A&p Vocab Ch. 4

Front 1

1. Epithelial Tissue

Back 1

Covers the body surfaces and lines hallow organs, body cavities, and ducts. It also forms glands.

Front 2

2. Connective Tissue

Back 2

Protects and supports the body and its organs. Binds organs together, store energy reserves as fat, and help provide immunity to disease-causing organisms.

Front 3

3. Muscular Tissue

Back 3

Generates the physical force needed to make body structures move and generates body heat.

Front 4

4. Nervous Tissue

Back 4

Detects changes in a variety of conditions inside and outside the body and responds by generating action potentials that activate muscular contractions and glandular secretions.

Front 5

5. Primary Germ Layers

Back 5

The first tissues formed in the human embryo; One of the three layers of embryonic tissue called ectoderm, medoderm, and endoderm, the give rise to all tissues and organs of the body.

Front 6

6. Ectoderm

Back 6

Nervous tissue and epithelial tissue develops from this.

Front 7

7. Endoderm

Back 7

Epithelial tissue develops from this.

Front 8

8. Mesoderm

Back 8

Connective tissue, most muscle tissue, and epithelial tissue derive from this.

Front 9

9. Cell Junctions

Back 9

Contact points between the plasma membranes of tissue cells

Front 10

10. Tight junctions

Back 10

Consists of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins that fuse the outer surfaces of adjacent plasma membrane together to seal off passageways between adjacent cells.

Front 11

11. Adherens Junctions

Back 11

Contains plaque, a dense layer of proteins on the inside of plasma membrane that attaches both to membrane proteins and to microfilaments of the cytoskeleton.

Front 12

12. Desmosomes

Back 12

Holds epithelial cells together, resists sepration during tension; Contains plaque

Front 13

13. Cadherins

Back 13

Transmembrane glycproteins that join the cells.

Front 14

14. Hemidesmosomes

Back 14

Resemble desmosomes but they do not link adjacent calls.

Front 15

15. Integrins

Back 15

The transmembrane glycoproteins in hemidesmosomes.

Front 16

16. Laminin

Back 16

The integrins attach to this protein, which is present in the basement membrane.

Front 17

17. Gap Junctions

Back 17

Space between plasma membranes of 2 cells.

Front 18

18. Connexins

Back 18

Membrane protein that form connexons.

Front 19

19. Connexons

Back 19

Tiny fluid-filled tunnels that connect neighboring cells.

Front 20

20. Apical (free) Surface

Back 20

In an epithelial cell this faces the body surface, a body cavity, the lumen of on organ. or a tubular duct that receives cell secretions.

Front 21

21. Lateral Surfaces

Back 21

In epithelial cells, these face the adjacent cells on either side.

Front 22

22. Basal Surface

Back 22

In epithelial cells, this is opposite the apical surface, and the deepest layer of cells adhere to extracellular materials.

Front 23

23. Basement Membrane

Back 23

A thin extracellular layer that commonly consists of two layers, the basal lamina and reticular lamina.

Front 24

24. Basal Lamina

Back 24

Closer to- and secreted by- epithelial cells.

Front 25

25. Reticular Lamina

Back 25

Closer to the underlying connective tissue and contains proteins such as collagen produced by connective tissue cells called fibroblasts.

Front 26

26. Avascular

Back 26

"Without Vessel" lacks blood supply

Front 27

27. Covering and Lining Epithelium

Back 27

Forms the outer covering of the skin and some internal organs. It also forms the inner lining of blood vessels, ducts, and body cavities, and the interior of the respiratory, digestive, urinary, and reproductive system.

Front 28

28. Glandular Epithelium

Back 28

Makes up the secreting portion of glands such as the thyroid gland, adrenal glands, and sweat glands.

Front 29

29. Simple Epithelium

Back 29

A single layer of cells that functions on diffusion, osmosis, filtration, secretion, or absorption.

Front 30

30. Secretion

Back 30

The production and release of substances such as mucus, sweat, or enzymes.

Front 31

31. Absorption

Back 31

The intake of fluids or other substances such as digested food from the intestinal tract.

Front 32

32. Pseudostratified Epithelium

Back 32

Appears to have multiple layers of cells because the cell nuclei lie at different levels and not all cells reach the apical surface.

Front 33

33. Stratified Epithelium

Back 33

Consists of two or more layers of cells that protect underlying tissue in locations where there is considerable wear and tear.

Front 34

34. Squamous Cells

Back 34

Arranged like floor tiles and are thin, which allows for the rapid passage of substances.

