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167 Cards in this Set

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Republican government
government not led by a hereditary monarch, but in which the people (or at least a part of its people) have impact on its government.
Articles of Confederation
governing constitution of the alliance of thirteen independent and sovereign states. The Article's ratification (proposed in 1777) was completed in 1781, legally uniting the states by compact into the "United States of America" as a union with a confederation government. Under the Articles (and the succeeding Constitution) the states retained sovereignty over all governmental functions not specifically deputed to the central government.
Robert Morris
known as the Financier of the Revolution, because of his role in personally financing the American side in the Revolutionary War from 1781 to 1784.
Land Ordinance of 1785
Under the Article of Confederation, Congress did not have the power to raise revenue by direct taxation on habitants of the United States. Therefore, the immediate goal of the ordinance was to raise money through the sale of land in the largely unmapped territory west of the original colonies acquired from Britain at the end of the Revolutionary War.
Northwest Ordinance of 1787
Primary effect: Creation of the Northwest Territory as the first organized territory of the United States out of the region south of the Great Lakes, north and west of the Ohio River, and east of the Mississippi River.
Adam Smith
A Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economy. One of the key figures of the Scottish Enlightenment, Smith is the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments and An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations. The latter, usually abbreviated as The Wealth of Nations, is considered his magnum opus and the first modern work of economics. Adam Smith is widely cited as the father of modern economics.
Shay's Rebellion
Armed uprising in Central and Western Massachusetts from 1786 to 1787. The rebels, led by Daniel Shays and known as Shaysites (Regulators), were mostly poor farmers angered by crushing debt and taxes. Failure to repay such debts often resulted in imprisonment in debtor's prisons or the claiming of property by the state.
Constitutional Convention
a gathering for the purpose of writing a new constitution or revising an existing constitution.
Virginia Plan
A proposal by Virginia delegates, drafted by James Madison while he waited for a quorum to assemble at the Philadelphia Convention of 1787. The Virginia Plan was notable for its role in setting the overall agenda for debate in the convention and, in particular, for setting forth the idea of population-weighted representation in the proposed National Legislature.
New Jersey Plan
A proposal for the structure of the United States Government proposed by William Paterson at the Philadelphia Convention on June 15, 1787. The plan was created in response to the Virginia Plan's call for two houses of Congress, both elected with proportional representation. The less populous states were adamantly opposed to giving most of the control of the national government to the larger states, and so proposed an alternate plan that would have given one vote per state for equal representation under one legislative body (i.e., a Unicameral Legislature). This was a compromise for the issue of the houses.
Great (Connecticut) Compromise
agreement between large and small states reached during the Philadelphia Convention of 1787 that in part defined the legislative structure and representation that each state would have under the United States Constitution. It proposed a bicameral legislature, resulting in the current United States Senate and House of Representatives.
Separation of powers
a model for the governance of democratic states, having its origins in an ancient idea of mixed government.
Federalist Papers
a series of 85 articles advocating the ratification of the United States Constitution.
Federalists
party which wanted a fiscally sound and strong nationalistic government
Anti-Federalists
opposed central government
ratification
Article Seven sets forth the requirements for ratification of the Constitution. The Constitution would not take effect until at least nine states had ratified the Constitution in state conventions specially convened for that purpose, and it would only apply to those states which ratified it.
Alexander Hamilton
first United States Secretary of the Treasury, a Founding Father, economist, and political philosopher. He led calls for the Philadelphia Convention, was one of America's first Constitutional lawyers, and cowrote the Federalist Papers, a primary source for Constitutional interpretation.
John Jay
American politician, statesman, revolutionary, diplomat, a Supreme Court Chief Justice, and a Founding Father of the United States. Jay served in the Continental Congress and was elected President of that body. During and after the American Revolution, he was a minister (ambassador) to Spain and France, helping to fashion American foreign policy and to secure favorable peace terms from the British and French. He co-wrote the Federalist Papers with Alexander Hamilton and James Madison.
Bill of Rights
the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known. They were introduced by James Madison to the First United States Congress in 1789 as a series of constitutional amendments, and came into effect on December 15, 1791, when they had been ratified by three-fourths of the States. The Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government of the United States, protecting the rights of all citizens, residents and visitors on United States territory.
