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47 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Covert Actions
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~ is a military, intelligence or law enforcement operation that is carried clandestinely and, often, outside of official channels. Covert operations aim to fulfill their mission objectives without any parties knowing who sponsored or carried out the operation.
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Berlin Wall
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~ in 1961, the Soviet Union built a high barrier to seal off their sector of Berlin in order to stop the flow of refugees out of the Soviet zone of Germany
~ the wall was torn down in 1989 |
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Bay of Pigs
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~ in april 1961, a group of Cuban exiles organized and supported by the U.S. Central Intelligence Agecy landed on the southern coast of Cuba in an effort to overthrow Fidel Castro
~ when the invasion ended in disaster, President Kennedy took full responsibility for the failure |
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Cuban Missile Crisis
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~ in october 1962, the US and the Soviet Union came close to nuclear war when President Kennedy insisted that Nikita Khrushchev remove the 42 missiles he had secretly deployed in Cuba
~ the soviets eventually did so, nuclear war was averted, and the crisis ended |
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Anatoly Dobrynin
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~ was the Soviet ambassador
~ he met with Kennedy to make clear it was the last chance to avert nuclear confrontation |
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Gulf of Tonkin Affair
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~ after a North Vietnamese attack on an American destroyer in the Gulf of Tonkin in 1964, President Johnson persuaded Congress to pass a resolution giving him the authority to use armed force in Vietnam
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Escalation
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~ full-scale American involvement in Vietnam began in 1965 in a series of steps designed primarily to prevent a North Vietnamese victory
~ the US started out by sending in airstrikes ~ the air strikes proved ineffective ~ so Johnson authorized the use of American combat troops in South Vietnam, restrickting them to defensive operations intended to protect American air bases ~ in mid-July, Secretary of Defense McNamara recommended sending a hundred thousand combat troops to Vietnam, more than doubling the American forces there ~ LBJ settled on a steady military escalation designed to compel Hanoi to accept a diplomatic solution ~ in late july, the president permitted a gradual increase in the bombing of North Vietnam and allowed American ground commanders to conduct offensive operations in the South ~ he approved the immediate dispatch of fifty thousand troops to Vietnam and the future commitment of fifty thousand more ~ convinced that withdrawal would destroy American credibility before the and that an invasion of the North would lead to WWIII, Johnson opted for large-scale but limited military intervention ~ he settled for a limited war, committing a half million American troops to battle in Southeast Asia |
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Ngo Dinh Diem
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~ Americans backed Diem as president in Vietnam
~ Diem sought to establish a separate government in South Vietnam with large-scale American economic and military assisance ~ the president increased economic aid to Diem when Ho chi Min and his forces were at work sturing up trouble ~ the situation became critical when Diem had failed to win the support of his own people ~ although aides later claimed he planned to pull out after the 1964 election, Kennedy raised the stakes by tacitly approving a coup that led to Diem's overthrow and death in November 1, 1963 |
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Ho Chi Minh
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~ the american backed Diem as president in south vietnam
~ but the communists government in North Vietnam, led by their leader Ho chi minh, was directing the efforts of Vietcong rebels in the South ~ the US sent in aid to help settle this outburst and make sure that no communists would take control |
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Ho Chi Minh Trail
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~ it ran down through Laos and Cambodia
~ during the Vietnamese war, the US bombed this trail like crazy but the North Vietnamese used the jungle canopy effectively to hide their shipments and their massive efforts to repair damaged roads and bridges |
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Tet Offensive
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~ in february 1968, the Viet Cong launched a major offensive in the cities of South Vietnam
~ although caught by suprise, American and South Vietnam forces successfully squashed this attack, yet the Tet offensive was a blow to American public opinion and led President Johnson to end the escalation of the war and seek a negotiated peace |
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Civil Rights Act of 64
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~ the act, signed on july 2, made illegal the segregation of African Americans in public facilities, established an Equal Employment Opportunity Commission to lesson racial discrimination in employment, and protected the voting rights of African Americans
~ an amendment sponsored by segregationists in an effort to weaken the bill added gender to the prohibition of discrimination in Title VII of the act |
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Voting Rights Act of 65
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~ the act effectively banned literacy tests for voting rights and provided for federal registrars to assure the franchise to minority voters
~ within a few years, a majority of African Americans had become registered voters in the southern states |
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Baker v. Carr
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~ the most par-reaching Warren Court decisions came in the area of legislative reapportionment