Front 35

35. Cuboidal Cells

Back 35

As tall as they are wide and are shaped like cubes or hexagons. They may have microvilli at their apical surface and function in either secretion or absorption.

Front 36

36. Columnar Cells

Back 36

Much taller than they are wide, like columns, and protect underlying tissue. Their apical surfaces may have cilia or microvilli, and they often are specialized for secretion and absorption.

Front 37

37. Transitional Cells

Back 37

Change shape, from flat to cuboidal and back, as organs such as the urinary bladder stretch to a larger size and the collapse to a smaller size.

Front 38

38. Simple Squamous Epithelium

Back 38

Single layer of flat cells; centrally located nucleus.

Front 39

39. Endothelium

Back 39

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels.

Front 40

40. Mesothelium

Back 40

SSE that forms the epithelial layer of serous membranes such as the pericardium, pleura, or peritoneum.

Front 41

41. Simple Cuboidal Epithelium

Back 41

Single layer of cube-shaped cells; centrally located nucleus.

Front 42

42. Simple Columnar epithelium

Back 42

Appears like columns with an oval nuclei near the base.

Front 43

43. Nonciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

Back 43

Contains 2 types of cells- columnar epithelial cells with microvilli at their apical surface, and goblet cells.

Front 44

44. Microvilli

Back 44

Fingerlike cytoplasmic projections, increase the surface area of the plasma membrane.

Front 45

45. Goblet Cells

Back 45

Modified columnar epithelial cells that secrete mucus, a slightly sticky fluid, at their apical surfaces.

Front 46

46. Ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium

Back 46

Contains columnar epithelial cells with cilia at the apical surface.

Front 47

47. Pseudostratified Nonciliated Columnar Epithelium

Back 47

Contains cells without cilia and lacks goblet cells and functions in absorption and protection.

Front 48

48. Pseudostratified Ciliated Columnar Epithelium

Back 48

The cells that extend to the surface either secrete mucus or bear cilia.

Front 49

49. Nonkeratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 49

Is found in the lining of the mouth and esophagus, does not contain keratin in that apical layer and several layers deep to it and remains moist.

Front 50

50. Keratinized Stratified Squamous Epithelium

Back 50

The apical layer and several layers deep to it are partially dehydrated and contain a layer of keratin, a tough, fibrous protein that helps protect the skin and underlying tissues from heat, microbes, and chemicals.

Front 51

51. Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

Back 51

This is a fairly rare type of epithelium in which cells in the apical layer are cuboidal. mainly serves a protective function, but it also has a limited role in secretion and absorption.

Front 52

52. Stratified Columnar Epithelium

Back 52

Uncommon. Usually the basal layers consist of shortened, irregular shaped cells; only the apical layer has cells that are columnar in shape. Functions in protection and absorption.

Front 53

53. Transitional Epithelium

Back 53

Present only in the urinary system and has a variable appearance.

Front 54

54. Unicellular Glands

Back 54

Single-celled.

Front 55

55. Multicellular Glands

Back 55

Composed of many cells that form a distinctive microscopic srtucture or macroscopic organ.

Front 56

56. Simple Gland

Back 56

the duct of a gland does not branch.

Front 57

57. Compound Gland

Back 57

The duct of a gland branches.

Front 58

58. Exocrine Glands

Back 58

Secretory products released into ducts. Produce substances such as sweat, oil, earwax, saliva, or digestive enzymes.

Front 59

59. Merocrine Glands

Back 59

Secretions of this are synthesized on ribosomes attached to rough ER; processed, sorted, and packaged by the golgi complex; and released from the cell in secretory vesicles via exocytosis.

Front 60

60. Apocrine Glands

Back 60

Accumulate secretory product at the apical surface of the secreting cell.

Front 61

61. Holocrine Glands

Back 61

The cells of this accumulate a secretory product in their cytosol.

Front 62

62. Extracellular Matrix

Back 62

In connective tissue, the material located between its widely spaced cells.

Front 63

63. Fibroblasts

Back 63

Large, flat cells with branching processes. They are present in several connective tissues and usually are the most numerous.

Front 64

64. Adipocytes

Back 64

Connective tissue cells that store triglycerides (fats). found deep to the skin and around organs such as the heart and kidneys.

Front 65

65. Mast Cells

Back 65

Abundant alongside the blood vessels that supply connective tissue. Produce histamine, a chemical that dilates small blood vessels as part of the inflammatory response, the body's reaction to injury or infection. Also they can bind to, ingest, and kill bacteria.

