Reading...
Play button
Play button
Use LEFT and RIGHT arrow keys to navigate between flashcards;
Use UP and DOWN arrow keys to flip the card;
H to show hint;
A reads text to speech;
326 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
|
2,3-diphosphoglycerate (DPG)
|
chemical in the red blood cells that afffects hemoglobin's affinity for oxygen
|
|
|
abduction
|
movement of a body part away from the midline
|
|
|
acidosis
|
a high concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH below 7.35
|
|
|
action potential
|
te stimulation of myocardial cells, as evidenced by a change in the membrane electrical charge, that subsequently spreads across the myocardium
|
|
|
active transport
|
movement of a substance through a cell membrane against the osmotic gradient; that is, from an area of lesser concentration to an area of greater concentration, opposite to the normal direction of diffusion; requires the use of energy to move a substance
|
|
|
adduction
|
movement of a body part toward the midline
|
|
|
adenosine triphophate (ATP)
|
a high-energy compound present in all cells, especially muscle cells when split by enzyme action it yields energy. Energy is stored in ATP
|
|
|
afterload
|
the resistance against which the heart must pump
|
|
|
alkalosis
|
a low concentration of hydrogen ions; a pH above 7.45
|
|
|
alveoli
|
microscopic air sacs in the lungs where most oxygen and carbon dioxide gas exchanges take place
|
|
|
amphiarthrosis
|
joint that permits a limited amount of independent motion
|
|
|
anastomosis
|
communication between two or more vessels
|
|
|
anatomy
|
the structure of an organism; body structure
|
|
|
anion
|
ion with a negative charge -- so called because it will be attracted to an anode, or positive pole
|
|
|
anterior medial fissure
|
deep crease along the ventral surface of the spinal cord that divides the cord into right and left halves
|
|
|
antidiuresis
|
formation and passage of a concentrated urine, preserving blood volume
|
|
|
apnea
|
absence of breathing
|
|
|
appendicular skeleton
|
bones of the extremities, shoulder girdle, and pelvis (excepting the sacrum)
|
|
|
aqueous humor
|
clear fluid filling the anterior chamber of the eye
|
|
|
arachnoid membrane
|
middle layer of the meninges
|
|
|
articular surface
|
surface of a bone that moves against another bone
|
|
|
ascending loop of Henle
|
the part of the renal tubule beyond the descending loop of Henle
|
|
|
ascending tracts
|
bundles of axons along the spinal cord that transmit signals from the body to the brain
|
|
|
aspiration
|
inhaling foreign material, such as vomitus, into the lungs
|
|
|
atelactasis
|
alveolar collapse
|
|
|
autoimmune disease
|
condition in which the body mmakes antibodies against its own tissues
|
|
|
automaticity
|
capability of self-depolarization by pacemaker cells of the heart
|
|
|
autonomic ganglia
|
groups of auonomic nerve cells located outside the central nervous system
|
|
|
autonomic nervous system
|
the part of the nevous system controlling involuntary bodily functions. It is divided into the sympathetic and parasympathetic systems
|
|
|
autoregulation
|
process that contols blood flow to the bran tissue by causing alterations in the blood pressure
|
|
|
axial skeleton
|
bones of the head, thorax, and spine
|
|
|
blood pressure
|
force of blood against artery walls as the heart contracts and relaxes
|
|
|
Bohr effect
|
phenomenon in which a decrease in PCO2/acidity causes an increase in the quantity of oxygen that binds with the hemoglobin; conversely, an increase in PCO2/acidity causes the hemoglobin to give up a greater quantity of oxygen
|
|
|
Bowman's capsule
|
the hollow, cup-shaped first part of the renal nephron tubule
|
|
|
brainstem
|
the part of the brain connecting the cerebral hemispheres with the spinal cord. It is comprised of the medulla oblongata, the pons and midbrain
|
|
|
bronchi
|
tubes from the trachea into the lungs
|
|
|
buffer
|
a substance that tends to preserve or restore a normal acid-base balance by increasing or decreasing the concenration of hydrogen ions
|
|
|
bursae
|
sacs containing synovial fluid that cushion adjacent structures; singular: bursa
|
|
|
cancellous
|
having a latticework structure, as in the spongy tissue of a bone
|
|
|
cardiac contractile force
|
force of the strength of a contraction of the heart
|
|
|
cardiac cycle
|
the period of time from the end of one cardiac contraction to the end of the next
|
|
|
cardiac depolarization
|
a reversal of charges at a cell membrane so that the inside of the cell becomes positive in relation to the outside; the opposite of the cell's resting state in which the inside of the cell is negative in relation to the outside
|
|
|
cardiac output
|
the amount of blood pumped by the heart in 1 minute
|
|
|
cartilage
|
connective tissue providing the articular surfaces of the skeletal system
|
|
|
cation
|
with a positive charge -- so called because it will be attracted to a cathode, or negative pole
|
|
|
cell
|
the basic structural unit of all plants and animals; a membrane enclosing a thick fluid and a nucleous. Cells are specialized t carry out all of the body's basic functions
|
|
|
cell membrane
|
the outer covering of a cell; also called plasma membrane
|
|
|
central nervous system
|
the brain and the spinal cord
|
|
|
cerebellum
|
portion of the brin located dorsally to the pons and medulla oblongata. It plays an important role in the fine control of voluntary muscular movements.