~ in 1962, the Court ruled in Baker v. Carr that Tennessee had to redistribute its legislative seats to give citizens in Memphis equal representation ~ subsequent decision reinforced the ban on rural overrepresentation as the Court proclaimed that places in all legislative bodies, including the House of Representatives, had to be allocated on the basis of people, not land or trees or pastures |
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Gideon v. Wainright
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~ the warren court issued a series of landmark decisions designed to extend to state and local jurisdictions the traditional rights afforded the accused in federal courts
~ thus in Gideon v. Wainright, the majority decreed that defendants had to be provided lawyers |
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Miranda v. Arizona
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~ this was one of the warren court cases
~ in the ruling the court decreed that the defendants could not be interrogated or induced to confess to a crime without defense counsel being present |
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Escobedo v. Illinois
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~ this case was also another warren court case
~ in the ruling the court decreed that defendants had to be informed of their constitutional rights |
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Engel v Vitale
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~ this was a warren court case
~ this 1962 decision banning school prayer incensed en lit many conservative Americans, who saw the court as undermining moral values |
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The makeup of Earl Warren’s Supreme Court
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~ the Warren Court issued a series of landmark decisions designed to extend to state and local jurisdictions the traditional rights afforded the accused in federal courts
~ the Court extended to the poor and the ignorant those constituonal guarantees that had always been available to the rich and to the legally informed ~ the activism of the Supreme Court stirred up a storme of criticism ~ the rulings that extended protection to criminals and those accused of subversion activity led some Americans to charge that the Court was encouraging crime and weakening national security ~ the Warren Court helped achieve greater social justice by protecting the rights of the underprivileged and by permitting dissent and free expression to flourish |
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Dean Rusk
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~ an experienced but unassertive diplomat
~ president kennedy appointed him as secretary of state ~ years later Rusk revealed that JFK had instructed him to arrange a deal through the US involving the removal of both the Jupiters and the missiles in Cuba ~ |
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Robert McNamara
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~ he was the secretary of defense
~ he developed plans to add five combat-ready army divisions, three tactical air wings, and a ten-division strategic reserve ~ he explained that the new strategy of flexible response meant the US could choose among several operational plans ~ in mid-July, McNamara recommended sending a hundred thousand combat troops to Vietnam, more than doubling the American forces there ~ Clark Clifford replaced McNamara in January 1968 |
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McGeorge Bundy
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~ the dean of Harvard College, became national security adviser
~ he was replaced in 1966 by the even more hawkish Walt Rostow |
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Robert F. Kennedy
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~ attorney general
~ brother of JFK ~ Robert med with Soviet ambassador Dobrnin to make clear it was the last chance to avert nuclear confrontation ~ RK continued and expanded the Eisenhower administration's efforts to achieve voting rights for southern blacks ~ Kennedy, Humphrey, and McCarthy both competed for the Democratic ticket in the election of 64 ~ kennedy won everywhere except oregon but was shot when a Palestinian immigrant, Sirhan, assassinated him in a Los Angeles hotel |
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Hubert Humphrey
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~ a Minnesota liberal
~ he was the vice president to LBJ ~ when LBJ removed himself from the race in 64, Hubert immediately declared his candidacy ~ a classic Cold War liberal who had worked equally hard for scial reform at home and American expansion abroad, was totally unacceptable to the antiwar movement ~ when his strongest adversary, kennedy was out of the way, Hurbert won the nomination ~ unfortunately in the election, a third-party candidate cut deeply into the normal democratic majority ~ Humphrey held on to the urban northwest but just wasn't enough as Nixon swept the midwest and west to win the election |
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Flexible Response
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~ the kennedy administration rejected the Eisenhower strategy of massive retaliation in favor of flexible response, which emphasized the use of conventional as well as nuclear weapons in meeting threats to American security
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George Wallace
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~ governor of Alabama
~ he was an avowed segregationist who had promised to stand in the schoolhouse door to prevent the integration of the University of Alabma ~ he was the third party candidate in the 1968 presidential elections who split the democratic vote fo Humphrey ~ he had shown suprisings strength in Democratic primaries in norhtern states ~ wallace appealed to the sense of powerlessness among the urban working classes ~ running on the ticket of the American Independent Party, Wallace was a close third in the September polls, gaining support from more than 20 percent of the electorate |
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Warren Commission
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~ he President's Commission on the Assassination of President Kennedy, known unofficially as the Warren Commission, was established on November 29, 1963, by Lyndon B. Johnson to investigate the assassination of United States President John F. Kennedy on November 22. Its 888-page final report was presented to President Johnson on September 24, 1964, and made public three days later. It concluded that Lee Harvey Oswald acted alone in the killing of Kennedy and the wounding of Texas Governor John Connally, and that Jack Ruby acted alone in the murder of Oswald.