Front 66

66. Macrophages

Back 66

Develop from monocytes, a type of white blood cell. Irregular shape with short branching projections and are capable of engulfing bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis.

Front 67

67. Plasma Cells

Back 67

Small cells that develop from a type of white blood cell called a B lymphocyte. Secrete antibodies.

Front 68

68. Ground Substance

Back 68

The component of a connective tissue between the cells and fibers.

Front 69

69. Glycosaminoglycans (GAGs)

Back 69

Hyaluronic acid, chondroitian sulfate, dermatan sulfate, and keratan sulfate.

Front 70

70. Proteoglycans

Back 70

Consists of a core protein and GAGs that project from the protein like the bristles of a bottle brush.

Front 71

71. Hyaluronic Acid

Back 71

A viscous, slippery substance that binds cells together, lubricates joints, and helps maintain the shape of the eyeball.

Front 72

72. Chondroitin Sulfate

Back 72

Provides support and adhesiveness in cartilage, bone, skin and blood vessels.

Front 73

73. Dermatan Sulfate

Back 73

The skin, tendons, blood vessels, and heart valves contain this.

Front 74

74. Keratan Sulfate

Back 74

Bone, cartilage, and the cornea of the eye contain this.

Front 75

75. Adhesion Proteins

Back 75

Are responsible for linking components of the ground substance to one another and to the surfaces of the cells.

Front 76

76. Fibronectin

Back 76

The main adhesion protein of connective tissue. Binds to both collagen fibers and ground substance, linking them together.

Front 77

77. Collagen Fibers

Back 77

Very strong and resist pulling forces, but they are not stiff, which allows tissue flexibility.

Front 78

78. Elastic Fibers

Back 78

Branch and join together to form a network with in a tissue.

Front 79

79. Reticular Fibers

Back 79

Consisting of collagen arranged in fine bundles with a coating of glycoprotein, provide support in the walls of blood vessels and form a network around the cells in some tissues, such as areolar connective tissue, adipose tissue, and smooth muscle tissue.

Front 80

80. Stroma

Back 80

The tissue that forms the ground substance, foundation, or framework of an organ, as opposed to its functional parts.

Front 81

81. Mesenchyme (mesenchymal)

Back 81

The tissue from which almost all other connective tissues eventually arise. Composed of irregularly shaped cells, a semifluid ground substance, and delicate reticular fibers.

Front 82

82. Loose Connective Tissue

Back 82

Loosely arranged between cells. The different types are areolar connective tissue, adipose connective tissue, and reticular connective tissue.

Front 83

83. Areolar Connective Tissue

Back 83

One of the most widely distributed connective tissues in the body. Contains several types of cells, including fibroblasts, macrophages, plasma cells, mast cells, and adipocytes.

Front 84

84. Adipose Connective Tissue

Back 84

Loose connective tissue in which the cells are specialized for storage of triglycerides.

Front 85

85. Reticular Connective Tissue

Back 85

Consists of fine interlacing reticular fibers and reticular cells. Forms the stroma of the liver, spleen, and lymph nodes and helps bind together smooth muscle cells.

Front 86

86. Dense Connective tissue

Back 86

Contains more numerous, thicker, and denser fibers but considerably fewer cells than loose connective tissue.

Front 87

87. Dense Regular Connective Tissue

Back 87

Bundles of collagen fibers are regularly arranged in parallel patterns that provide the tissue with great strength.

Front 88

88. Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

Back 88

Contains collagen fibers that are usually irregularly arranged.

Front 89

89. Elastic Connective Tissue.

Back 89

Quite strong and can recoil to its original shape after being stretched.

Front 90

90. Cartilage

Back 90

Consists of a dense network of collagen fibers or elastic fibers firmly embedded in chondroitin sulfate, a gel like component of the ground substance.

Front 91

91. Chondrocytes

Back 91

The cells of mature cartilage. Occur singly or in groups within spaces in the extracellular matrix.

Front 92

92. Lacunae

Back 92

Groups within spaces.

Front 93

93. Perichondrium

Back 93

A covering of dense irregular connective tissue that surrounds the surface of most cartilage.

Front 94

94. Hyaline Cartilage

Back 94

Contains a resilient gel as its ground substance and appears in the body as a blueish-white, shiny substance.

Front 95

95. Fibrocartilage

Back 95

Chondrocytes are scattered among clearly visible, think bundles of collagen fibers within the extracellular matrix of this. Lacks a perichondrium

Front 96

96. Elastic Cartilage

Back 96

The chondrocytes of this are located withinn a threadlike network of elestic fibers within the extracellular matris.

