Ap Us History: Unit 3

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The Liberator

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The Liberator was an abolitionist newspaper founded by William Lloyd Garrison in 1831. Garrison published weekly issues of The Liberator from Boston continuously for 35 years, from January 1, 1831, to the final issue of January 1, 1866.

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Abolition

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Abolition is the act of formally repealing an existing legal practice, either by making it illegal, or simply no longer allowing it to exist in any form. (Slavery)

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Sojourner Truth

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Sojourner Truth (1797–November 26, 1883) was the self-given name, from 1843, of Isabella Baumfree, an American slave, abolitionist and women's rights activist. Truth was born into slavery in Swartekill, New York. Her best-known speech, Ain't I a Woman?, was delivered in 1851 at the Ohio Women's Rights Convention in Akron, Ohio.

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Frederick Douglass

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American abolitionist, women's suffragist, editor, orator, author, statesman and reformer

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The North Star

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The North Star was an abolitionist newspaper founded in 1847 by Frederick Douglass in Rochester, New York. Douglass, a former slave and a prominent antislavery speaker and writer, gained a circulation of over 4,000 readers in the United States, Europe, and the Caribbean. Taking as its motto "Right is of no Sex — Truth is of no Color — God is the Father of us all, and we are all brethren," the North Star served as a forum not only for abolitionist views, but it also supported the feminist movement and the emancipation of other oppressed groups.

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Harriet Tubman

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African-American abolitionist, humanitarian, and Union spy during the U.S. Civil War. After escaping from captivity, she made thirteen missions to rescue over seventy slaves using the network of antislavery activists and safe houses known as the Underground Railroad. She later helped John Brown recruit men for his raid on Harpers Ferry, and in the post-war era struggled for women's suffrage.

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Wilmot Proviso

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introduced on August 8, 1846, in the United States House of Representatives as a rider on a $2 million appropriations bill intended for the final negotiations to resolve the Mexican-American War. The intent of the proviso, submitted by Democratic Congressman David Wilmot, was to prevent the introduction of slavery in any territory acquired from Mexico.

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Popular sovereignty

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the ability for territories to vote if they wanted slavery in their lands

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Free soil

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Its main purpose was opposing the expansion of slavery into the western territories, arguing that free men on free soil comprised a morally and economically superior system to slavery. The Free Soilers were against the expansion of slavery, but did not call for the abolition of slavery in states where it already existed; their goal was to gain the land to the west, and keep the land free of both blacks and slaves.

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California

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territory won in the Mexican-American war.

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Compromise of 1850

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Five laws which balanced the interests of the slave states of the South and the free states to the north. California was admitted as a free state; Texas received financial compensation for relinquishing claim to lands west of the Rio Grande in what is now New Mexico; the Territory of New Mexico (including present-day Arizona and a portion of southern Nevada) was organized without any specific prohibition of slavery; the slave trade (but not slavery itself) was terminated in the District of Columbia; and the stringent Fugitive Slave Law was passed, requiring all U.S. citizens to assist in the return of runaway slaves regardless of the legality of slavery in the specific states.

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Henry Clay

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He was a dominant figure in both the First Party System to 1824, and the Second Party System after that. Known as "The Great Compromiser" and "The Great Pacifier" for his ability to bring others to agreement, he was the founder and leader of the Whig Party and a leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, especially tariffs to protect industry, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote canals, ports and railroads.

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Millard Fillmore

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the thirteenth President of the United States, serving from 1850 until 1853, and the last member of the Whig Party to hold that office.

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Stephen A. Douglas

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an American politician from the western state of Illinois, and was the Democratic Party nominee for President in 1860. He lost to the Republican Party's candidate, Abraham Lincoln, whom he had defeated two years earlier in a Senate contest following a famed series of debates.

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Fugitive Slave Act

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This was one of the most controversial acts of the 1850 compromise and heightened Northern fears of a 'slave power conspiracy'. It declared that all runaway slaves be brought back to their masters.

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Uncle Tom's Cabin

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anti-slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe. Published in 1852, the novel had a profound effect on attitudes toward African Americans and slavery in the United States, so much in the latter case that the novel intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War.