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ICBM’s
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~ During the 1960 campaign, Kennedy had wanred that the Sovies were opening a missile gap
~ in fact, due largely to Eisenhower's foresight, the US had a significant lead in nuclear striking power by early 1961, with a fleet of more than 600 B-52 bombers, 2 Polaris submarines, and 16 atlas ICBMs capable of delivering more than 2000 warheads against Russian targetshowever, the administration wanted put the Soviets on the defense, so they authorized the construction of an awesome nuclear arsenal that included 1000 minuteman solid-fuel ICBMs and 32 Polaris submarines carrying 656 missiles |
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New Frontier
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~ was the campaign program advocated by JFK in the 1960 election
~ he promised to revitalize the stagnant economy and enact reform legislation in education, health care, and civil rights |
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Bull Connor
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~ was the Police Commissioner of Birmingham, one of the South's most segregated cities
~ he was determined to crush the civil rights movement that was happening with king in the city |
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The Other America
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~ Michael Harrington wrote this book and was published in 1962
~ it attracted national attention ~ Harrington claimed that nearly one-fifth of the nation, some thirty-five million Americans, lived in poverty ~ three groups predominated among the poor- African Americans, the aged, and the households headed by women ~ the problem, Harrington contended, was that the poor were invisible, living in slums or depressed areas such as Appalachia |
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Office of Economic Opportunity
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~ the new OEO set up a wide variety of programs, ranging from Head Start for preschoolers to the Job Corps for high school dropouts in need of vocational training
~ the emphasis was on self-help, with the government providing money and know-how so the poor could reap the benefits of neighborhood day care centers, consumer education classes, legal aid services, and adult remedial reading programs ~ the level of funding was never high enough to meet the OEO's ambitious goals, and a controversial attempt to include representatives of the poor in the Community Action Program led to bitter political feuding with city and state officials ~ however the war on poverty helped reduce the ranks of the poor by nearly ten million between 1964 and 1967 |
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Barry Goldwater
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~ he was a senator
~ he was the Republican candidate in the presidential election of 1964 ~ an outspoken conservative from Arizona ~ an attractive and articulate man, Goldwater advocated a rejection of the welfare state and a return to unregulated free enterprise ~ Goldwater chose to place ideology ahead of political expediency ~ the senator spoke out boldly against the TVA, denounced Social Security, and advocated a hawkish forein policy ~ Goldwater sagged in the polls and in the end lost the election to Johnson |
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USS Maddox and C Turner Joy
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~ on august 2, 1964, North Vietnamese torpedo boats attacked the Maddox, and American destroyer engaged in electronic itelligence gathering in the Golf of Tonkin
~ the maddox escaped unscathed, but to show American resolve, the navy sent in another destroyer, the C. Turner Joy ~ the two destroyers, responding to sonar and radar contacts, opened fire on North Vietnamese gunboats in the area ~ johnson ordered retaliatory air strikes on North Vietnamese naval bases |
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William Westmoreland
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~ was the american commander in vietnam
~ the search and destroy tactics employed by Westerland proved ill-suited to the sutuation ~ in a vain effort to destroy the enemy, Westmoreland used a superior Americans firepower wantonly, devastating the countryside, causing many civilian casualties, and driving the peasantry into the arms of the guerrillas ~ the main premise of Westmoreland's strategy was to wage a war of attrition that would finally reach a crossover point when communist losses each month would be greater than the number of new troops they could recruit he hoped to lure the Vietcong and the North Vietnamese regulars into pitched battles in which American firepower would inflict heavy casualties ~ but it wa the communists who were deciding when and where they were going to fight ~ Westmoreland rushed in reinforcements when North Vietnamese began a prolonged siege of an American marine base, sending more than 40 percent of all American infantry and armor battalions into the two norethernmost provinces of South Vietnam |
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Free Speech Movement
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~ the first sign of student rebellion came in the fall of 1964 at the prestigious University of California at Berkeley
~ s small group of radical students resisted university efforts to deny them a place to solicit volunteers and funds for off-campus causes ~ forming the Free Speech Movement, they struck back by occupying administration buildings and blocking the arrest of a nonstudent protester ~ for the next two months, the campus was in turmoil ~ in the end, the protesters won the rights of free speech and association that they championed |