|
|
|
cerebral perfusion pressure (CPP)
|
the pressure moving blood through the brain
|
|
|
cerebrospinal fluid
|
fluid surrounding and bathing the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
cerebrum
|
largest part of the brain. It consists of two hemispheres separated by a deep longitudinal fissure. It is the seat of consciousness and the center of the higher mental functions such as memory, learning, reasoning, judgement intelligence, and emotions
|
|
|
chemotaxis
|
the movement of white blood cells in response to chemical signals
|
|
|
chronotropy
|
pertaining to heart rate
|
|
|
chyme
|
semifluid ixture of ingested food and digestive secretions found in the stomach and small intestine
|
|
|
circumduction
|
movement at a synovial joint where the distal end of a bone describes a circle but the shaft does not rotate; movement through an arc of a circle
|
|
|
clitoris
|
highly innervated and vascular erectile tissue anterior to the labia minora
|
|
|
collecting duct
|
the larger structure beyond the dista tubule into which urine drips
|
|
|
conductivity
|
ability of the cells to propagate the electrical impulse from one cell to another
|
|
|
conjuntiva
|
mucous membrane that lines the eyelids
|
|
|
connective tissue
|
the most abundant body tissue; it provies support, connection, and insulation. Examples: bone, cartilage, fat, blood
|
|
|
contractility
|
ability of muscle cells to contract, or shorten
|
|
|
cornea
|
thin, delicate layer of tissue covering the pupil and the iris
|
|
|
cortex
|
the outer tissue of an organ such as the kidney
|
|
|
cranial nerves
|
twelve pairs of nerves that extend from the lower surface of the brain
|
|
|
cranium
|
vaultlike portion of the skull encasing the brain
|
|
|
creatinine
|
a waste product caused by metabolism within the muscle cells
|
|
|
cricothyroid membrane
|
membrane between the cricoid and thyroid cartilages of the larynx
|
|
|
cytoplasm
|
the thick fluid that fills a cell; also called protoplasm
|
|
|
dehydration
|
excessive loss of body fluids
|
|
|
dermatome
|
topographical region of the body surface innervated by one nerve root
|
|
|
dermis
|
true skin, also called the corium, it is the layer of tissue producing the epidermis and housing the structures, blood vessels, and nerves normally associated with the skin
|
|
|
descending loop of Henle
|
the part of the renal tubule beyond the proximal tubule
|
|
|
descending tracts
|
bundles of axons along the spinal cord that transmits signals from the brain to the body
|
|
|
devasculariztion
|
loss of blood vessels from a body part
|
|
|
diaphysis
|
hollow shaft found in long bones
|
|
|
diarthrosis
|
a synovial joint
|
|
|
diastole
|
the period of time when the myocardium is relaxed and cardiac filing and coronary perfusion occur
|
|
|
diffusion
|
movement of solute in a solution from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
|
|
|
digestive tract
|
internal passageway that begins at the mouth and ends at the anus; also called the alimentary canal
|
|
|
dissociate
|
separate; break down. For example, sodium bicarbonate, when placed in water, dissociates into a sodium cation and a bicarbonate anion
|
|
|
distal tubule
|
the part of the renal tubule beyond the ascending loop of Henle
|
|
|
diuresis
|
formation of passage of a dilute urine, decreasing blood volume
|
|
|
dromotropy
|
pertaining to the speed of impulse transmission
|
|
|
dura mater
|
tough layer of the meninges firmly attached to the interior of the skull and interior of the spinal column
|
|
|
ejection fraction
|
ratio of blood pumped from the ventricle to the amount remaining at the end of diastole
|
|
|
electrolyte
|
a substance that, in water, separates into electically charged particles
|
|
|
endometrium
|
the inner layer of the uterine wall where the fertilized egg implants
|
|
|
endotracheal intubation
|
pasing a tube into the trachea to protect and maintain the airway and to permit medication administration and deep suctioning