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Election of 1852

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Pierce vs Winfield Scott, Pierce wins.

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Franklin Pierce

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American politician and the fourteenth President of the United States, serving from 1853 to 1857. To date, he is the only president from New Hampshire. Pierce was a Democrat and a "doughface" (a Northerner with Southern sympathies) who served in the U.S. House of Representatives and Senate.

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Cuba

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Cuba's proximity to the U.S. has been a powerful influence on its history. Throughout the 19th century, Southern politicians in the U.S. plotted the island's annexation as a means of strengthening the pro-slavery forces in the U.S., and there was usually a party in Cuba which supported such a policy. In 1848 a pro-annexation rebellion was defeated and there were several attempts by annexation forces to invade the island from Florida. There were also regular proposals in the U.S. to buy Cuba from Spain. During the summer of 1848 President James K. Polk quietly authorized his ambassador to Spain, Romulus Mitchell Saunders, to negotiate the purchase of Cuba and offer Spain up to $100 million. While an astonishing sum at the time for one territory, trade in sugar and molasses from Cuba exceeded $18,000,000 in 1838 alone.

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Kansas-Nebraska Crisis

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Ended up with the formation of Nebraska and Kansas and outraging northern thanks to the breaking of the Missouri Compromise.

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Republican Party

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The Republican Party is one of the two major contemporary political parties in the United States, along with the Democratic Party. It is often referred to as the Grand Old Party or the GOP. Founded Under the Oaks at Jackson, Michigan in 1854 by anti-slavery expansion activists and modernizers, the Republican Party quickly surpassed the Whigs as the opposition to the Democratic Party

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Bleeding Kansas

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sometimes referred to in history as Bloody Kansas or the Border War, was a series of violent events, involving Free-Staters (anti-slavery) and pro-slavery "Border Ruffian" elements, that took place in the Kansas Territory and the western frontier towns of the U.S. state of Missouri roughly between 1854 and 1858. These incidents were attempts to influence whether Kansas would enter the Union as a free or slave state.

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Senator Charles Sumner

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the senator beat on the floor of the House of Representatives by Preston Brooks.

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Sectionalism

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Sectionalism is loyalty to the interests of one's own region or section of the country, rather than the nation as a whole.

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Election of 1856

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James Buchanan defeats Fremont.

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James Buchanan

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fifteenth President of the United States (1857–1861) and the last to be born in the 18th Century.

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Dred Scott decision

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States do not have the right to claim an individual’s property that was fairly theirs in another state. Property cannot cease to exist as a result of changing jurisdiction. The majority decision held that Africans residing in America, whether free or slave, could not become United States citizens and the plaintiff therefore lacked the capacity to file a lawsuit. Furthermore, the parts of the Missouri Compromise creating free territories were unconstitutional because Congress had no authority to abolish slavery in federal territories.

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Lecompton Constitution

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This new constitution enshrined slavery in the proposed state and protected the rights of slaveholders. In addition, the constitution provided for a referendum that allowed voters the choice of allowing more slaves to enter the territory.

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Panic of 1857

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The Panic of 1857 was a sudden downturn in the economy of the United States that occurred in 1857. A general recession first emerged late in 1856, but the successive failure of banks and businesses that characterized the panic began in mid-1857. While the overall economic downturn was brief, the recovery was unequal, and the lasting impact was more political than economic. The panic began with a loss of confidence in an Ohio bank, but spread as railroads failed, and fears that the US Federal Government would be unable to pay obligations in specie mounted. More than 5,000 American businesses failed within a year, and unemployment was accompanied by protest meetings in urban areas.

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Abraham Lincoln

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the sixteenth President of the United States. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, only to be assassinated as the war was coming to an end.

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Lincoln-Douglas Debates

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The Lincoln-Douglas debates of 1858 were a series of seven debates between Abraham Lincoln, the Republican candidate, and the incumbent Stephen A. Douglas, a Democrat, for an Illinois seat in the United States Senate. At the time, U.S. Senators were elected by state legislatures; thus Lincoln and Douglas were campaigning for their respective parties to win control of the Illinois legislature. The debates previewed the issues that Lincoln would face in the 1860 Presidential campaign and are remembered partially for the eloquence of both sides. The main issue discussed in all seven debates was slavery.