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Students for A Democratic Society
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~ founded in 1962, the SDS was a popular college student organization that protested shortcomings in American life, notably racial injustice and the Vietnam War
~ it led thousands of campus protests before it split apart at the end of the 1960s |
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The Black Panthers
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~ the civil rights coalition fell apart, a victim of both its legislative success and economic failure
~ black militants took over the leadership of the SNCC; they disdained white help and even reversed MLK's insistence on nonviolence ~ the SNCC's new leader, Carmichael, told blacks they should seize power in those parts of the South where they outnumbered whites ~ soon his calls for black power became a rallying cry for more militant blacks who advocated the need for African Americans to form our own institutions, credit unions, political parties, etc. ~ they formed the Black Panther Party |
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SNCC
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~ SNCC worked with the Justice Department to register previously disfranchised citizens
~ SNCC became violent when black militants took over the leadership and united them and called it Black Power ~ the new leader of the SNCC told blacks they should seize power in those parts of the South where they outnumbered whites ~ a radical group advocating black power ~ SNCC's leaders, scornful of integration and interracial cooperation, broke with MLK to advocate greater militancy and acts of violence |
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CORE
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~ in may 1961, they sponsored a freedom ride in which a biracial group attempted to test a 1960 Supereme Court decision outlawing segregation in all bus and train stations used in interstate commerce
~ Kennedy made the leaders of CORE to stop this rade because of violence in Birmingham |
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Woodstock
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~ it was a concert at Bethel in upstate New York
~ this was the climactic event of the protest in music ~ 400,00 young people indulged in this three day festival of rock music, drug experimentation, and public sexual activity |
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Stokely Carmichael
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~ he became the new leader of the SNCC
~ he encouraged and was involved with black power ~ he told blacks they should seize power in those parts of the South where they outnumbered whites ~ I am not going to beg the white man for anything I deserve he said, I'm going to take it ~ soon his calls for black power became a rallying cry for more militant blacks who advocated the need for African Americans to form our own institutions, credit unions, co-ops, political parties, and even writing their own history |
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Cesar Chavez
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~ mexican americans were in the forefront of the ethnic groups that became active in the 1970s
~ the primary impulse came from the efforts of Chavez to organize the poorly paid grape pickers and lettuce workers in California into the National Farm Workers Association ~ Chavez appealed to ethnic nationalism in mobilizing Mexican American field hands to strike against grape growers in the San Joaquin Valley in 1965 ~ a national boycoot of grapes by Mexican Americans and their sympathizers among the young people of the counterculture led to a series of hard-fought victories over the growers ~ Chavez succeeded in raising the hourly wage of farmworkers in California to 3.53 by 1977 ~ Chavez sparked an outburst of ethnic consciousness among Mexican Americans that swept through the urban barrios of the Southwest |
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NFWA
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~ Cesar Chavez organized the poorly paid grape pickers and lettuce workers in California into the NFWA
~ it became the united farm workers in 1966 |
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The Feminine Mystique
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~ Betty Friedan wrote this book in 1963
~ it was the beginning of the effort to raise women's consciousness ~ it was the calling the American home a comfortable concentration camp ~ she attacked the prevailing view that women were completely contented with their housekeeping and child-rearing task, caliming that house-wives had no self-esteem and no sense of identity |
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Richard Nixon
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~ JFK ran against Nixon in the 1960 election
~ that was the first televised election ~ JFK won because he was more appealing ~ Nixon ran again in 1968 election ~ he won by the narrowest of margins beating Democrat Humphrey |
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“The Strategy of Peace”
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~ Kennedy published this book while he was in Congress because he wanted to focus on foreign policy
~ was written for his 1960 campaign and reflects on the major events of the time, and his proposed policies on all regions of the world |