|
|
|
epidermis
|
outermost layer of the skin comprised of dead or dying cells
|
|
|
epididymis
|
small sac in which sperm cells are stored
|
|
|
epiphyseal plate
|
area of the metaphysis where cartilage is generated during bone growth in childhood; the growth plate
|
|
|
epiphysis
|
end of a long bone, including the epiphyseal, or growth plate, and supporting structures underlying the joint
|
|
|
epithelial tissue
|
the protective tissue that lines internal and external body tissues. Examples: skin, mucous membranes, the lining of the intestinal tract
|
|
|
erythrocyte
|
red blood cell
|
|
|
erythropoiesis
|
the process of producing red blood cells
|
|
|
erythropoietin
|
a hormone produced by kidney cells that stimulats maturation of red blood cells
|
|
|
eustachian tube
|
a tube that connects the ear with the nasal cavity
|
|
|
excitability
|
ability of the cells to respond to an electrical stimulus
|
|
|
extension
|
bending motion that increases the angle between articulating elements
|
|
|
extracellular fluid (ECF)
|
the fluid outside the body cells. Extracellular fluid is comprised of intravascular fluid and interstitial fluid
|
|
|
facilitated diffusion
|
diffusion of a substance such as glucose through a cell membrane that requires the assistance of a "helper", or carrier protein; also called carrier-mediated diffusion
|
|
|
fallopian tubes
|
thin tubes that extend laterally from the uterus and conduct eggs from the ovaries into the uterine cavity
|
|
|
fasciculus
|
small bundle of muscle fibers
|
|
|
fibrinolysis
|
the process through which plasmin dismantles a blood clot
|
|
|
filtrate
|
the fluid produced in Bowman's capsule within the kidney by filtration of blood
|
|
|
filtration
|
movement of molecules across a membrane from an area of higher pressure to an area of lower pressue; movement of water out of the plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space
|
|
|
FiO2
|
concentration of oxygen in inspired air
|
|
|
flanks
|
the part of the back below the ribs and above the hip bones
|
|
|
flexion
|
bending motion that reduces the angle between articulating elements
|
|
|
gag reflex
|
mechanism that stimulates retching, or striving to vomit, when the soft palate is touched
|
|
|
galea aponeurotica
|
connective tissue sheet covering the supeior aspect of the cranium
|
|
|
glomerular filtration
|
the removal from blood of water and other elemetns, which enter the nephron tubule
|
|
|
glomerular filtration rate (GFR)
|
the volume per day at which blood is filtered through capillaries of the glomerulus
|
|
|
glomerulus
|
a tuft of capillaries from which blood is filtered into a nephron
|
|
|
glottis
|
liplike opening between the vocal cords
|
|
|
gluconeogenesis
|
conversion of protein and fat to form glucose
|
|
|
glycogenolysis
|
the breakdown of glycogen to glucose, primarily by liver cells
|
|
|
gray matter
|
areas in the central nervous system dominated by nerve cell bodies; the cental portion of the spinal cord
|
|
|
great vessels
|
the large arteries and veins located in the mediastinum that enter and exit the heart; the aorta, supeior and inferior vena cava, pulmonart arteries, pulmonary veins
|
|
|
haversian canals
|
smal perforations of the long bones through which the blood vessels and nerves travel into the bone itself
|
|
|
hematocrit
|
the percentage of the blood occupied the erythrocytes
|
|
|
hematopoiesis
|
the process through which pluripotent stem cells differentiate into various types of blood cells
|
|
|
hematopoietic system
|
body system having to do with the production and development of blood cells, consisting of the bone marrow, liver, spleen, kidneys, and the blood itself
|
|
|
hemoglobin
|
oxygen-bearing molecule in the red blood cells. It is made up of iron-rich red pigment called heme and a protein called globin
|
|
|
hemolysis
|
the destruction of red blood cells
