Ap U.s History Chapter 17

Front 1

Great Plains

Back 1

The plains were a treeless, nearly flat ground, an endless "sea of grassy hillocks" extending from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains.

Front 2

"Indian Country"

Back 2

~ it was land west of the Mississippi
~The government moved eastern tribes there with firm treaty guarantees.
~in 1834, the intercourse act passed, which prohibited any white person from entering Indian country without a license.

Front 3

Chivington Massacre

Back 3

~Gold miners moved into Pikes Peak country, touching off warfare with the Cheyenne and Arapaho
~ In 1864,the 2 tribes asked for peace
~Thinking that the war was over, Chief Kettle with his seven hundred followers camped on Sand Creek
~The Colorado militia attacked the sleeping group led by John Chivington
~The chief tried to stop the ambush by raising an American flag then a white flag. Neither worked.

Front 4

Red Cloud

Back 4

~Sioux chief
~responsible for the Fetterman massacre

Front 5

Fetterman Massacre

Back 5

~ federal government announced plans to connect various mining towns by building the ozeman Trail through the heart of the Sioux hunting grounds
~ Red Cloud determined to stop the trail
~He was pursued by an army column under Captain Fetterman
~ He lured Fetterman deep into the wilderness, ambushed him, and wiped out all of his soldiers

Front 6

Buffalo Soldiers

Back 6

~African American cavalrymen on the western frontier
~they gought in the Red River War and ended Indian warfare

Front 7

Red River War

Back 7

~The Kiowa and Comanche rampaged through Texas, looting, and killing
~ The U.S. army crushed them in the Red River War of 1874-1875
~that ened warfare in the Southwest

Front 8

Sitting Bull

Back 8

~ was a famous cheif and medicine man for the Sioux
~ he was part of Little Bighorn
~He was killed in the Wounded Knee Massacre

Front 9

Crazy Horse

Back 9

~ He was the Sioux chief
~ he tried to stop prospectors from stampeding over their hunting grounds for gold
~ He was the chief during Little Bighorn

Front 10

George Armstrong Custer

Back 10

~he was a reckless lieutenant
~ he wanted to end the warfare with the Sioux quickly
~ thinking he had a msall band of Indians surrounded in their village, he took half his command into it
~ he stumbled on the main Sioux camp
~ the Sioux killed them all

Front 11

7TH Cavalry

Back 11

~ was Custer's old regiment
~ the regiment that chased down Big Foot's band and took them to the army camp on Wonded Kneee Creek

Front 12

Nez Perce Tribe

Back 12

~ from Orgegon
~ welcomed Lewis and Clark but in 1877 rebelled against the government
~ hoping to reach Canada, the tribe wnet n a corageous flight lasting 75 days and covering 1321
~ the defeated every pursueing army at every turn but ran out of food, ammunition, and horses
~ they surrendered and were sent to lands in the Indian Country of Oklahoma
~there most of them dided of disease

Front 13

Chief Joseph

Back 13

~ the chief of the Nez Perce Tribe
~ he led them on that corageous flight to Canada

Front 14

WOVOKA

Back 14

~ a Paiute messiah
~ he envisioned a set of dances and rites called Ghost Dances

Front 15

Ghost Dances

Back 15

~ a set of dances and rites that grew from a vision of a Paiute messiah names Wovoka
~ these dances would bring back Native American lands and would cause the whites to disappear
~ Indians would reunite , the earth covered with dust, and a new earh would come upon the old
~ the buffalo would come back in great herds

Front 16

Wonded Knee Massacre

Back 16

~ army tried to stop the ghost dancing, but killed Sitting Bull and a number of other
~ the other Indians fled Southwest to join ther ghost dancers under chief Big Foot
~ the seventh calavary caught up with Big Foot's Band took them to to the army camp on Wounded Knee Creek
~ it is thought that a Native American fired the first shot and then everyone else joined in
~ 2 hundered men, women, and children were killed in the snow

Front 17

Assimilation

Back 17

~ some reformers urged the nation to assimilate the Native Americans individually into white culture
~ "assimilationists" wanted to use education, land policy, and federal law to eradicate tribal society.
~ Congress began to adpot the policy in 1871

Front 18

Court of Indian Offenses

Back 18

~ Crongess created it in 1882
~ it was made to try Native Americans who broke government rules
~ and soon after it made them asnwerable in regular courts for certain crimes

Front 19

Dawes Severalty Act

Back 19

~ Congress passed it in 1887, thinking the Native Americans who owned land would become responsible
~ it gave each Native American a farm
~ it divided tribal lands into small plots for distribution among members of the tribe.
~ Each family head receied 160 acres, single adults 80 acres, and children 40 acres
~ any surplus was sold to white settlers, with the profit going to Indian schools
~to keep the land from falling into the hands of speculators, the government held it in trust for 25 years.

