat- sen in 1919; drew support from local warlords and Chinese criminal underworld; initially forged alliance with Communists in 1924; dominated by Chiang Kai- shek after 1925

Front 72

Whampoa Military Academy

Back 72

founded in 1924; military wing of the Guomindang; first head of the academy was Chiang Kai- shek

Front 73

Chiang Kaishek

Back 73

a military officer who succeeded Sun Yat-sen as the leader of the Guomindang or Nationalist party in China in the mid 1920s; became the most powerful leader in China in the early 1930s, but his Nationalist forces were defeated and driven from China by the Communists after WWII

Front 74

Long March

Back 74

Communist escape from Hunan province during civil war with Guomindang in 1934; center of Communist power moved to Shaanxi province; firmly established Mao Zedong as head of the Communist party in China