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67 Cards in this Set

  • Front
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Mandan tribe (4)
1. Indian tribe
2. Located on the upper Missouri River
3. Visited by Lewis and Clark in mid-October of 1804
4. Lived in current day North Dakota
Trade of the Mandans (3)
1. Traded kettles, knives and guns with the French and English
2. Traded leatherwork, glassware and horses from the Spanish
3. Central marketplace of the northern plains
Motives of Lewis and Clark - regarding the Mandans (4)
1. Find a land route to the Pacific Ocean
2. Tell the Indians they owed the American government loyalty and trade
3. Disrupt Britain's economic control of the fur trade
4. Military and economic alliance
Benefits from the Mandans (5)
1. Geographical information
2. Charts and maps of the Rocky Mountains, the Missouri River and COntinental Divide
3. Information vital to the success of the mission
4. Sacajawea
5. Established Fort Clark at the Mandan villages, giving American traders a base for the fur trade
Sacajawea (2)
1. 15-year-old wife of a Frenchmen who joined the journey with Lewis and Clark
2. Became a symbol of the good intentions of the Indian tribes
American between 1790 and 1800 (4)
1. Majority of citizens lived within 50 miles of the Atlantic Coast
2. Localized lives
3. Population increases
4. New and weak compared to Spain
Spanish colonies in the early 1800s (4)
1. High tensions between the peninsulares and the criollos
2. Mexico City was most elegant and populous city in North America
3. Unsuccessful criollos revolts in New Spain
4. Northern provinces created to protect Mexico's silver mines
Peninsulares
High officials and bureaucrats born in Spain
Criollos
Those of Spanish descent born in New Spain
Pinckney's Treaty (3)
1. 1795
2. Arranged for Americans to be granted free navigation of the Mississippi River and the right to use the port of New Orleans
3. Spanish power in the region still made American traders nervous
Pierrce Laclède
Established St. Louis in 1763
The Caribbean islands (2)
1. Owned by Spain, France and Britain
2. Sugar competitors
Toussaint l'Ouverture
1. Led a slave revolt in Saint-Dominque in 1791, later renaming it Haiti
2. Independence of Haiti terrified white slave owners
Britain in North America (5)
1. British stronghold was in Lower Canada
2. Some believed in a British conspiracy to team up with the Indians against the Americans
3. Britains discouraged Americans from settling among the French
4. British established legislative assemblies in Upper and Lower Canada
5. Dominated the fur trade and the waterways, including the St. Lawrence River and the Great Lakes
Russian power in America (4)
1. Occupied Alaska
2. Aleut Revolt of 1766
3. Russian-American Company set up American headquarters at Kodiak, later moving to Sitka
4. Settlement went as far as Fort Ross, north of San Francisco Bay
Trans-Appalachia (3)
1. Territory west of the Appalchian Mountains was the fastest growing of the United States
2. Rich and fertile land along the Ohio River System
3. Military forts defended settlers in the Miam River Valley from the Shawnee and Miami Indians, leading to the area being nicknamed the "slaughterhouse"
Result of the Battle of Fallen Timbers
Many immigrants traveled to Cincinnati on the Ohio River to settle in Ohio, Indian and Illinois
Natchez Trace
Dangerous Indian trail linking Matchez, Mississippi with Nashville, Tennesse
Atlantic ports (2)
1. Dmoninated the nation's economy
2. Hamilton's idea of looking towards Europe for trade, as opposed to towards the west
Charleston (5)
1. Multiracial city
2. 20,000 people by 1800
3. Grew rich because of links with the British West Indies
4. Traded rice, cotton and indigo with Britain
5. Social center of low-country plantation owners
Baltimore (4)
1. Main port along the Chesapeake Bay
2. Major port for tobacco
3. Mainly associated with the slave-owning aristocracy of the Upper South
4. Inspired merchants to look westward for trade opportunitites
Philadelphia (5)
1. City of Brotherly Love
2. Built on commercial and banking skills of Quaker merchants
3. Built international trade networks for shipping the farm produce of Pennsylvania's German farmers
4. Nation's capital in the 1790s
5. Regarded as the cultural and intellectual capital of the United States as the country was just developing
New York (6)
1. Strong Dutch influence
2. Agreesive trading in merchants
3. Accepted the British auction system
4. Main port for British imports
5. Shipping, banking, insurance and supporting industries
6. 25% of all American ships were owned by merchants from this city
Boston (4)
1. Cockpit of the American Revolution
2. Capital of MA
3. State house reflected merchant wealth (carved wooden codfish)
4. Shipbuilding, shipping, banking and insurance
Southern economy in the early 1800s (4)
1. Plantation agriculture with slave labor was commercial and international