James Madison
the name by which the first ten amendments to the United States Constitution are known. They were introduced by James Madison to the First United States Congress in 1789 as a series of constitutional amendments, and came into effect on December 15, 1791, when they had been ratified by three-fourths of the States. The Bill of Rights limits the powers of the federal government of the United States, protecting the rights of all citizens, residents and visitors on United States territory.
National Bank
An ordinary private bank operating within a specific regulatory structure, which may or may not operate nationally. Synonymous with “central bank”.
Protective Tariffs
Intended to artificially inflate prices of imports and "protect" domestic industries from foreign competition.
Thomas Jefferson
Third President of the United States (1801–1809), the principal author of the Declaration of Independence (1776), and one of the most influential Founding Fathers for his promotion of the ideals of republicanism in the United States.
King Louis XVI
Ruled as King of France and Navarre from 1774 until 1791, and then as King of the French from 1791 to 1792. Suspended and arrested during the 10th of August 1792 Insurrection, he was tried by the National Convention, found guilty of treason, and executed on 21 January 1793. He was the only king of France to be executed.
Napoleon
French military and political leader who had a significant impact on the history of Europe. He was a general during the French Revolution, the ruler of France as First Consul of the French Republic and Emperor of the First French Empire.
Edmond Charles Genet
Also known as Citizen Genet, was a French ambassador to the United States during the French Revolution.
Jay's Treaty
Also known as the Treaty of London of 1794, between the United States and Great Britain averted war, solved many issues left over from the American Revolution, and opened ten years of largely peaceful trade in the midst of the French Revolutionary Wars. It was highly contested by Jeffersonians but passed Congress and became a central issue in the formation of the First Party System. The treaty was signed in November 1794, but was not proclaimed in effect until February 29, 1796.
Battle of Fallen Timbers
Final battle of the Northwest Indian War, a struggle between American Indians and the United States for control of the Northwest Territory (an area bounded on the south by the Ohio River, on the west by the Mississippi River, and on the northeast by the Great Lakes). The battle, which was a decisive victory for the United States, ended major hostilities in the region until "Tecumseh's War" and the Battle of Tippecanoe in 1811.
Treaty of Greenville
Signed at Fort Greenville (now Greenville, Ohio), on August 3, 1795, between a coalition of Native Americans and the United States following the Native American loss at the Battle of Fallen Timbers. It put an end to the Northwest Indian War. The United States was represented by General "Mad" Anthony Wayne, who defeated the Native Americans at Fallen Timbers. In exchange for goods to the value of $20,000 (such as blankets, utensils, and domestic animals), the Native Americans turned over to the United States large parts of modern-day Ohio, the future site of Chicago, and the Fort Detroit area.
Whiskey Rebellion
Less commonly known as the Whiskey Insurrection, was a popular uprising that had its beginnings in 1791 and culminated in an insurrection in 1794 in the locality of Washington, Pennsylvania, in the Monongahela Valley. The rebellion occurred shortly after the Articles of Confederation had been replaced by a stronger federal government under the American Constitution in 1789. In response to taxes on distilled spirits and carriages.
Pinckney's Treaty
Also known as the Treaty of San Lorenzo or the Treaty of Madrid, was signed in San Lorenzo de El Escorial on October 27, 1795 and established intentions of friendship between the United States and Spain. It also defined the boundaries of the United States with the Spanish colonies and guaranteed the United States navigation rights on the Mississippi River.
Land Act of 1796
Authorized Federal land sales to the public in minimum 640-acre plots at $2 per acre of credit
Daniel Boone
Most famous for his exploration and settlement of what is now the U.S. state of Kentucky, which was then beyond the western borders of the Thirteen Colonies.
Wilderness Road
Principal route used by settlers to reach Kentucky for more than fifty years. In 1775, Daniel Boone blazed a trail for the Transylvania Company from Fort Chiswell in Virginia through the Cumberland Gap into central Kentucky. It was later lengthened, following Native American trails, to reach the Falls of the Ohio at Louisville.
