A&p Vocabulary

Front 1

Define sagittal plane

Back 1

divides the body into r and l portions

Front 2

Define phospholipid bilayer

Back 2

contains protein and carbohydrate complexes (glydoproteins), and cholesterol

Front 3

Define Organelles

Back 3

membrane bound structure inside cytoplasm. Which include mitochondira, Rough ER, smoothe ER, ribosomes, Golgi complex, lysomes, and peroxisomes.

Front 4

Define mitochondria

Back 4

rod shaped structures that contain enzymes that chemically break down food

Front 5

Define ATP

Back 5

(adenosine triphosphate) the major source of energy in the cell

Front 6

Define Rough endoplasmic reticulum

Back 6

appears as a group of membrane layers, contains ribosomes and is involved in protein systhesis

Front 7

Define Golgi complex

Back 7

appears as a group of membrane layer, and is involved in modifying and sorting proteins that are to be secreted or released by the cell

Front 8

Define Lysosomes

Back 8

are organelles that digest or breakdown foreign particles

Front 9

Define flagellum

Back 9

is a single, long projection from the surface of the cell (human sperm have a flagellum)

Front 10

Define cilia

Back 10

are many small-hair like projection from the surface of a cell (are seen in human respiratory tract)

Front 11

Define body tissue

Back 11

Epithelial, connective, muscle and nervous

Front 12

Define Simple Squamous Epithelia

Back 12

Lines the air sacs of the lung and permit the easy exchange of oxygen and other gases across it.

Front 13

Define Simple Cubodial Epithelia

Back 13

Lines the kidney and smaller ducts of many glands

Front 14

Define Simple Colimnar Epithelia

Back 14

line part of the GI tract

Front 15

Define Dermis

Back 15

inner thicker layer of skin CT

Front 16

Define Stratum Corneum

Back 16

outer layer of the epidermis and consists of a layer of dead cells with keratin, a waterproof substance

Front 17

Define papillary layer

Back 17

upper layer of the dermis, which is thick like in the palms and soles

Front 18

Define Dermal papilla

Back 18

increased papillary layer by finger like projections

Front 19

Define Meissner's Corpuscles

Back 19

is found in dermal papilla and is sensitive to touch

Front 20

Define Reticular layer

Back 20

inner layer of dermis and contains pacinian corpuscles

Front 21

Define pacinian corpuscles

Back 21

contains nerve endings sensitive to pressure

Front 22

Define intracellular fluid (ICF)

Back 22

fluid with the cells

Front 23

Define diffusion

Back 23

A random movement of molecules that results in net movement of the molecule from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 24

Define Facillitated diffusion

Back 24

A carrier-mediated transport that moves molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

Front 25

Define Osmosis

Back 25

is diffusion of water

Front 26

Define Active transport

Back 26

is carrier-mediated transport that moves molecules across an area of low concentration to an area of high concentration

Front 27

Define flitration (passive transport)

Back 27

is the passive movement of molecules across the cell membrane from an area of high pressure to and area of low pressure

Front 28

Define Nuclear membrane (aka nuclear envelope)

Back 28

Double membrane structure consisting of two layers of phospholipids similar to the plasma membrane.

Front 29

Define Glial cells

Back 29

located within the CNS and include astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, and microglia, and ependymal cells. Purpose of glia cells is support

Front 30

Define astrocytes

Back 30

Provide framework for neurons and support their metabolism

Front 31

Define Oligodendrocytes

Back 31

Makes the myelin for axons in CNS

Front 32

Define Schwann cells

Back 32

Major glial cell in the PNS, myelinates neurons in the PNS.

Front 33

Define Synapse

Back 33

specialized junction between two neurons

Front 34

Define insulation of axon

Back 34

the myelin sheath is an insulation formed by the schwann cells around axons. The myelin sheath interrupts the continuous conduction of a nerve impulse along the axon

Front 35

Define gap junction

Back 35

narrow tunnels between cells that consisits of proteins call connexons. These junctions allow communication between cells through the exchange of materials or the transmission of electrical impulses

Front 36

Define Ribosomes

Back 36

Subunit of organelles, constructed by nucleic acid

Front 37

Define cerebellum

Back 37

Coordinates movement and maintains balance of the body. Included in the forebrain

Front 38

Define hypothalamus

Back 38

Regulates such functions as temperatur, thirst, food intake, sexual behavior, pleasure, and emotions and produces and releases hormones

Front 39

Define Pituitary

Back 39

Considered part of the hypothalamus and produces hormones as well

Front 40

Define iris

Back 40

Smooth and pigmented eye muscle that controls the size of the pupil. The iris also determines eye color