|
|
|
hemostasis
|
the body's natural ability to stop bleeding, the clotting of blood
|
|
|
hemothorax
|
accumulation in the pleural cavity of blood or fluid containing blood
|
|
|
hilum
|
the notched part of the kidney where the ureter and other structures join kidney tissue
|
|
|
homeostasis
|
the natural tendency of the body to maintain a steady and normal internal environment
|
|
|
hydrostatic pressue
|
blood pressure or force against vessel walls created by the heartbeat. Hydrostatic pressure tends to force water out of the capillaries into the interstitial space
|
|
|
hypercarbia
|
excessive pressure of carbon dioxide in the blood
|
|
|
hyperosmolar
|
a solution of that has a concentration of the substance greater that that of a second solution
|
|
|
hypertonic
|
having a greater concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be hypertonic to another
|
|
|
hypoosmolar
|
a solution that has a concentration of the substance lower than that of a second solution
|
|
|
hypoperfusion
|
inadequate perfusion of the body tissues, resulting in an inadequate supply of oxygen and nutrients to the body's tissues. Also called shock
|
|
|
hypothalamus
|
portion of the diencephalon producing neurosecretions important in the control of certain metabolic activities, including body temperature regulation
|
|
|
hypotonic
|
having a lesser concentration of solute molecules; one solution may be hypotonic to another
|
|
|
hypoventilation
|
reduction in breathing rate and depth
|
|
|
hypoxemia
|
decreased blood oxygen level
|
|
|
hypoxic drive
|
mechanism that increases respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen falls and inhibits respiratory stimulation when blood oxygen climbs
|
|
|
inflammatory process
|
a nonspecific defense mechanism that wards off damage from microorganisms or trauma
|
|
|
inotropy
|
pertaining to cardiac contractile force
|
|
|
insertion
|
attachment of a muscle to a bone that moves when the muslce contracts
|
|
|
intercalated discs
|
specialized bands of tissue inserted between myocardial cells that increase the rate in which the action potential is spread from cell to cell
|
|
|
interstitial fluid
|
the fluid in body tissues that is outside the cells and outside the vascular system
|
|
|
intervertebral disk
|
carilaginous pad between vertebrae that serves as a shock absorber
|
|
|
intracellular fluid (ICF)
|
the fluid inside the body cells
|
|
|
intracranial prssue (ICP)
|
pressure exerted on the brain by the blood and cerebrospinal fluid
|
|
|
intravascular fluid
|
the fluid within the circulatory system; blood plasma
|
|
|
ion
|
a charged particle; an atom or group of atoms whose electrical charge has changed from neutral to positive or negative by losing or gaining one or more electrons.
|
|
|
iris
|
pigmented portion of the eye the muscular ara that constricts or dilates to change the size of the pupil
|
|
|
isotonic
|
equal in concentration of solute molecules; solutions may be isotonic to each other
|
|
|
joint
|
area where adjacent bones articulate
|
|
|
joint capsule
|
he ligaments that surround a joint; also called a synovial capsule
|
|
|
kidney
|
an organ that produces urine and performs other functions related to the urinary system
|
|
|
labia
|
structures that protect the vagina and urethra, including the labia majora and the labia minora
|
|
|
lacrimal fluid
|
liquid that lubricates the eye
|
|
|
laminae
|
posterior bones of a vertebra that help makeup the foramen, or opening, of the spinal canal
|
|
|
larynx
|
the complex structure that joins the pharynx with the trachea
|
|
|
leukocyte
|
white blood cell
|
|
|
leukopoieses
|
the process through which stem cells differentiate into the white blood cells' immature forms
|
|
|
ligaments
|
connective tissue that connects bone to bone and holds joints together
|
|
|
ligamentum arteriosum
|
cordlike remnant of a fetal vessel connecting the pulmonary artery to the aorta at the aortic isthmus