Burr Conspiracy
Suspected treasonous cabal of planters, politicians and army officers led by former U.S. Vice President Aaron Burr. According to the accusations against him, Burr’s goal was to create an independent nation in the center of North America and/or the Southwest and parts of Mexico.
Impressment
Seizure of British-born US citizens into the Royal Navy.
The Chesapeake Affair
British fourth-rate warship Leopard attacked and boarded the American frigate Chesapeake.
Embargo Act of 1807
Forbade all international trade both to and from the United States
Election of 1808
Democratic-Republican candidate James Madison defeated Federalist candidate Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Madison had served as United States Secretary of State under incumbent Thomas Jefferson, and Pinckney had been the unsuccessful Federalist candidate in the election of 1804.
War of 1812
Was fought in 1812-1815 between the United States of America and the British Empire. Immediate causes for the U.S. declaration of war were the impressment of British-born US citizens into the Royal Navy and a series of trade restrictions that the U.S. contested as illegal under international law, as well as alleged British military support for American Indians who were hostile to the United States.
Macon's Bill Number 2
Became law on May 1, 1810, was intended to motivate Britain and France to stop seizing American vessels during the Napoleonic Wars. This bill was a revision of the original bill by Representative Nathaniel Macon, known as Macon's Bill Number 1. The law lifted all embargoes with Britain or France. If either one of the two countries stopped attacks upon American shipping, the United States would cease trade with the other, unless that country agreed to recognize the rights of the neutral American ships as well.
Tecumseh
Native American leader of the Shawnee. He spent much of his life attempting to rally various Indian tribes in a mutual defence of their lands, which eventually led to his death in the War of 1812.
Battle of Tippecanoe
Fought in 1811 between United States forces led by Governor William Henry Harrison of the Indiana Territory and forces of Tecumseh's growing American Indian confederation. The battle took place outside Prophetstown, near present-day Battle Ground, Indiana, and was part of what is sometimes known as Tecumseh's War, which continued into the War of 1812.
General William Henry Harrison
Ninth President of the United States.
War Hawks
Term originally used to describe a member of the House of Representatives of the Twelfth Congress of the United States who advocated waging war against Great Britain in the War of 1812.
General Winfield Scott
United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. Known as "Old Fuss and Feathers" and the "Grand Old Man of the Army", he served on active duty as a general longer than any other man in American history and most historians rate him the ablest American commander of his time. Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy.
Fort McHenry
A star shaped fort best known for its role in the War of 1812 when it successfully defended Baltimore Harbor from an attack by the British navy in the Chesapeake Bay.
Andrew Jackson
Seventh President of the United States (1829–1837)
Battle of New Orleans
January 8, 1815; the final major battle of the War of 1812. American forces, with General Andrew Jackson in command, defeated an invading British Army intent on seizing New Orleans and America's vast western lands. The Treaty of Ghent had been signed on 24 December 1814, but news of the peace would not reach New Orleans until February.
Treaty of Ghent
Signed on December 24, 1814, in Ghent, currently in Belgium, was the peace treaty that ended the War of 1812 between the United States of America and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Hartford Convention
An event in 1814-1815 in the United States during the War of 1812 in which New England's opposition to the war reached the point where secession from the United States was discussed.
Bank of the United States
A bank chartered by the United States Congress on February 25, 1791. The charter was for 20 years. The Bank was created to handle the financial needs and requirements of the central government of the newly formed United States, which had previously been thirteen individual colonies with their own banks, currencies, and financial institutions and policies.
Washington's farewell address
Written to the people of the United States at the end of his second term as President of the United States. It appeared in many Americans' newspapers on September 19, 1796. Technically speaking, it was not an address, but an open letter to the public published in the form of a speech. Washington's fellow Americans gave it the title of "Farewell Address" to recognize it as the President's valedictory to public service for the new republic.
Election of 1796
The first contested American presidential election and the first one to elect a President and Vice-President from opposing tickets, exposing a downside to the original Electoral College system. It was also the first ever non-incumbent presidential election slated in the U.S.
