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114 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
What are some other reasons people came to American besides religious persecution?
Denied rights,prosperity, political, economic expansion, & reproduction of Old World civilization.
What helped colonies to be weaned off British rule?
British political inefficiency
Who chose governor (appointed official) for colonies?
Chosen by king for royal colonies; chosen by proprietors for MD,DE, and PA
What were the duties of the governor?
To execute local laws, appoint minor officials, summoned & dismissed colonial assemblies, & proposed legislation to them
Who elected colonial Lower Houses and what were the duties of the house?
chosen by voters; had general legislative powers,including control of the purse
Who elected colonial Upper Houses and what were the duties of the house?
appointed by king; except in MA - by General Court; primarily advisers to governors; some were judges
Which House had more power in theory?
In theory, Upper House. In practice, Lower House dominated in almost every single colony b/c of financial control & public backing
How was life for official representatives of the Crown, who lived in the colonies?
Hard, b/c he had to defend the king's views among strong-willed colonists of different opinions. Served to whim of London. Often bound by rigid & impractical royal instructions
What did the king's Privy Council do?
Formulated colonial policy; made decisions case-by-case. Did NOT proclaim principles to which colonies must conform
True or False: Parliament created special legislation for the colonies when colonies started to rise up?
False. Legislation that applied to G.B. applied to America as well.
How did British authorities seek to gain a stronger hold in colonial affairs?
Tried to create a more efficient system by revoking the original,broadly-worded charters whenever possible.
What was the focus of the Crown during late 17th century?
To convert proprietary & corporate colonies to royal colonies
Who created the Dominion of New England and what was its purpose?
1680s, James II, brought NY,NJ, and New England under the Dominion of New England to increase the Crown's influence.
How many more attempts were made to unify colonies after the collapse of the Dominion of New England?
No significant efforts . Colonists were too opposed to idea.
Who took over the functions of the Lords of Trade?
A new Board of Trade in 1696
What did the Board of Trades do?
Nominated colonial governors & other high officials; reviewed all laws passed by colonial legislatures. Also concerned with commerce
Who was one of the agents that represented colonial views to the Board of Trade in London?
Benjamin Franklin. Though agents were unable to exert much influence on British policy
How did European opinion view colonies?
As a source of raw materials; such as gold & silver
What country found most valuable resources?
Spain. Maintained mines in Mexico & South America. Other countries tried to obtain assets by guile & warfare.
What is mercantilism?
To concentrate on producing for export & to limit import of goods and services
What were the Navigation Acts?
1.) Reserved colonial trade to English ships & required captain and 3/4 crew to be English
2.)Certain staple products could not be shipped,carried,conveyed, or transported outside of the empire
3.)Required colonial-bound goods to be unloaded; then loaded upon English ships
What were the purposes of the Navigation Acts?
1.) Bring money into Royal Treasury
2.) Develop imperial merchant fleet
3.) Channel flow of colonial raw materials into England
4.) Keep foreign goods & vessels out of colonial ports
What were some prohibitive economic acts in the early & middle 18th century?
Wool Act of 1699, Hat Act of 1732, and the Iron Act of 1750
What were the effects of mercantilism?
1.) Reflected imperial economy
2.) Unfavorable balance of trade with England left colonies with shortage of "hard" money
3.) Colonial products with no market in England moved freely to foreign ports
4.) Most colonial manufacturing untouched by English law
5.) Shipbuilding sales boosted
Who started policy of "salutary neglect", and what was it?
Prime Minister Sir Robert Walpole. Looked the other way when Americans violated the Navigation Acts
What was the Great Awakening?
Increase of religious fervor
Who was the quintessential figure of the Great Awakening?
Reverend George Whitefield
What are itinerants?
preachers with no permanent pupils/congregation
What is authoritarianism?
Feeling guilty over preoccupation with materialistic goods
Who was John Edwards?
Grandson of Solomon Stoddard. Preached famous "hell fire" sermons.
What was the Colonial Enlightenment Era?
Rise of belief that human reasoning powers & direct observations could provide key to knowledge, instead of God's revelations. Could have voice in one's eternal destiny.
What was the Age of Reason about?
Quest for knowledge & understanding of the universe.
What is deism?
to revere God for marvels, rather than His control over humankind.
What were Junto & the American Philosophical Society?
Junto - found by Benjamin Franklin as a club to discuss morals, politics, & natural philosophy. APS was a larger scale version
What powerful Indian tribe did the British side with?
The Five Nations; Iroquois federation
What governor "started" the French and Indian War?
Governor Robert Dinwiddie of VA
What happened on Washington's 2nd encounter with the French?
He hastily built Fort Necessity; planned to capture Fort Duquesne. French surrounded & forced him to sign admission he killed French recon leader
What general was placed in charge of the French and Indian War at first?
Edward Braddock
Who did King Charles II place in charge of war effort?
William Pitt
What was "Pitt's Gamble"
William Pitt sent many British troops, supplies, and dollars to fund F & I war, with European enemies so close by.
What were the terms of the Treaty of Paris?
1.) French had to abandon North America except 2 islands near Newfoundland
2.) G.B. took Canada & eastern half of MS Valley
3.) Spain got back Philippine Islands & Cuba; gave up Florida to G.B.
How did British troops from the F & I War describe American militia?
Independent, uncooperative, disorganized, lazy, & inexperienced
What was the Crown's Post-French & Indian War policy on the West?
Only licensed traders could cross west of the Appalachian divide. Too expensive to settle & protect new lands.
What was the term of the Stamp Act? Who did this act most affect?
Placed a stiff tax on all printed materials. Greatly affected newspaper editors,merchants, lawyers, tavern keepers, etc
What was the Sons of Liberty?
Led by ben of character & position opposed to British acts; often accomplished purposes with violence
What acts showed colonists' view of the Stamp Act?
1.) In Boston, a mob destroyed the stamp master's, Thomas Hutchinson, house.