Front 41

Define photoreceptors

Back 41

Rods & cones respond to light stimuli

Front 42

Define Organ of Corti

Back 42

Sound fluid moves in the cochlea of the inner ear and deforms hair cells inside the organ of corti located in the cochlea

Front 43

Define Acteylcholine

Back 43

Neurotransmitter released at a nueromuscular junction

Front 44

Define Growth hormone (GH)

Back 44

is responsible for growth, and thyroid-stimulating hormone affects the release of the thyroid hormones

Front 45

Define Adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)

Back 45

affects the release of steroids (sex hormones and aldosterone) from the adrenal cortex

Front 46

Define triiododthyronine (T3)

Back 46

a thyroid hormone, produced by the follicular cells of the thyroid

Front 47

Define Calcitonin

Back 47

Produced bye the thyroid gland plays a major role in decreasing the blood calcium concentration when it becomes elevated.

Front 48

Define thyroid stimulating hormones (TSH)

Back 48

Affects the release of thyroid homones

Front 49

Define Aldosterone

Back 49

hormone functioning in kidney regulation. Secreted by the cortex of the adrenal gland. Without aldosterone potassium would be reabsorbed

Front 50

Define Renin-angiotension mechanism

Back 50

Stimulates aldosterone to act on the tubules to elevate ion reabsorption

Front 51

Define Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

Back 51

secreted by the parathyroid gland, major regulator of blood calcium levels. Controls blood calcium by controlling calcium uptake or loss of bone

Front 52

Define Adrenal cortex

Back 52

Outer region of the adrenal glands and secrets mineralcocorticoids, glucocorticoids, and androgens

Front 53

Define Mineralcorticoids
(AKA Aldosterone

Back 53

promoted reabsorption by the kidney

Front 54

Define Glucocorticoids (AKA Cortisol)

Back 54

is a permissive hormone that effects increasing the blood level of glucose and suppressing inflammation caused by the immune system. Stress stimulates the release.

Front 55

Define Adrenal Medulla

Back 55

Inner region of the adrenal gland and secretes the catecholamines epinephrine and norepinephrine

Front 56

Define Estrogen

Back 56

Maintains the structure of the female reproductive tract, promotes egg maturation, and is responsible for the female secondary characteristics

Front 57

Define Testosterone

Back 57

produced bye the male testes, maintains the male reproductive tract, promotes sperm production, and is responsible for the male secondary characteristics

Front 58

Define Penis

Back 58

Male reproductive structure

Front 59

Define Semen
AKA Alkaline (pH 7.5-8.0)

Back 59

Milky contains fructose (primary energy source for sperm) and prostaglandins (promotes contraction of smooth muscle in male and female repro tracts.)

Front 60

Define clitoris

Back 60

Small mass of erectile tissue and nerves anterior to the labia minora. Site of sexual stimulation in females.

Front 61

Define Oxytocin

Back 61

promotes uterine contractions directly and indirectly by promoting the release of prostaglandins.

Front 62

Define Meiosis

Back 62

A reduction division, producing daughter cells that contain half the genetic information of the parent cells.

Front 63

Define Diabetes Insupidus

Back 63

characterized by production of a large amount of dilute urine, results from hyposecretion of ADH

Front 64

Define ADH (Antiduiretic hormone)

Back 64

Increase water absorption

Front 65

Define Addison's disease

Back 65

Results from hyposecretion of the hormones of the adrenal cortex.

Front 66

Define Cushing's Syndrome

Back 66

occurs when there is hypersecretion of the cortisol from the adrenal cortex

Front 67

Define Tendons

Back 67

Elevations allow attachment of tendons. Depressions provide a passageway for tendons

Front 68

Define Axial skelton

Back 68

Includes the skull, hyoid, vertbral column, sternum, and ribs

Front 69

Define Appendicular skeleton

Back 69

includes the bones of the shoulder or pectoral girdle, arms, wrists, hands, hipbones, upper legs, lower legs, ankles and feet

Front 70

Define synovial joint (AKA Diarthortic)

Back 70

is fully movable and conatains a space between the bones with articulatory cartilage. Classified as gliding, hinge, pivot, saddle, and ball and socket

Front 71

Define Tetanus

Back 71

Maximal muscle contractiion

Front 72

Define Isometric Contraction

Back 72

When a muscle develops force or tension at a constant muscle length. (ex. holding and object above head)

Front 73

Define Isotonic Contraction

Back 73

When a muscle tension remains constat as the length of the muscle shortens during contraction. (ex. lifting an object)

Front 74

Define Frontal Bone (AKA Forehead)

Back 74

1 bone inside cranium-protects brain as well as other organs, also provides attachment for muscles.