John Adams
Was elected second President of the United States (1797–1801) after serving as America's first Vice President (1789–1797) for two terms
XYZ Affair
A diplomatic episode in 1798 that worsened relations between France and the United States and led to the undeclared Quasi-War of 1798. John Jay's Treaty of 1794 angered France, which was at war with Great Britain and interpreted the treaty as evidence of an Anglo-American alliance. U.S. President John Adams and his Federalist Party had also been critical of alleged tyranny and extreme radicalism of the French Revolution, further souring relations between France and the States
Talleyrand
A French diplomat. He worked successfully from the regime of Louis XVI, through the French Revolution and then under Napoleon I, Louis XVIII, Charles X, and Louis-Philippe.
Department of the Navy
The United States Department of the Navy was established by an Act of Congress on April 30, 1798, to provide administrative and technical support, and civilian leadership to the United States Navy and the United States Marine Corps (and when directed by the Congress or President, the United States Coast Guard).
Alien and Sedition Acts
Four bills passed in 1798 by the Federalists in the United States Congress—who were waging an undeclared naval war with France, later known as the Quasi-War—and signed into law by President John Adams. Proponents claimed the acts were designed to protect the United States from alien citizens of enemy powers and to stop seditious attacks from weakening the government. The Democratic-Republicans, like later historians, attacked them as being both unconstitutional and designed to stifle criticism of the administration, and as infringing on the right of the states to act in these areas. They became a major political issue in the elections of 1798 and 1800.
Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions
Political statements in favor of states' rights written secretly by Vice President Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in 1798. They were passed by the two states in opposition to the federal Alien and Sedition Acts.
Election of 1800
Sometimes referred to as the “Revolution of 1800,” Vice President Thomas Jefferson defeated President John Adams. The election was a realigning election that ushered in a generation of Democratic-Republican Party rule and the eventual demise of the Federalist Party.
Aaron Burr
American politician, Revolutionary War hero and adventurer. He served as the third Vice President of the United States under Thomas Jefferson (1801–1805).
John Marshall
American statesman and jurist who shaped American constitutional law and made the Supreme Court a center of power. Marshall was Chief Justice of the United States, serving from February 4, 1801, until his death in 1835. He served in the United States House of Representatives from March 4, 1799, to June 7, 1800, and, under President John Adams, was Secretary of State from June 6, 1800, to March 4, 1801. Marshall was from the Commonwealth of Virginia and a leader of the Federalist Party.
Republicans
Advocates of a republic styled government.
Federalists
Statesmen and public figures supporting ratification of the proposed Constitution of the United States between 1787 and 1789.
Marbury v. Madison
Formed the basis for the exercise of judicial review in the United States under Article III of the Constitution.
Judicial Review
The power of the courts to annul the acts of the executive and/or the legislative power where it finds them incompatible with a higher norm
Barbary pirates
Muslim pirates and privateers that operated from North Africa, from the time of the Crusades until the early 19th century. Based in North African ports such as Tunis in Tunisia, Tripoli in Libya, Algiers in Algeria, Salé and other ports in Morocco, they primarily commandeered western European ships in the western Mediterranean Sea.
Louisiana Purchase
The acquisition by the United States of America of 828,800 square miles of the French territory Louisiane in 1803. The cost was 60 million francs ($11,250,000) plus cancellation of debts worth 18 million francs ($3,750,000). Including interest, the U.S. finally paid $23,213,568 for the Louisiana territory.
Lewis and Clark
Led the Meriwether Lewis and William Clark Expedition (1803–1806), the first American overland expedition to the Pacific coast and back.
Election of 1804
Pitted incumbent Democratic-Republican President Thomas Jefferson against Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney. Jefferson easily defeated Pinckney in the first presidential election conducted following the ratification of the Twelfth Amendment to the United States Constitution.
John C. Calhoun
A leading United States Southern politician from South Carolina during the first half of the 19th century. He was the first Vice President to resign his office. Calhoun was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification. He was the first Vice President born as a U.S. Citizen.
Henry Clay
A nineteenth-century American statesman and orator who represented Kentucky in both the House of Representatives and Senate.