|
|
|
lymphatic system
|
a network of vessels that drains fluid, called lymph, from the body tissues. Lymph nodes help filter impurities en route to the sublvian vein and thence to the heart
|
|
|
major basic protein (MBP)
|
a larvacidal peptide
|
|
|
mandible
|
the jawbone
|
|
|
maxilla
|
bone of the upper jaw
|
|
|
medulla
|
the inner tissue of an organ such as the kidney
|
|
|
medulla oblongata
|
lower portion of the brainstem containing the respiratory, cardiac, and vasomotor centers
|
|
|
medullary canal
|
cavity within a bone that contains the marrow
|
|
|
menarche
|
the onset of menses, usually occurring between ages 10 and 14
|
|
|
meninges
|
three membranes that surround and protect the brain and spinal cord: dura mater, pia mater, and arachnoid membrane
|
|
|
menopause
|
the cessation of menses and ovarian function resulting from decrased secretion of estrogen
|
|
|
menstruation
|
sloughing of the uterine lining (endometrium) if a fertilized egg is not implanted. It is controlled by the cyclical release of hormones; commonly called a period
|
|
|
mesentery
|
double fold of peritoneum that supports the major portion of the small bowel, suspending it from the postrior abdominal wall
|
|
|
metabolism
|
the sum of cellular processes that produce the energy and molecules needed for growth and repair; the total changes that take place during physiological processes
|
|
|
metaphysis
|
growth zone of a bone, active during the development stages of youth, located between the epiphysis and the diaphysis
|
|
|
midbrain
|
portion of the brain connecting the pons and cerebellum with the cerbral hemispheres
|
|
|
minute volume
|
amount of gas inhaled and exhaled in 1 minute
|
|
|
mons pubis
|
fatty layer of tissue over the pubic symphysis
|
|
|
mucous membranes
|
tissues lining body cavities that communicate with the air; usually contain mucus-secreting cells
|
|
|
mucus
|
slippery seccretion that lubricates and protects airway surfaces
|
|
|
muscle tissue
|
tissue that is capable of contraction when stimulated. Three types: cardiac, smooth, skeletal (striated)
|
|
|
myometrium
|
the thick middle layer of the uterine wall made up of smooth muscle fibers
|
|
|
myotome
|
muscle and tissue of the body innervated by a spinal nerve root
|
|
|
nares
|
the openings of the nostrils
|
|
|
nasal septum
|
cartilage that separates the right and left nasal cavities
|
|
|
nasolacrimal duct
|
narrow tube that carries into the nasal cavity tears and debris that have drained from the eye
|
|
|
negative feedback loop
|
body mechanisms that work to reverse, or compensate for, a pathophysiological process (or to reverse any physiological process, whether pathoogical or nonpathological)
|
|
|
nephron
|
a microsopic structure within the kidney that procues urine
|
|
|
nerve tissue
|
tissue that transmits electrical impulses throughout the body
|
|
|
net filtration
|
the total loss of water from blood plasma across the capillary membrane into the interstitial space. Normally, hydrostatic pressure forcing water out of the capillary is balanced by an oncotic force pulling water into the capillary for a net filtration of zero
|
|
|
neuron
|
nerve cell
|
|
|
neurotransmitter
|
chemical messenger that conducts a nervous impulse across a synapse; a substance that is released from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron on excitation and that travels across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Examples include acetylcholine norepinephrine, and dopamine
|
|
|
neutropenia
|
a low neutrophil count
|
|
|
nucleus
|
the organelle within a cell that contains the DNA, or genetic material; in the cells of higher organisms, the nucleus is surrounded by a membrane
|
|
|
oncotic force
|
a from of osmotic pressure exerted by the large protein particles, or colloids, present in blood plasma. In the capillaries, the plasma colloids tend to pull water from the interstitial space across the capillary membrane into the capillary. Also called colloid osmotic pressure