2. Rapidly growing cotton demand
3. Invention of the cotton gin
4. Farmers began to specialize, leading to more commercial farming
Trade with Europe (5)
1. France and Britain did not allow Americans to become involved with their West Indian trade
2. Taxed American s hips
3. British and French ships were attacked because of French Revolution
4. American ships served as neutral carriers
5. Coastal cities boomed, resulting in rapid urbanization
Shipping advancements (3)
1. Empress of China sailed from New York to Canton
2. Robert Gray discovered the Columbia River
3. Clipper ship was developed
Importance of Jefferson's inauguration (2)
1. Marked the transition from Federalist control of the White House to Republican control of the White House
2. Demonstrated that a strongly led party system could shape national policy without having serious consequences
Thomas Malthus (3)
1. Essay on the Principle of Population
2. Believed that population, especially in the United States, must be checked to stop a population explosion
3. Jefferson believed America's vast resources meant that population explosion would not be a worry
Jefferson's political ideology
1. Republican agrarianism
2. Impossible for Europe to achieve a just society
3. Only a nation of equal, self-dependant yeoman farmers would succeed as a republic
Disadvantages of westward expansion (4)
1. Fostered constant mobility and dissatisfaction rather than the stable community of yeoman farmers
2. Environmental damage
3. Encouraged the spread of plantations based on slave labor
4. Bred "ruthlessness" towards Indians, who were killed by diseases spread by the Europeans
Immediate changes in Jefferson's government (7)
1. Aimed to reverse all of the Federalist policies
2. Promised to cut intneral taxes
3. Reduce the size of the army (effected War of 1812)
4. Reduced the navy
5. Reduced the government staff
6. Eliminated the national debt inherited from Federalists
7. National government's main purpose was overseeing the mail delivery
Jefferson's ideal response to yeoman farmers
The farmers would be able to be self-governing, and the federal government could be small and have little power
Tasks left with the state and local government under Jefferson (5)
1. Law and order
2. Education
3. Welfare
4. Road maintenance
5. Economic control
Pierre L'Enfant
Architect who drew up elaborate plans for Washington D.C., making it resemble Paris
Federalists in Jefferson's government
Although Republican radicals called for Jefferson to replace all Federalist officeholders with Republicans, he refused, allowing the Federalists to keep their positions despite their differences in political philosophy
William Marbury (3)
1. Appointed by Adams as Justice of the Peace for Washington, D.C.
2. Meant to be appointed when Jefferson took office
3. James Madison, as Washington's secretary of state, refused to appoint Marbury to the Supreme Court, fearing Federalist domination of the Court
Marbury v. Madison (2)
1. Marbury sued James Madison for his refusal to appoint him
2. Established judicial review by ruling as unconstitutional part of the Judiciary Act of 1789
Supreme Court Justice Marshall (5)
1. Strong Federalist
2. Refused to appoint Marbury to the Supreme Court, saying that he was not given that power in the Constitution
3. Established the principle that only the federal judiciary could decide what was constitutional
4. Established the balance of powers between the three branches of government in the Constitution
5. Made the Surpeme Court a powerful nationalizing force under his direction
Louisiana Purchase (7)
1. 1803
2. Bought for $15 million from France by Robert Livingston
3. Doubled the size of the United States
4. Worried Jefferson because it was not directly in the Constitution, but he wanted to expand west
5. Jefferson argued that Louisiana was vital to the nation's republican future (expansion was essential to liberty)
6. Increased scope of slavery and oppression for black slaves and Native Americans
7. Indian Territory was surrounded by new settlements
Napoleon in America (2)
1. Considered North America a potential battleground on which to fight the British
2. Thought about fighting in Haiti to reclaim it
3. Aquired the Lousiana Territory from Spain in 1800
4. Made Jefferson nervous
Robert Livingston (3)
1. Sent to France to buy New Orleans and the surrounding area for $2 - $10 million
2. 1803
3. Bought the Louisiana Territory for $15 million 1803
Louisiana (4)
1. Ethnic makeup was extremely different from the rest of the United States
2. French culture was dominant
3. America had to accommodate the French culture into their own
4. Granted statehood in 1812, becoming the first slave state in the Louisiana Territory
William Claiborne (4)
1. Governor of Lower Louisiana
2. U.S. representative in New Orleans
3. Adopted a legal code that was based on French civil law