Daniel Webster
A leading American statesman during the nation's Antebellum Period. He first rose to regional prominence through his defense of New England shipping interests. His increasingly nationalistic views and the effectiveness with which he articulated them led Webster to become one of the most famous orators and influential Whig leaders of the Second Party System.
Tariff of 1816
A protective tariff, introduced in the United States in 1816, which was in force between 1816 and 1824 and formed the basis of the Compromise of 1833, ending the Nullification Crisis in which South Carolina had threatened secession from the United States
National Road
The National Road or Cumberland Road was one of the first major improved highways in the United States, built by the federal government.
James Monroe
The fifth President of the United States (1817–1825). His administration was marked by the acquisition of Florida (1819); the Missouri Compromise (1820), in which Missouri was declared a slave state; the admission of Maine in 1820 as a free state; and the profession of the Monroe Doctrine (1823), declaring U.S. opposition to European interference in the Americas, as well as breaking all ties with France remaining from the War of 1812.
Election of 1816
Came at the end of the two-term presidency of Democratic-Republican James Madison. With the opposition Federalist Party in collapse, Madison's Secretary of State, James Monroe, was seen by many as pre-ordained to succeed him into the presidency. Indeed, Monroe won the electoral college by the wide margin of 183 to 34.
Era of Good Feelings
A period in United States political history in which partisan bitterness abated. The phrase was coined by Benjamin Russell, in the Boston newspaper, Columbian Centinel, on July 12, 1817, following the good-will visit to Boston of President James Monroe.
Convention of 1818
A treaty signed in 1818 between the United States and the United Kingdom. It resolved standing boundary issues between the two nations, and allowed for joint occupation and settlement of the Oregon Country, known to the British and in Canadian history as the Columbia District of the Hudson's Bay Company, and including the southern portion of its sister fur district New Caledonia.
Cession of Florida
American acquisition of Florida through the Adams-Onís Treaty.
Missouri Compromise
An agreement passed in 1820 between the pro-slavery and anti-slavery factions in the United States Congress, involving primarily the regulation of slavery in the western territories. It prohibited slavery in the former Louisiana Territory north of the parallel 36°30' north except within the boundaries of the proposed state of Missouri. Prior to the agreement, the House of Representatives had refused to accept this compromise and a conference committee was appointed. The United States Senate refused to concur in the amendment, and the whole measure was lost.
McCulloch v. Maryland
This fundamental case established the following two principles: 1.That the Constitution grants to Congress implied powers for implementing the Constitution's express powers, in order to create a functional national government, and 2. that state action may not impede valid constitutional exercises of power by the Federal government.
Implied Powers Clause (necessary and proper clause)
Powers authorized by the Constitution which, while not stated, are deemed to be implied by powers expressly stated.
Dartmouth College vs. Woodward
Charter still good, not dissolved by revolution.
Gibbons v. Ogden
The New York law was found invalid due to the Commerce Clause of the Constitution. The interstate commerce clause designated power to Congress to regulate interstate commerce.
Transcontinental Treaty
aka Adams-Onis Treaty.
Monroe Doctrine
stated that European powers were no longer to colonize or interfere with the affairs of the newly independent states of the Americas.
Election of 1824
“corrupt bargain”; John Q Adams wins over Jackson.
Andrew Jackson
He was military governor of Florida (1821), commander of the American forces at the Battle of New Orleans (1815), and eponym of the era of Jacksonian democracy. He was a polarizing figure who dominated American politics in the 1820s and 1830s. His political ambition combined with widening political participation by more people shaped the modern Democratic Party.
John Quincy Adams
Son of John Adams, Secretary of State + 6th President.
Election of 1828
John Q Adams vs. Andrew Jackson; Jackson wins.
Eaton Affair
1831 U.S. scandal involving members of President Andrew Jackson's Cabinet.
Henry Clay
He was a dominant figure in both the First Party System to 1824, and the Second Party System after that. Known as "The Great Compromiser" and "The Great Pacificator" for his ability to bring others to agreement, he was the founder and leader of the Whig Party and a leading advocate of programs for modernizing the economy, especially tariffs to protect industry, a national bank, and internal improvements to promote canals, ports and railroads.