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John Brown

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American abolitionist who advocated and practiced armed insurrection as a means to end all slavery. He led the Pottawatomie Massacre in 1856 in Bleeding Kansas and the unsuccessful raid at Harpers Ferry in 1859.

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Secession

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the act of withdrawing from an organization, union, or especially a political entity

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Election of 1860

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Lincoln wins, becomes first Republican President.

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Crittenden Compromise

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an unsuccessful proposal by Kentucky Senator John J. Crittenden to resolve the U.S. secession crisis of 1860–1861 by addressing the concerns that led the states in the Deep South of the United States to contemplate secession.

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Abraham Lincoln

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the sixteenth President of the United States. He successfully led the country through its greatest internal crisis, the American Civil War, saving the Union and ending slavery, only to be assassinated as the war was virtually over.

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Fort Sumter

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was the bombardment and surrender of Fort Sumter near Charleston, South Carolina that started the American Civil War.

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Confederacy

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southern states during the Civil War

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Union

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northern states during the Civil war

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Robert E. Lee

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was a career United States Army officer, an engineer, and among the most celebrated generals in American history. Served on the sides of the Confederates.

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Ulysses S. Grant

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was an American general and the eighteenth President of the United States (1869–1877). He achieved international fame as the leading Union general in the American Civil War.

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Bull Run (Manassas)

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also known as the First Battle of Manassas (the name used by Confederate forces and still often used in the South), was the first major land battle of the American Civil War, fought on July 21, 1861, near Manassas, Virginia. Unseasoned Union Army troops under Brig. Gen. Irvin McDowell advanced across Bull Run against the equally unseasoned Confederate Army under Brig. Gens. Joseph E. Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard, and despite the Union's early successes, they were routed and forced to retreat back to Washington, D.C.

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William C. Quantrill

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Confederate guerrilla leader during the American Civil War. After leading a Confederate bushwhacker gang along the Missouri-Kansas border in the early 1860s, which included the infamous raid and sacking of Lawrence, Kansas in 1863, Quantrill eventually ended up in Kentucky where he was killed in a Union ambush in 1865, aged 27.

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Shiloh

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a major battle in the Western Theater of the American Civil War, fought on April 6 and April 7, 1862, in southwestern Tennessee. Confederate forces under Generals Albert Sidney Johnston and P.G.T. Beauregard launched a surprise attack against the Union Army of Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and came very close to defeating his army.

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George B. McClellan

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was a major general during the American Civil War. He organized the famous Army of the Potomac and served briefly (November 1861 to March 1862) as the general-in-chief of the Union Army. Early in the war, McClellan played an important role in raising a well-trained and organized army for the Union. However, although McClellan was meticulous in his planning and preparations, these attributes may have hampered his ability to challenge aggressive opponents in a fast-moving battlefield environment. He chronically overestimated the strength of enemy units and was reluctant to apply principles of mass, frequently leaving large portions of his army unengaged at decisive points.

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Second Bull Run

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or, as it was called by the Confederacy, the Battle of Second Manassas, was fought between August 28 and August 30, 1862, as part of the American Civil War. It was the culmination of an offensive campaign waged by Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia against Union Maj. Gen. John Pope's Army of Virginia, and a battle of much larger scale and numbers than the First Battle of Bull Run (First Manassas) fought in 1861 on the same ground.

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Antietam

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fought on September 17, 1862, near Sharpsburg, Maryland, and Antietam Creek, as part of the Maryland Campaign, was the first major battle in the American Civil War to take place on Northern soil. It was the bloodiest single-day battle in American history, with about 23,000 casualties.

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Fredericksburg

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fought in and around Fredericksburg, Virginia, from December 11 to December 15, 1862, between General Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia and the Union Army of the Potomac, commanded by Maj. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, is remembered as one of the most one-sided battles of the American Civil War. The Union Army suffered terrible casualties in futile frontal assaults on December 13 against entrenched Confederate defenders on the heights behind the city, bringing to an early end their campaign against the Confederate capital of Richmond.