2..) CT stamp master Jared Ingersoll forced to resign

3.) Colonists destroyed & looted Major Thomas Jame's house in NY

4.) Colonists destroyed some stamp houses & began to accept unstamped documents
What was the colonies' plea about the Stamp Act?
"No taxation without representation!"
What was the Declaratory Act
Stated Parliament could pass any law or tax it pleased.
How did the definition of a constitution defer between British and American people?
British - all laws, customs, institutions that had developed over time

American - written, clear document
What were the Townshend Duties?
Charles Townshend; introduced levies on glass, lead, paints, paper, & tea imported into the colonies.
What were the vice admiralty courts?
Naval courts that operated without juries to handle trade violations.
What happened at Boston Massacre?
March 5, 1770, idlers tossed snowballs (some with hidden rocks) at Redcoats guarding the Custom House. Crowd grew; out of fear soldiers fired; 5 Bostonians lay dead
What was the fate of the "Gaspee"?
Ship led by Lt. Dudingston; torched at night by colonists
What was the Boston Tea Party?
Sons of Liberty sect, described as Indians, boarded ship in Boston and dumped all tea in harbor; tea was property of the East India Trading Co.
What were the 4 Coercive Acts (Intolerable Acts)?
1.) Closed Boston port until tea was repaid.

2.) Allowed court cases to be transferred out of MA if necessary

3.)Revised MA charter, strengthened governor's power, weakened power of local town meetings, made council appointive, & changed jury selection methods

4.) Treated all colonists as criminals; Aimed at MA
Who was governor of MA who sent forces to seize weapon caches at Lexington & Concord?
Thomas Gage
Who were some key players in the Continental Congress?
John & Sam Adams, Patrick Henry, Richard Henry Lee, Thomas Jefferson, George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and John Hancock.
Who was commander-in-chief of American forces? British forces?
American- George Washington

British- William Howe
How did most colonists feel at first about split from G.B.?
They wished to remain with G.B. and keep English traditions
What pamphlet influenced colonial opinion for Revolution?
"Common Sense" - Thomas Paine
What 5 people were on committee to draft a declaration.
Thomas Jefferson
Ben Franklin
John Adams
Roger Sherman
Robert Livingston
Define Loyalists/Tories
Colonists who were still loyal to the Crown & Parliament
At the time, what was the estimate for: Patriots, Loyalists, those who remained neutral
1/3 each
What type of soldiers did Washington surprise at Trenton after he crossed the Delaware?
Hessians
6 Reasons America Won/British lost the Revolution:
1.) Home-court advantage/British logistic problems

2.)Americans had French support; naval

3.)Arrogant British leadership, hesitant generals, poor political & military leadership, growing British opposition to war; increased financial problems

4.)George Washington- incredible leader & able to motivate/rally troops

5.) British never utilized Loyalists

6.) Different styles of warfare: guerrilla vs. conventional
What were the Articles of Confederation?
1.) Set legislative branch; unicameral; Congress

2.)No executive leader

3.) Each of 13 states got 1 vote on bills

4.) 40-50 delegates
Who were the 3 American ambassadors in France?
Ben Franklin

John Jay

John Adams
Terms of Treaty of Paris
Prime Minister Lord Shelbourne acknowledged complete independence of U.S., gave trans-Appalachia, promised to abandon western forts & gave limited fishing rights off Canadian coast.

America - agreed to get VA planters to pay pre-war debts
How did Congress finance the American Revolution?
1.) Received 5.8 million in cash from states; & tons of supplies

2.)Sold bonds; received $7-8 mil

3.)Foreign loans; mostly France

4.)Congress printed $240 mil, states printed $200 mil ( Caused inflation)
Who was the superintendent of the Dept. of Finance?
Robert Morris
Where was most of power post-Revolution? State or Federal gov?
State
How did slavery change after Revolution?
North gradually abolished, South kept. but slowed import of slaves from abroad
5 Downfalls of the Articles of Confederation?
1.) National government weak

2.)Congress had no power to regulate interstate or international commerce.