|
|
|
opposition
|
pairing of muscles that permits extension and flexion of limbs
|
|
|
orbit
|
the eye socket
|
|
|
organ system
|
a group of organs that function together. Examples: the cardiovascular system, formed of the heart, blood vessels, and blood; the gastrointestinal system, comprising the mouth, salivay glands, esophagus, stomach, intestines, liver, pancreas, gallbladder, rectum and anus
|
|
|
organelles
|
structures that perform specific functions within a cell
|
|
|
organism
|
the sum of all the cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems of a living being. Examples: the human organism, a bacterial organism
|
|
|
origin
|
attachement of a muscle to a bone that does not move ( or experiences the least movement) when the muscle contracts
|
|
|
osmolality
|
the concentration of solute per kilogram of water
|
|
|
osmolarity
|
the concentration of solute per liter of water (often used synonymously with osmolality)
|
|
|
osmosis
|
movement of solvent in a lolution from an ara of lower solute concentation fo an area of higher solute concentration
|
|
|
osmotic diuresis
|
greatly increased urination and dehydration that rsults when high levels of glucose cannot be reabsorbed into the blood from the kidney tubules and the osmotic pressure of the glucose in the tubules also prevents water reabsorption
|
|
|
osmotic gradient
|
the difference in concentration between solutions of opposite sides of a semipermeable membrane
|
|
|
osmotic pressure
|
the pressure exerted by the concentration of solutes on one side of a membrane that, if hypertonic, tends to "pull" water (cause osmosis) from the other side of the membrane
|
|
|
osteoblast
|
cell that helps in the creation of new bone during growth and bone repair
|
|
|
osteoclast
|
bone cell that absorbs and rmoves excess bone
|
|
|
osteocyte
|
bone-forming cell found in the bone matrix that helps maintain the bone
|
|
|
ovaries
|
the primary female sex glands that secrete estrogen and progesterone andproduce eggs for reproduction
|
|
|
overhydration
|
the presence of retention of an abnormally high amount of body fluid
|
|
|
ovulation
|
the release of an egg from the ovary
|
|
|
PA
|
alveoloar partial pressure
|
|
|
Pa
|
arterial partial pressure
|
|
|
papilla
|
the tip of a pyramid; it juts into the hollow space of the kidney
|
|
|
parasympathetic nervous system
|
division of the autonomic nervous system that is responsible for controlling vegetative functions. Include: decreased heart rate, bronchoconstriction, constricted pupils. Mediated by the neurotransmitter acetylcholine
|
|
|
parenchyma
|
principle or essential parts of an organ
|
|
|
partial pressure
|
the pressure exerted by each component of a gas mixture
|
|
|
PCO2
|
partial pressue of carbon dioxide
|
|
|
pedicles
|
thick, bony struts that connet the vertebral bodies with the spinous and transverse processes and help make up the opening for the spinal canal
|
|
|
pelvic space
|
division of the abdominal cavity containing those organs located within the pelvis
|
|
|
penis
|
male organ of copulation
|
|
|
perforating canals
|
structures through which blood vessels enter and exit the bone shaft
|
|
|
perfusion
|
the supplying of oxygen and nutrients to the body tissues as a result of the constant passage of blood through the capillaries
|
|
|
perimetrium
|
the serosal peritoneal membrane which forms the outermost layer of the uterine wall
|
|
|
perineum
|
muscular tissue that separats the vagina and the anus
|
|
|
periosteum
|
the tough exterior covering of a bone
|
|
|
peripheral nervous system
|
part of the nervous system that extends throughout the body and is composed of the cranial nerves arising from the brain and he perpheral nerves arising from the spinal cord. Its subdivisions are the somatic and the automomic nervous systems.