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Emancipation Proclamation

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consists of two executive orders issued by United States President Abraham Lincoln during the American Civil War. The first one, issued September 22, 1862, declared the freedom of all slaves in any state of the Confederate States of America that did not return to Union control by January 1, 1863. The second order, issued January 1, 1863, named the specific states where it applied.

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Thirteenth Amendment

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officially abolished and continues to prohibit slavery and, with limited exceptions, such as those convicted of a crime, prohibits involuntary servitude.

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Clara Barton

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was a pioneer American teacher, nurse, and humanitarian. She has been described as having a "strong and independent spirit" and is best remembered for organizing the American Red Cross.

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Jefferson Davis

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an American politician who served as President of the Confederate States of America for its entire history, 1861 to 1865, during the American Civil War.

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Chancellorsville

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was a major battle of the American Civil War, fought near the village of Spotsylvania Courthouse, Virginia, from April 30 to May 6, 1863. The battle pitted Union Army Maj. Gen. Joseph Hooker's Army of the Potomac against an army half its size, Gen. Robert E. Lee's Confederate Army of Northern Virginia. It is known as Lee's "perfect battle" because of his risky but successful division of his army in the presence of a much larger enemy force. Lee's audacity and Hooker's timid performance in combat combined to result in a significant Union defeat. The Confederate victory was tempered by the mortal wounding of Lt. Gen. Thomas J. "Stonewall" Jackson to friendly fire, a loss that Lee likened to "losing my right arm."

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Vicksburg

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the final major action in the Vicksburg Campaign of the American Civil War. In a series of maneuvers, Union Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant and his Army of the Tennessee crossed the Mississippi River and drove the Confederate army of Lt. Gen. John C. Pemberton into defensive lines surrounding the fortress city of Vicksburg, Mississippi. After two assaults (May 19 and May 22) against the Confederate fortifications were repulsed with heavy casualties, Grant besieged the city from May 25 to July 4, 1863, until it surrendered, yielding command of the Mississippi River to the Union. The Confederate surrender at Vicksburg is sometimes considered, when combined with Robert E. Lee's defeat at Gettysburg the previous day, the turning point of the war.

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Gettysburg

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fought in and around the town of Gettysburg, Pennsylvania, as part of the Gettysburg Campaign, was the battle with the largest number of casualties in the American Civil Warand is frequently cited as the war's turning point. Union Maj. Gen. George Gordon Meade's Army of the Potomac defeated attacks by Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia, ending Lee's invasion of the North.

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Chattanooga

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was fought November 23–25, 1863, in the American Civil War. By defeating the Confederate forces of Gen. Braxton Bragg, Union Army Maj. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant eliminated the last Confederate control of Tennessee and opened the door to an invasion of the Deep South, leading to the Atlanta Campaign of 1864.

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Army of the Potomac

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was the major Union Army in the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War.

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Cold Harbor

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the final battle of Union Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant's 1864 Overland Campaign during the American Civil War, is remembered as one of American history's bloodiest, most lopsided battles. Thousands of Union soldiers were slaughtered in a hopeless frontal assault against the fortified troops of Confederate Gen. Robert E. Lee.

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Sherman's March to the Sea

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Sherman's March to the Sea is the name commonly given to the Savannah Campaign conducted in late 1864 by Maj. Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman of the Union Army during the American Civil War. The campaign began with Sherman's troops leaving the captured city of Atlanta, Georgia, on November 15 and ended with the capture of the port of Savannah on December 22.

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Appomattox

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was the final engagement of Confederate General Robert E. Lee's Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army under Lt. Gen. Ulysses S. Grant near the end of the American Civil War.

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Morrill Tariff

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was a protective tariff law adopted on March 2, 1861. The act is named after its House sponsor, Rep. Justin Morrill of Vermont, who designed with the advice of Pennsylvania economist Henry C. Carey. It was signed into law by President James Buchanan, a Democrat from the pro-tariff state of Pennsylvania. The Morrill Tariff replaced the Tariff of 1857, which was considered favorable to free trade. Two additional tariffs sponsored by Rep. Morrill, each one higher, were passed during Lincoln's administration to raise urgently needed revenue during the Civil War.