Nullification
legal theory that a U.S. State has the right to nullify, or invalidate, any federal law which that state has deemed unconstitutional.
John C. Calhoun
He was the first Vice President to resign his office. Calhoun was an advocate of slavery, states' rights, limited government, and nullification.
Webster-Hayne Debate
The Webster-Hayne debate was a famous debate in the U.S. between Senator Daniel Webster of Massachusetts and Senator Robert Y. Hayne of South Carolina that took place on January 19-27, 1830 regarding protectionist tariffs.
South Carolina Ordinance
The Ordinance of Nullification declared the tariff of 1828 and 1832 null and void within the state borders of South Carolina.
Force Bill
authorized U.S. President Andrew Jackson's use of whatever force necessary to enforce tariffs
Trail of Tears
The Trail of Tears was the forced relocation of Native Americans from their homelands to Indian Territory (present day Oklahoma) in the Western United States.
Cherokee Nation v. Georgia
The Supreme Court did not have original jurisdiction under Article III of the Constitution to hear a suit brought by the Cherokee Nation, which, as an Indian tribe, was not a sovereign nation.
Second Bank of the United States
The Second Bank of the United States was a bank chartered in 1816, five years after the expiration of the First Bank of the United States. It was founded out of a desperation to stabilize the currency by the administration of U.S. President James Madison.
Election of 1832
Henry Clay vs. Andrew Jackson (winner), main issue is about the US Bank.
Roger Taney
Twelfth United States Attorney General. He also was the fifth Chief Justice of the United States, holding that office from 1836 until his death in 1864
King Andrew I
nickname for Andrew Jackson due to his ‘tyrannical’ rule
spoils system
spoils system is an informal practice where a political party, after winning an election, gives government jobs to its voters as a reward for working toward victory, and as an incentive to keep working for the party—as opposed to a system of awarding offices on the basis of some measure of merit independent of political activity.
Whigs
Those who opposed the democratic party and Andrew Jackson politically.
Election of 1836
Martin Van Buren defeats the 4 Whig Candidates and becomes president.
Martin Van Buren
eighth President of the United States from 1837 to 1841
Panic of 1837
The Panic of 1837 was a panic in the United States built on a speculative fever. The bubble burst on May 10, 1837 in New York City, when every bank stopped payment in species (gold and silver coinage). The Panic was followed by a five-year depression, with the failure of banks and record high unemployment levels.
Utopian Communities
mostly Transcendentalist communities intent on living a life away from American ideals and such.
John Tyler
tenth President of the United States (1841-1845), and the first ever to obtain that office via succession.
Manifest Destiny
Manifest Destiny is the belief that the United States was destined to expand from the Atlantic seaboard to the Pacific Ocean. Sometimes Manifest Destiny was interpreted so widely as to include the eventual absorption of all North America: Canada, Mexico, Cuba and Central America.
Plains Indians
The Plains Indians are the Indigenous peoples who live on the plains and rolling hills of the Great Plains of North America.
New Mexico
Following the Mexican-American War, from 1846-1848 and the Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo in 1848, Mexico ceded its mostly unsettled northern holdings, today known as the American Southwest and California, to the United States of America. In the Compromise of 1850 Texas ceded its claims to the area lying east of the Rio Grande in exchange for ten million dollars. The United States acquired the southwestern boot heel of the state and southern Arizona below the Gila river in the mostly desert Gadsden Purchase of 1853. Part of union in 1913.
California Gold Rush
The California Gold Rush (1848–1855) began on January 24, 1848, when gold was discovered by James Marshall at Sutter's Mill in Coloma, California.[1] News of the discovery soon spread, resulting in some 300,000 men, women, and children coming to California from the rest of the United States and abroad.