3.) Congress had no power to tax

4.) Ways to raise money:
a. Print it
b. Borrow it
c. Send requisitions to states(fail)

5.) No executive or judicial branch
3 points of the Morris Plan?
A. National Bank of North America - regulate smaller banks, take deposits

B. Pay off war debt (national & state) to unify states

C. Tax - impost tax (import tariff)

*12/13 ratified, R.I. did not; FAIL
Causes & Events of Shay's Rebellion?
Causes:
1.) western MA farmers unable to pay mortgages
2.) eastern MA banks begin to foreclose farms

Events:
1.) Under Daniel Shay, militia organizes & closes court houses to prevent foreclosures
2.)Eventually (slowly) put down put national government
Conflict between Brits & Americans in trans-Appalachia post-Revolutionary times?
Brits refused to abandon forts as promised b/c of fur trade; claimed not to leave b/c America also violated treaty by impeding pre-war debt collectors
What problem did Americans have with the Spanish in LA?
Spanish-controlled Louisiana refused to let colonists pass on MS River through New Orleans part to trade their goods to eastern parts
2 points of Madison's Plan?
1.) 3 branches of government:
a.executive
b.legislative
c.judicial

2.) Central gov power to tax, regulate, & declare war
What was the Great Compromise proposed by Roger Sherman?
1.) Bicameral Congress
a. appointed Senate (2 per state)
b. elected House of Reps (by pop.)

2.) National census every 10 years

3.) Financial bills must originate from House of Reps; approved by Sentate
2 compromises about slavery?
1.) 3/5 rule for counting for House of Reps.

2.) Congress could not ban international slave trade until 1808
What is the Constitution filled with?
checks and balances
What was the Society of Cincinnati?
Group of army officers; led by G. Wash.; fraternal organization
What is the convention method/theory?
Idea that constitutions are a contract between the people & their leaders
2 gains for women b/c of Revolution side-effect?
1.) Easier for women to obtain divorce

2.) Easier for women to get a formal education
Most important social & economic changes post-Revolution involved what group?
The Tories
What did the Great Land Ordinances do?
1785 - set up western territories that were 6-mile square townships, 36 sections, 640 acres

1787 - established governments for west.
a. pop.< 5,000 - governor & 3 judges
b. pop.> 5,000 - appoint legislature
c.pop.> 60,000 - statehood
What is tutelage?
period when "mother country" guides & nourishes its growing offspring
2 National Heroes:
1.) Ben Franklin

2.) George Washington - "Father of the Country"; quintessence of an American
Noah Webster
Published "Webster's Dictionary" , "Reader" & "Speller"
What does "E pluribus unum" mean?
"From many,one" -national motto
Fondness of what 2 styles of architecture arose?
ancient Greek & Roman
Why did Spanish governor of LA, Esteban Miro, open the New Orleans portion of the MS river to Americans?
B/c he charged a modest tariff for passage
What region did a trade-relation spring up between?
Eastern hemisphere; for teas,spices, & silks
Unfavorable balance of trade with what nation aggravated America's economic situation?
Great Britain
What colony could debtors discharge their debts to a judge?
Rhode Island
How much of a MA farmer's income was paid towards taxes?; contributed to Shay's Rebellion
1/3
Federal system:
Independent state governments & a national government with limited powers to handle matters of common interests.
3 national gov. powers?
1.) Levy taxes

2.) Regulate interstate & foreign commerce

3.) Raise army/navy; summon state militia to suppress insurrections/enforce laws
3 powers taken away from states?
1.) Issue money

2.) Make treaties

3.) Tax imports/exports w/o Congress's permission
1780, how many people in U.S. pop. were slaves
1 out of 7; 14%
1st President of the U.S.?
George Washington
Explain presidential election process:
1.) State legislators chose "electors"

2.) Electors meet, in state, vote 2 people for President

3.)If there is a majority chosen in the "Electoral College"; House of Reps. chose from leading candidates w/ 1 vote per state
What is the Bill of Rights?
A list of amendments to the Constitution
3 terms of Jay's Treaty?
1.) British have to evacuate western forts

2.) British have to cease attacking American trade ships

3.) America promises not to impede British pre-war debt collectors
What 2 things did Washington set a tax on?
imposts (imports) & whiskey
What was the Whiskey Rebellion about?
Western planters refused to pay whiskey tax; Militia led by Alexander Hamilton puts down rebellion
Who did Washington appoint as the Secretary of State?
Thomas Jefferson; favored an agricultural-based economy
Who did Washington appoint as the Secretary of the Treasury?
Alexander Hamilton; favored a modern,commercial, manufacturing- based economy
3 points of the Hamilton Plan?
1.) Create Bank of the U.S.

2.) Pay legal/war debts of states to establish credibility. (Agrees to pay "already paid off" Southern debts to appease Jefferson)

3.) Pass laws to advance manufacturing (protective tariffs, subsidies, research money, & patents); Only get patent idea to pass
Washington's famous foreign policy proclamation?
Proclamation of Neutrality - desire to U.S. to remain neutral unless a threat to its direct security is made
What French figure was sent to America to convince Washington to help French war effort against Great Britain?
Citizen Genet
What were the 2 terms of Pinckney's Treaty
1.) Gives US right to use lower MS river

2.) TN & KY pledge loyalty to US
Name of anti-Washington party led by Thomas Jefferson?
The Democratic-Republican Party
Name of the pro-Washington party?
The Federalist Party