|
|
|
peripheral vascular resistance
|
the resistance of the vessels to the flow of lood; increased when the vessels constrict, decreased when the vessels relax
|
|
|
peristalsis
|
wavelike muscular motion of the esophagus and bowel that moves food through the digestive system
|
|
|
peritoneal space
|
division of abdominal cavity containing those organs or portions or organs covered by the peritoneum
|
|
|
peritoneum
|
fine fibrous tissue surrounding the interior of most of the abdominal cavity and coverng most of the small bowel and some of the abdominal organs
|
|
|
pH
|
abbreviation for potential of hydrogen. A measure of relative acidity of alkalinity. Since the pH scale is inverse to the concentration of acidic hydrogen ions, the lower the pH the greater the acidity and the higher the pH the greater the alkalinity. A normal pH range is 7.35-7.45
|
|
|
phagocytosis
|
process in which a cell surrounds and absorbs a bacterium or other particle
|
|
|
pharynx
|
a muscular tube that extends vertically from the back of the soft palate to the supeior aspect of the esophagus
|
|
|
physiology
|
the functions of an organism; the physical and chemicla processes of a living thing
|
|
|
pia mater
|
inner and most delicate layer of the meninges. It covers the convolutions of the brain and spinal cord
|
|
|
pinna
|
outer, visible portion of the ear
|
|
|
plasma
|
the liquid part of the blood
|
|
|
pleura
|
membranous connective tissue covering the lungs
|
|
|
pluripotent stem cell
|
a cell from which the various types of blood cells can form
|
|
|
pneumothorax
|
a collection of air in the pleural space, causing a loss of the negative pressure that binds the lungs to the chest wall. Open - air enters pleural space through an injury to the chest wall. Closed - air enters the pleural space through an opening in the pleura that covers the lung. Tension - air in the pleural space cannot escape, causing a buildup of pressure and collapse of the lung
|
|
|
PO2
|
partial pressure of oxygen
|
|
|
Poiseuille's law
|
a law of physiology stating that blood flow through a vessel is directly proportional to the radius of the vessel to the fourth power
|
|
|
pons
|
process of tissure responsible for the communication interchage between the cerebellum, the cerebrum, the midbrain, and the spinal cord
|
|
|
posterior medial sulcus
|
shallow longitudinal groove along the dorsal surface of the spinal cord
|
|
|
postganglionic nerves
|
nerve fibers that extend from the autonomic ganglia to the target tissues
|
|
|
preganglionic nerves
|
nerve fibers that extend from the central nervous system to the autonomic ganglia
|
|
|
preload
|
the pressure within the ventricles at the end of diastole, also called end-diastole volume
|
|
|
premenstrual syndrome (PMS)
|
a variety of signs and symptoms, such as weight gain, irriability, or specific food cravings, associated with the changing hormonal levels that precede menstruation
|
|
|
prostate gland
|
gland that surrounds the male urinary bladder neck and is a major source of the fluid that combines with sperm to form semem
|
|
|
proximal tubule
|
the part of the renal tubule beyond Bowman's capsule
|
|
|
pulmonary embolism
|
blood clot in one of the pulmonary arteries
|
|
|
pulmonary hilum
|
central medial region of the lung where the bronchi and pulmonary vasculature enter the lung
|
|
|
pupil
|
dark opening in the center of the iris through which light enters the eye
|
|
|
pyramids
|
the visible tissue structures within the medulla of the kidney
|
|
|
reabsorption
|
the movement of a substance from a nephron tubule back into the blood
|
|
|
red bone marrow
|
tissue within the internal cavity of a bone responsible for manfacture of erythrocytes and other blood cells
|
|
|
renal pelvis
|
the hollow space of the kidney that juctions with a ureter
|
|
|
renin
|
an enzyme produced by kidney cells that plays a key role in controlling arterial blood pressure
|
|
|
repolarization
|
return of a cell to its reexcitation resting state
|
|
|
respiration
|
exchange of gases between a living orgainsm ad its environment; exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide in the lungs and at the cellular level
|
|
|
repiratory rate
|
the number of times a person breathes in 1 minute
|
|
|
resting potential
|
the normal electrical state of cardiac cells
|
|
|
reticular activation system (RAS)
|
a series of nervous tissues keeping the human system ina a state of consciousness
|
|
|
retina
|
light- and color-sensing tissue lining the posterior chamber of the eye
|
|
|
retroperitneal space
|
division of the abdominal cavity containing those organs that lie posterior to the peritoneal lining
|
|
|
rotation
|
a turning along the axis of a bone or joint
|
|
|
sclera
|
the white of the eye
|
|
|
sebaceous glands
|
glands within the dermis that secrete sebum
|
|
|
sebum
|
fatty secretion of the sebaceous gland tht helps keep the skin pliable and waterproof
|
|
|
secretion
|