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Freedman's Bureau

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was a U.S. federal government agency that aided distressed refugees of the American Civil War.

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Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction

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Lincoln's Proclamation of Amnesty and Reconstruction featured an oath to "faithfully support, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States, and the union of the States thereunder" as a condition for a Presidential pardon.

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Reconstruction

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refers to the period during and after the Civil War, between 1863 and 1877, when the U.S. focused on abolishing slavery, destroying all traces of the Confederacy, and "reconstructing" both the South and the Constitution. "Reconstruction" is also the common name for the general history of the post-Civil War era in the U.S. between 1865 and 1877.

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Radical Republicans

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a term applied to a loose faction of American politicians within the Republican party from about 1854 (before the American Civil War) until the end of Reconstruction in 1877. Their main demand was harsh policies toward slavery and the Confederacy during the war, and toward ex-Confederates after the war, as well as support for equal rights for Freedmen (the newly freed slaves). At all times they were vigorously opposed by the entire Democratic party, and also by numerous moderate Republicans.

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John Wilkes Booth

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an American stage actor who assassinated President Abraham Lincoln, at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C. on April 14, 1865. Lincoln died the next morning from a single gunshot wound to the back of the head, becoming the first American president to be assassinated.

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Andrew Johnson

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was the seventeenth President of the United States (1865–69), succeeding to the Presidency upon the assassination of Abraham Lincoln. He was one of only two U.S. Presidents to be impeached.

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Black Codes

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The Black Codes were laws passed on the state and local level mainly in the rural Southern states in the United States to limit the civil rights and civil liberties of African Americans. While many northern states also passed legislation discriminating against African Americans before the Civil War, the term Black Codes is most commonly associated with legislation passed by Southern states after the Civil War in an attempt to control the labor, movements and activities of African Americans. There were signs posted in towns to keep blacks from integrating with the whites.

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Civil Rights Act (1866)

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The Civil Rights Act of 1866 is a piece of United States legislation that gave further rights to the freed slaves after the end of the American Civil War.

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Fourteenth Amendment

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requires states to provide equal protection and due process of the laws, while also defining citizenship and addressing post-Civil War slave-based property disputes.

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Impeachment

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Impeachment is the first of two stages in a specific process for a legislative body to forcibly remove a government official. The second stage is conviction.

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Congressional Reconstruction

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the 14th Amendment to the Constitution and the Reconstruction Act. The 14th Amendment was passed in June 1866 and ratified in 1868. It was designed to protect the rights of Southern blacks and restrict the political power of former Confederates. It added into the Constitution the definition of U.S. citizenship that was enacted in the Civil Rights Bill; barred states from abridging “the privileges or immunities of citizens” or depriving “any person of life, liberty or property without due process of law”; encouraged Southern states to allow blacks to vote, without actually requiring it, by reducing the congressional representation of states that disfranchised male citizens; barred former officials who had rebelled against the Union from holding public office; and repudiated both Confederate war debts and claims of former slaveholders to compensation for the loss of their slaves.

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Military Reconstruction Act

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sought to rebuild the governments of the southern states using the governments of the northern states as examples. It was also implemented to ensure that the civil rights of the free blacks in the South by requiring the states in the South to include the rights of free blacks in their constitutions.

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Command of the Army Act

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required Johnson to issue all military orders through the General of the Army (at that time General Ulysses S. Grant) instead of dealing directly with military governors in the South

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Tenure of Office Act

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enacted over the veto of President Andrew Johnson, denied the President of the United States the power to remove from office anyone who had been appointed by the President by and with the advice and consent of the United States Senate unless the Senate also approved the removal.

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Sharecroppers

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a system of agriculture or agricultural production in which a landowner allows a tenant to use the land in return for a share of the crop produced on the land (e.g., 50 percent of the crop).

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Carpetbaggers

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the term southerners gave to northerners who moved to the South during the Reconstruction era, between 1865 and 1877.

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Scalawags

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moniker for southern whites who supported Reconstruction following the Civil War.