Mexico (2)
1. Pushed for independence
2. Lesser priority in Spain due to the Napoleonic Wars
Father Miguel Hidalgo and Father Jose Maria Morelos
Led two Mexican revolts, but were suppressed by the royalists
Bernardo Gutierrez (2)
1. Led a small army made up mostly of American adventureres and invaded Texas and captured San Antonio
2. 1812
Election of 1804
Jefferson was victorious against Federalist Charles Cotesworth Pinckney
Federalist party by 1804
Only a small group in New England, but mostly dead in the rest of the country
Napoleonic Wars affect on American trade (2)
1. As a neutral country, America attempted to trade with both Britain and France
2. British targeted American trade with the French West Indies and France by capturing American ships
Impressments (2)
1. British ships could capture American ships, kidnap the sailors and force them to serve on British ships
2. Result of British sailors deserting to sail on American ships for higher pay
The Leopold vs. the Chesapeake (3)
1. 1807
2. The British Leopold stopped the American trading ship Chesapeake in American territory and demanded to search for deserts. The Chesapeake captain refused, and the Leopold fired, killing three men, wounding eighteen and removing four deserters
3. Angered the American public
Embargo Act of 1807 (9)
1. Jefferson enforced America's rights as a neutral nation to ship goods to Europe
2. Forbid American ships from sailing to any foreign port
3. Meant to force Britain and France to recognize neutral rights by depriving them of American-shipped raw materials
4. Disastrous for American trade
5. Commerce came to a standstill, sending the country into economic depression
6. Encouraged smuggling and illegal trading
7. Unable to be strictly enforced because Jefferson had limited the navy
8. New England shipbuilding economy was severely hurt
9. Repealed in 1809, under Madison
Non-Importation Act (3)
1. 1806
2. Passed by Congress
3. Boycotted British goods
Non-Intercourse Act of 1809; Macon's Bill Number 2 (2)
1. 1809 and 1810
2. Unsuccessful acts that hoped to prohibit trade with Britain and France unless impressments of American sailors ended
Five Civilized Tribes
Cherokees
Chickasaws
Choctaws
Creeks
Seminoles
Indian Intercourse Act of 1790 (4)
1. United States could not seize Indian land without a treaty
2. Helped inspire Pontiac's rebellion
3. Conflicted with westward expansion
4. Squatters called for government/military protection against warring Indian tribes
Jefferson's vision towards Indians (4)
1. Assimulate the Indians into the United States culure
2. "promote energetically" his vision for civilizing Indians
3. Gave traditionalist Indian groups new land west of the Mississippi after the Louisiana Purchase
4. Policy not helpful towards the Indian people
Shawnees
1. Resisted white settlement since the 1750s
2. Battle at Fallen Timbers; led by Little Turtle
3. Divided in the tribe
Black Hoof
Led Shawnee group that wanted to accept acculturation
Tecumseh (5)
1. Led a group of traditional Shawnees who sought refuge farther west
2. Created the pan-Indian military resistance movement
3. Gained followers with every new treaty signed
4. Gained support of the British in 1807
4. Never gained support of Black Hoof
5. Entered into a formal alliance with the British
William Henry Harrison (5)
1. Governor of the Louisiana Territory
2. Closed 15 treaties with the Delawares, Potawatomis, Miamis, etc.
3. Opened up southern Michigan, southern Inidana and much of Illinois to white settlements
4. Sent Indians to small reservations
5. Fought in the Battle of Tippecanoe
Tenskwatawa (4)
1. The Prophet
2. In 1805 began preaching of Indian revitalization
3. Rejected all American contact to return to traditional Shawnee ways of hunting and farming
4. Tecumseh's brother
Handsome Lake
Led the Seneca people in a similar arevitalization movement six years early than Tenskwatawa's movement in upstate New York
Treaty of Fort Wayne
1. 1809
2. Led to active resistance among the Indians
3. The United States gained 3 million acres of Delaware and Potawatomi land in Indiana
4. Tecumseh argued that the land belonged to the larger community of the Indian people, and no one tribe could give away the common property of all, warning that surveyors or settlers who ventured int o the 3 million acres would risk their lives
Pan-Indian military resistance movement (4)
1. Led by Tecumseh
2. Movement calling for the political and cultural unification of Indian tribes
4. Original strategy was defensive, and based onpreveting westward expansion
Battle of Tippecanoe (5)
1. November, 1811
2. Harrison led an army to pan-Indian village
3. Indian troops hoped to surprise Harrison's forces, but failed, resulting in many Indian casualtites
4. Tecumseh's followers began preying on American settlements in Indiana and southern Michigan
5. Tecumseh made formal alliance with Britain