the movement of a substance from the blood into a nephron tubule
|
|
|
Sellick maneuvr
|
pressure applied in a posterior direction to the anterior cricoid cartilage to occlude the esophagus
|
|
|
semicircular canals
|
the three rings of the inner ear that sense the motion of the head and provide positional sense for the body
|
|
|
semipermeable
|
able to allow some, but not all, substances to pass through. Cell membranes are semipermeable
|
|
|
sequestration
|
the trapping of red blood cells by an organ such as the spleen
|
|
|
sesamoid bone
|
bone that forms in a tendon
|
|
|
simple difusion
|
the random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration
|
|
|
sinus
|
air cavity that conducts fluids from the eustachian tubes and tear ducts to and from the nasopharynx
|
|
|
solvent
|
a substance that dissolves other substances, forming a solution
|
|
|
somatic nervous system
|
part of the nervous system controlling voluntary bodily functions
|
|
|
spinal canal
|
opening in the vertebrae that accommodates the spinal cord
|
|
|
spinal cord
|
central nervous system pathway responsible for transmitting sensory input from the ody to the brain and for conducting motor impulses from the brain to the body muscles and organs
|
|
|
spinal nerves
|
31 pairs of nerves that originate along the spinal cord from anterior and posterior nerve roots
|
|
|
spinous process
|
proinence at the posterior part of a vertebra
|
|
|
Starling's law of the heart
|
law of physiology stating that the more the myocardium is stretched, up to a certain limit, the more forceful the subsequent contraction will be
|
|
|
stroke volume
|
the amount of blood ejected by the heart in one cardiac contraction
|
|
|
subcutaneous tissue
|
skin layer beneath the dermis; the layer of loose connective tissue between skin and muscle
|
|
|
sudoriferous glands
|
glands within the dermis that secrete sweat
|
|
|
sutures
|
pseudojoints that join the various bones of the skull to form the cranium
|
|
|
sympathetic nervous system
|
division of the autonomic nervous system that prepares the body for stressful situations. Sympathetic nervous system actions include increased heart rate and dilation of the bronchioles and pupils. Its actions are mediated by the neurotransmitters epinephrine norepinephrine.
|
|
|
synarthrosis
|
joint that does not permit movement
|
|
|
syncytium
|
group of cardiac muscle cells that physiologically function as a unit
|
|
|
synovial fluid
|
substance that lubicates synovial joints
|
|
|
synovial joint
|
joint that permits the greatest degree of independent motion
|
|
|
systole
|
the period of the cardiac cycle when the myocardium is contracting
|
|
|
testes
|
male reproductive organs that produce hormones responsible for sexual maturation and sperm
|
|
|
thalamus
|
switching station between the pons and the cerebrum in the brain
|
|
|
thrombocyte
|
blood platelet
|
|
|
thrombosis
|
clot formation, which is extremely dangerous when it occurs in coronary arteries or cerebral vasculature
|
|
|
tidal volume
|
average volume of gas inhaled or exhaled in one respiratory cycle
|
|
|
tissue
|
a group of cells that perform a similar function
|
|
|
tone
|
state of slight contraction of muscles that gives them firmness and keeps them ready to contract
|
|
|
total body water (TBW)
|
the total amount of water in the body at a given time
|
|
|
total lung capacity
|
maximum capacity for air in the lungs
|
|
|
trachea
|
tube that connets the larynx to the mainstem bronchi
|
|
|
transverse process
|
bony outgrowth of the vertebral pedicle that serves as a site for muscle attachment and articulation with the ribs
|
|
|
turgor
|
normal tension in a cell; the resistance of the skin to deformation
|
|
|
ureter
|
a duct that carries urine from the kidney to the urinary bladder
|
|
|
urinary bladder
|
the muscular organ that stores urine before its elimination from the body
|
|
|
uterus
|
hollow organ in the center of the female abdomen that provides the site for fetal development
|
|
|
vagina
|
canal that connects the external female genitalia to the uterus
|
|
|
vallecula
|
depression between the epiglottis and the base of the tongue
|
|
|
vas deferens
|
duct that carries sperm cells to the urethra for ejaculation
|
|
|
ventilation
|
the mechanical process that moves air into and out of the lungs
|
|
|
vertebrae
|
the 33 bones making up the vertebral column, singular: vertebra
|
|
|
vertebral body
|
short column of bone that forms the weight-bearing portion of a vertebra
|
|
|
vitreous humor
|
clear watery fluid filling the posterior chamber of the eye. It is responsible for giving the eye its spherical shape
|
|
|
white matter
|
material that surrounds gray matter in the spinal cord; made up largely of axons
|
|
|
xiphisternal joint
|
union between xiphoid process and body of the sternum
|
|
|
yellow bone marrow
|
tissue that stores fat in semiliquid form within the internal cavities of a bone
|
|
|
zygoma
|
the cheekbone
|