Front 75

Define Sphenoid Bone

Back 75

Temple area, 1 bone in cranium, protects brain as well as other organs, also provides attachment for muscles

Front 76

Define Leukocytes (AKA White blood cells)

Back 76

does not contain hemoglobin and they do play a majpr rp;e om tje body's immune response by ingesting foreign cells and dead matter.

Front 77

Define Phagocytosis

Back 77

The process of leukocytes

Front 78

Define Mitral Valve
(AV valve/Atrioventricular vavle)

Back 78

keeps blood flowing from the left atria into the left ventricle.

Front 79

Define Tricuspid Valve (Right AV valve

Back 79

keeps blood flowing from the right atria into the right ventricle

Front 80

Define pulmonary valve

Back 80

keeps blood flowing from the right ventricle into the pulmonary artery

Front 81

Define Aortic valve

Back 81

keeps blood flowing from the left ventricle into the aorta

Front 82

Define P wave

Back 82

corresponds to artrial depolarization. During this wave muscles of the atria are contracting

Front 83

Define QRS complex

Back 83

responds to ventricular depolarization and atria repolarization (recovery)

Front 84

Define T wave

Back 84

corresponds to ventricular repolarization

Front 85

Define T-P interval

Back 85

corresponds to the time when the heart is relaxing and filling with blood, known as diastole.

Front 86

Define Arteries

Back 86

Pressure reservoir responsible for the flow of blood when the heart is in diastole.

Front 87

Define veins

Back 87

have low pressure and resistance but can vasoconstrict because of smooth muscle in their walls

Front 88

Define Pharnyx

Back 88

during inspiration, air enters through the throat (pharynx). Food prevented from returning to the pharynx by the pharygoesophagel sphincter.

Front 89

Define eccrine gland (sudoriferous glands)

Back 89

occurs under most skin surfaces and secretes a watery solution through pores (openings aat the skins surface), which serve to cool the skin as it evaporates.

Front 90

Define Apocrine glands (sudoriferous-sweat glands)

Back 90

occurs under skins surfaces in the armpits and pubic regions (beginning at puberty), secretes a solution in response to stress or sexual excitement. The solutions is secreted into hair follicles.

Front 91

Define Transitional Cells

Back 91

ranges from flat to tall cells that can extend of compress in response to body movement

Front 92

Define Dermal Papillae

Back 92

finger-like projections

Front 93

Define popliteal

Back 93

dorsal side of patella

Front 94

Define Acid Base balance

Back 94

located in the body, associated with regulation of the hydrogen ion concentration in body fluids.

Front 95

Define Chemical buffers

Back 95

Solution containing two or more chemical compounds, which prevent substantial changes on the pH when either an acid or base enters the system

Front 96

Define Trochanter

Back 96

Two large protusions, leg and buttocks muscles attach to this

Front 97

Define Diaphysis

Back 97

Shaft of long bones

Front 98

Define Aerobic respiration

Back 98

Pyruvic acid (from glycolysis) is converted to lactic acid, no ATP or Oxygen is required. This process regenerates certain coenzymes necessary for glycolysis to continue. It is also indirectly responsible for production of two ATP's (during glycolysis)

Front 99

Define EPSP Meissner's Corpuscle

Back 99

Touch receptors receptors with encapsulated nerve endings located in the dermal paillae (near the surface) of the skin that detect surface pressure.

Front 100

Define Pacinian callosum

Back 100

encapsulated nerve receptors that detect deep pressure and are located in the subcutaneous layer below the skin.

Front 101

Define Chroid plexus

Back 101

absorbs light, contains blood vessels for eye structure

Front 102

Define Corpus callosum

Back 102

bridge of nerve fibers that connects two large hemispheres of the brain

Front 103

Define respiratory acidosis

Back 103

decrease in blood pH below 7.35 due to an elevation of blood carbonic acid or carbon dioxide levels

Front 104

Define respiratory alkalosis

Back 104

increase in blood pH above 7.45 due to a decrease in blood carbonic acid or carbon dioxide levels.

Front 105

Define metabolic acidosis

Back 105

decrease in blood pH below 7.35 due to and decrease in blood bicarbonate levels.

Front 106

Define metabolic alkalosis

Back 106

increases in blood pH above 7.45 due to an increase in blood bicarbonate levels.

Front 107

Define human chronic gonadotropin

Back 107

stimulates the release of luteinizing hormones

Front 108

Define vagus nerve

Back 108

plays a major role in the autonomic nervous system, which innervates smooth and cardiac muscle.