Front 97

97. Interstitial Growth

Back 97

There is growth from within the tissue. When cartilage grows by this. the cartilage increases rapidly in size due to the division of existing chondrocytes and the continuous deposition of increasing amounts of extracellular matrix by the chondrocytes.

Front 98

98. Appositional Growth

Back 98

There is a growth at the outer surface of the tissue. When cartilage grows by this, cells i the inner cellular layer of the perichondrium differentiate into chondroblasts.

Front 99

99. Osseous Tissue

Back 99

Consists of a matrix containing salts, collagenous fibers, and cells called osteocytes.

Front 100

100. Compact Bone

Back 100

Soild, dense bone.

Front 101

101. Osteon (Haversion System)

Back 101

The basic unit of structure in adult compact bone; consisting of a central canal with its concentrically arranged lamellae, lacunae, osteocytes, and canaliculi.

Front 102

102. Lamellae

Back 102

Concentric rings of extracellular matrix that consists of mineral salts which give bone its hardness and collagen fibers which give bone its strength.

Front 103

103. Osteocytes

Back 103

Mature bone cells.

Front 104

104. Canaliculi

Back 104

Networks of minute canals containing the processes of osteocytes.

Front 105

105. Spongy Bone

Back 105

Lacks osteons. Consists of trabeculae.

Front 106

106. Trabeculae

Back 106

Columns of bone. Contain lamallae. ostecytes, lacunae, and canaliculi.

Front 107

107. Blood Tissue

Back 107

connective tissue with a liquid extracellular matrix.

Front 108

108. Blood Plasma

Back 108

Liquid extracellular matrix. A pale yellow fluid that consists mostly of water with a wide vrity of dissolved substances- nutrients, wastes, enzymes, plasma proteins, hormones, respiratory gases, and ions.

Front 109

109. Red Blood Cells

Back 109

Transport oxygen to body cells and remove some carbon dioxide from them.

Front 110

110. White Blood Cells

Back 110

Involved in phagosytosis, immunity, and allergic reactions.

Front 111

111. Platelets

Back 111

Participate in blood clotting

Front 112

112. Lymph

Back 112

The extracellular fluid that flows in lymphatic vessels.

Front 113

113. Membranes

Back 113

Flat sheets of pliable tissue that cover or line a part of the body.

Front 114

114. Epithelial Membranes

Back 114

The combination of an epithelial layer and an underlying connective tissue layer.

Front 115

115. Synovial Membranes

Back 115

Lines joints and contains connective tissue but no epithelium.

Front 116

116. Synoviocytes

Back 116

Synovial membranes are composed of a discontinuous layer of cell.

Front 117

117. Synovial Fluid

Back 117

Lubricates and nourishes the cartilage covering the bones at movable joints and contains macrophages that remove microbes and debris from the joint cavity.

Front 118

118. Mucous Membranes

Back 118

Lines a body cavity that opens directly to the exterior.

Front 119

119. Lamina Propria

Back 119

The connective tissue layer of a mucous membrane is areolar connective tissue.

Front 120

120. Serous Membranes

Back 120

Lines a body cavity that does not open directly to the exterior and it covers the organs that lie within the cavity.

Front 121

121. Parietal Layer

Back 121

The layer attached to and lining the cavity wall.

Front 122

122. Visceral Layer

Back 122

The layer that cavers and adheres to the organs within the cavity.

Front 123

123. Serous Fluid

Back 123

The mesothelium of a serous membrane secretes this. A watery lubricant that allows organs to glide easily over one another or to slide against to walls of cavities.

Front 124

124. Muscular Tissue

Back 124

Consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers or myocytes that can use ATP to generate force. Produces body movements, maintains posture, and generates heat. It also provides protection.

Front 125

125. Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Back 125

It is usually attached to the bones of the skeleton.

Front 126

126. Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Back 126

Forms most of the wall of the heart.

Front 127

127. Smooth Muscle Tissue

Back 127

Located in the walls of hollow internal structures such as blood vessels, airways to the lungs, the stomach, intestines, gallbladder, and urinary bladder.

Front 128

128. Neurons

Back 128

Nerve cells. Sensitive to various stimuli.

Front 129

129. Neuroglia

Back 129

Do not generate or conduct nerve impulses, these cells do have many important supportive functions.

Front 130

130. Cell Body

Back 130

Contains the nucleus and other organelles.