Donner party
The Donner Party was a group of California-bound American settlers caught up in the "westering fever" of the 1840s. After becoming snowbound in the Sierra Nevada in the winter of 1846–1847, some of the emigrants resorted to cannibalism
John Fremont
American military officer, explorer, the first candidate of the Republican Party for the office of President of the United States, and the first presidential candidate of a major party to run on a platform in opposition to slavery
Annexation of Texas
The Texas Annexation of 1845 was the voluntary annexation of the Republic of Texas by the United States of America as Texas, the 28th state. The new state of Texas included all of present-day Texas, plus portions of New Mexico, Oklahoma, Kansas, Wyoming, and Colorado.; Annexed by Andrew Jackson Donelson, who was the nephew of the former president Andrew Jackson
Alamo
The Battle of the Alamo was fought in February and March 1836 in San Antonio, Texas. Part of the Texas Revolution, the conflict was the first step in Mexican President Antonio Lopez de Santa Anna's attempt to retake the province of Texas after an insurgent army of Texian settlers and adventurers from the United States had driven out all Mexican troops the previous year
Election of 1844
The United States presidential election of 1844 saw Democrat James Knox Polk defeat Whig Henry Clay in a close contest that turned on foreign policy, with Polk favoring the annexation of Texas and Clay opposed. Democratic nominee James K. Polk ran on a platform that embraced American territorial expansionism, an idea soon to be called Manifest Destiny.
James K. Polk
11th US President. A firm supporter of Andrew Jackson, Polk was the last "strong" pre-Civil War president
Oregon
Oregon is a state in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States. The area was inhabited by many indigenous tribes before the arrival of traders, explorers and settlers. The Oregon Territory was created in 1848 after American settlement began in earnest in the 1840s. Oregon became a state (33rd) on February 14, 1859.
Mexican War
The Mexican–American War was an armed conflict between the United States and Mexico from 1846 to 1848 in the wake of the 1845 U.S. annexation of Texas.
General Zachary Taylor
American military leader and the twelfth President of the United States.
Santa Anna
Antonio López de Santa Anna was a Mexican political leader who influenced Mexican and Spanish politics by going against the independence from Spain and then supporting it. He rose to the ranks of general and president at various times over a turbulent 40-year career. He was President of Mexico on eleven non-consecutive occasions over a period of 22 years.
General Winfield Scott
United States Army general, diplomat, and presidential candidate. Over the course of his fifty-year career, he commanded forces in the War of 1812, the Mexican-American War, the Black Hawk War, the Second Seminole War, and, briefly, the American Civil War, conceiving the Union strategy known as the Anaconda Plan that would be used to defeat the Confederacy.
Treaty of Guadalupe
The Treaty of Guadalupe was the peace treaty, largely dictated by the United States, to the interim government of a militarily occupied Mexico, that ended the Mexican-American War.
Hidalgo
Miguel Hidalgo was a Roman Catholic priest in Mexico and revolutionary rebel leader.
Southern planters
main economic factor of the south, reason why slavery was so sacred in the south.
Duels
As practiced from the 11th to 20th centuries in Western societies, a duel is an engagement in combat between two individuals, with matched weapons in accordance with their combat doctrines.
Free Persons of Color
a person of full or partial African descent who was not enslaved.
American Colonization Society of 1817
organization that helped in founding Liberia, a colony on the coast of West Africa. In 1821 Black Americans traveled there from the United States. During the next 20 years the colony continued to grow and establish economic stability. In 1847, the legislature of Liberia declared itself an independent state.
William Lloyd Garrison
American abolitionist, journalist, and social reformer. He is best known as the editor of the radical abolitionist newspaper, The Liberator, and as one of the founders of the American Anti-Slavery Society. He promoted "immediate emancipation" of slaves in the United States.
Independent Treasury Act
The Independent Treasury was a system for the retaining of government funds in the United States Treasury and it's sub treasuries, independently of the national banking and financial systems. In one form or another, it existed from 1846 to 1921.
William Henry Harrison
Old Tippecanoe, 9th president of the United States, would be the shortest lived President too, 30 days.
King Cotton
phrase used in the Southern United States mainly by Southern politicians and authors who wanted to illustrate the importance of the cotton crop to the Confederate economy during the American Civil War.
Clermont
The first commercially successful steamship of the paddle steamer design, North River Steamboat (later known as the Clermont), operated on the Hudson River between New York City and Albany.