Front 109

Define wernicke's area

Back 109

an area that interprets the meaning of speech by recognizing spoken works into thoughts

Front 110

Define IPSP (inibitory postsynaptic potential)

Back 110

a hyperpolarizing postsynaptic potential is inhibitory then it is termed IPSP.

Front 111

Define Fenestrated capillaries

Back 111

plasma membranes of their endothelial cells have many frenestrations (windows). Found in kidneys, villi of the small intestine, choriod plexuses of the ventricles in the brain, cicliary processes fo the eyes, and endocrine glands.

Front 112

Define Blastocyst formation

Back 112

(has to do with reproduction and stages of fetal development) cell develped into a hollow ball of cells that enters the uterine cavity

Front 113

Define Catbolism

Back 113

the breaking down of complex molecules to release energy, part of metabolism related to respiration and not contributing to growth.

Front 114

Define Anabolism

Back 114

biochemical process involved in the formation of body tissue and the storage of energy; part of the metabolism that leads to growth

Front 115

Define enterogastric reflex

Back 115

slows down stomach emptying

Front 116

Define kupffer cells

Back 116

phagocytic cells which line the liver sinusoids

Front 117

Define hepatocytes

Back 117

most common cells in liver

Front 118

Define residual volume

Back 118

amount of air remaining in lungs after the most forceful expiration

Front 119

Define Cholecystokinin

Back 119

Digestive hormone release with secretion when food from the stomach reaches the first part of the small intestine

Front 120

Define Prolactin (PRL)

Back 120

is a single-chain protein hormone closely related to growth hormone. it is secreted by so called lactorophs in the anterior pituitary. Stimulates the production of mild

Front 121

Define Cholinergic

Back 121

a type of nerve fiber that releases acetycholine from the axon terminal when impulses are transmitted across synapses; contrast to adrenergic

Front 122

Define pH scale

Back 122

pH balance in the body, normal pH is 7.35-7.45. Maintained by the lungs (as a by product of exhalation), and the kidneys.

Front 123

Define Larynx

Back 123

During inspiration air enters through the voice box (larynx). Covered by glottis and epiglottis to prevent food from entering.

Front 124

Define Aveolus

Back 124

Terminal branch of the lung and the basic functional unit of the respiratory system

Front 125

Define surfactant

Back 125

phospholipid that reduces the tendency of the alveoli to recoil and collapse.

Front 126

Define Pons

Back 126

in the brain and cause contraction of the diaphragm and external intercostal muscles via the phrenic and intercostal nerves.

Front 127

Define Vital capacity

Back 127

is the sum of tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, and expiratory reserve volume.

Front 128

Define Alveoli

Back 128

The only site for gas exchange in the lungs

Front 129

Define Medullary respiratory center

Back 129

place that detects changes in ventilation

Front 130

Define B-lymphocytes

Back 130

Makes antibodies to specific antigens

Front 131

Define T-lymphocytes

Back 131

functions in cell-mediated immunity

Front 132

Define scar tissue

Back 132

develops if the tissue replacement involves collage deposition from connective tissue cells known as fibroblasts.

Front 133

Define Gastrin

Back 133

stimulates acid secretion by the stomach and the motility of the entire GI tract.

Front 134

Define gylcolysis

Back 134

is the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate and lqactate.

Front 135

Define gylcogenolysis

Back 135

is the breakdown of glycogen to glucose.

Front 136

Define gluconeogenesis

Back 136

is the synthesis of glucose as well as an example of an anbolism

Front 137

Define ureter

Back 137

there are 2 ureters

Front 138

Define urinary bladder

Back 138

there is one urinary bladder

Front 139

Define micturation

Back 139

involuntary urine

Front 140

Define antidiuretic hormone (ADH)

Back 140

increase water reabsorption by the collecting duct of the kidney

Front 141

Define osmotic pressure

Back 141

occurs when water moves into the body by osmosis, hydrostatic pressure (AKA Ostomic pressure) may build up inside the body.

Front 142

Define Protein sythesis

Back 142

the process that describes how enzymes and other proteins are made from DNA.

Front 143

Define Give the steps in protein sythesis

Back 143

There are 3 steps in this process:
1. Transcription: DNA molecules are used as a template to create RNA
2. RNA processing: Modifies the RNA molecule with deletions and additions
3. Translation: the processed RNA molecules are used to assemble amino acids into polypeptide

Front 144

Define selective permeability

Back 144

the cell membrane that has control over what can cross it, so that only certain molecules can enter or exit the cell.

Front 145

Define Partial Pressure O2

Back 145

When you breathe in, the partial pressure of oxygen that is exerted within the alveoli (tiny air sacs) thus presses the oxygen into the circulatory system, and can be measure in the arterial system. (this one is PaO2)