Erie Canal
waterway in New York state that runs about 365 miles from the Hudson River to Lake Erie, connecting the Great Lakes with the Atlantic Ocean. First proposed in 1808, it was under construction from 1818 to 1825.
Railroads
roads that were traveled on by trains. Revolutionized travel and trade.
Cyrus Hall McCormick
inventor of the Reaper
Charles Goodyear
American to vulcanize rubber, a process which he discovered in 1839 and patented on June 15, 1844.
Samuel F. Morse
American painter of portraits and historic scenes, the creator of a single wire telegraph system, and Morse Code.
Elias Howe
American inventor and sewing machine pioneer.
The Lowell System
Emphasis was placed on mechanization and standardization; the entire textile industry used this as a model, and machines using this system were sold to other mills.
Minstrel shows
The minstrel show, or minstrelsy, was an American entertainment consisting of comic skits, variety acts, dancing, and music, performed by white people in blackface or, especially after the American Civil War, blacks in blackface.
Immigration in the 1840-50s
Led by Irish
Nativism
an organized social or political movement which advocates a higher status for certain established members of a nation as against claims of newcomers or immigrants.
Know-Nothings
The Know Nothing movement was a nativist American political movement of the 1850s. It was empowered by popular fears that the country was being overwhelmed by Irish Catholic immigrants, who were often regarded as hostile to US values and controlled by the Pope in Rome. Mainly active from 1854–56, it strove to curb immigration and naturalization, though its efforts met with little success.
Deism
Deism is the belief that a supreme God exists and created the physical universe, and that religious truths can be arrived at by the application of reason alone, without dependence on revelation.
Unitarianism
Unitarianism as a theology is the belief in the single personality of God, in contrast to the doctrine of the Trinity (three persons in one God).
Universalism
Universalism can be classified as a religion, theology and philosophy that generally holds all persons and creatures are related to God or the Divine and will be reconciled to God.
Second Great Awakening
2nd Great Religious revival, encouraged an eager evangelical attitude that later reappeared in American life in causes dealing with prison reform, temperance, women's suffrage, and the crusade to abolish slavery.
Charles Grandison Finney
Finney was known for his innovations in preaching and religious meetings, such as having women pray in public meetings of mixed gender, development of the "anxious bench" (a place where those considering becoming Christians could come to receive prayer), and public censure of individuals by name in sermons and prayers.
Mormons
Church of Latter Day Saints Followers
Transcendentalism
Transcendentalism began as a protest against the general state of culture and society, and in particular, the state of intellectualism at Harvard and the doctrine of the Unitarian church taught at Harvard Divinity School. Among transcendentalists' core beliefs was an ideal spiritual state that 'transcends' the physical and empirical and is only realized through the individual's intuition, rather than through the doctrines of established religions.
Emily Dickinson
American poet. Born in Amherst, Massachusetts to a successful family with strong community ties, she lived a mostly introverted and reclusive life.
Nathaniel Hawthorne
author of the Scarlet Letter
Edgar Allen Poe
American poet, short-story writer, editor and literary critic, and is considered part of the American Romantic Movement.
Herman Melville
writer of Moby Dick
Walt Whitman
American poet, essayist, journalist, and humanist. He was a part of the transition between Transcendentalism and realism, incorporating both views in his works. Whitman is among the most influential poets in the American canon, often called the father of free verse.
Horace Mann
American education reformer, and a member of the U.S. House of Representatives (Republican) from 1827 to 1833. He served in the Senate from 1834-1837.
Temperance
attempted to reduce the amount of alcohol consumed within a community or society in general -- and even to prohibit its production and consumption entirely.
Dorothea Dix
American activist on behalf of the indigent insane who, through a vigorous program of lobbying state legislatures and the United States Congress, created the first generation of American mental asylums. During the Civil War, she served as Superintendent of Army Nurses.
Lucretia Mott
American Quaker minister, abolitionist, social reformer and proponent of women's rights. She is credited as the first American "feminist" in the early 1800s but was, more accurately, the initiator of women's political advocacy.
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
American social activist and leading figure of the early woman's movement.
Corrupt Bargain
nickname given for the Election of 1824