Front 20

Extermination of the Buffalo

Back 20

~ final blow in tribal life came with the extermination of the buffalo
~ the killing began when transcontinental railroads pushed west. people would shoot buffalo to keep the indians from getting them
~ Between 2872 and 74, hunters slaughtered three million buffalo a year
~ By 1883, the buffalo were almost gone

Front 21

Buffalo Bill Cody

Back 21

~ he turned dime novels into a profitable business
~ his Wwild West Show ran for more than three decades
~ it featured Plains Indians chasing buffalo, performing a war dance, and attacking a settler's cabin

Front 22

Gold Rush of 1849

Back 22

~ the first movemnet west was for California and Oregon were there was gold discoverd there

Front 23

Overland Trail

Back 23

~ in the next three decades, half a million indiviulas made the long journey over the Overland Trail leading west to California and Oregon
~ the trail was two thousand miles long between the Missouri River and the Pacific coast

Front 24

Homestead Act of 1862

Back 24

~ the government gave away 48 million acres under this act to private citizens, corporations, railroad companies, and to the states
~ it gave 160 acres of land to anyone who would pay a $10 registration fee and pledge to live on it and cultivate it for 5 years
~ nearly 600,000 families claimed free homesteads under it

Front 25

Timber Culture Act of 1873

Back 25

~ attempted to adjust the Homestead Act of western conditions
~ it allowed homesteaders to claim an additional 160 acres if they planted trees on a quarter of it within four years
~ it distributed 10 million acres of land, encouraged needed forestation, and enabled homesteader to expand their farms to a work-able size

Front 26

Timber and Stone Act of 1878

Back 26

~ it permitted anyone in Ca, Nev, Or, and Wash to buy up to 160 acres of forest land for 2.50 dollars an acre.

Front 27

National Reclamation Act

Back 27

~ set aside most of the proceeds from the sale of public lands in sixteen western states to finance irrigation projects in the arid states

Front 28

"Hydraulic" Society

Back 28

~ because of the National Reclamation Act over the next decades, dams, canals, and irrigation systems channeled water into dry areas, creating a "hydraulic" society
~ rich in crops and cities
~ but in danger of running out of the precious water on which it all depended

Front 29

Romauldo Pacheco

Back 29

~ an aristocratic native son
~ served as governor of California and then went on to Congress

Front 30

Las Gorras Blancas

Back 30

~ a secret organization of Spanish Americans
~ they attacked the movemnet of Anglo ranchers into the Las Vegas community land grant
~ they cut down fences and scattered the stock of those they viewed as intruders

Front 31

"Instant Cities"

Back 31

~ instant cities arose from where there was gold strikes, railroad tracks, and other opportunites
~ San Francisco, Salt Lake City, and Denver are the best examples

Front 32

Placer Mining

Back 32

~ a simple process to get gold from streams
~ required little skill, technology, or capital
~ needed a shovel, a washing pan, and a good claim

Front 33

Comstock Lode

Back 33

~ the Nevada find uncovered a thick bluish black ore that was almost pure silver and gold
~ Henry Comstock talked his way into partnership in the claim
~ produced gold and silver work 306 million

Front 34

Chinese Exclusion Act

Back 34

~ riots against Chinese laborers caused Congress to pass the exclusion acts
~ which suspended immigration of Chinese laborers for ten years

Front 35

Foreign Miners Tax

Back 35

~ California passed the taz in 1850
~ it charged foreign miners a $20 monthly licensing fee
~ as intended, it drove out Mexicans and other foreigners

Front 36

Vaqueros

Back 36

~ Mexicans who were the first cowboys
~ they developed the essential techniques of branding, roundups, and roping

Front 37

Wyoming Stock Growers Association

Back 37

~ enforced rules for cattle ownership, branding, roundups, and drives
~ this was the largest asscociation
~ had four hundred members owning 2 million cattle
~ its reach extended well beyond Wyoming in to Colorado, Nebraska, Montana, and the Dakotas

Front 38

Exodusters

Back 38

~ African Americans who left homes to establish new and freer lives in Kansas
~ they fled the South because some were fed up with beatings and murders, crop liens, and the Black Codes

Front 39

Dry Farming

Back 39

~ a new technique that helped compensate for the lack of rainfall
~ farmers loosened the soil and slowed evaporation

Front 40

National Grange

Back 40

~ founded by Oliver Kelley in 1867
~ provided social, cultural, and educational activiteis for its members
~ grange grew rapidly during the depression of the 1870s

Front 41

Bonanza Farms

Back 41

~ huge farms run by the new invented machinery and financed with outside capital

Front 42

Turner's Thesis

Back 42

~ by Jackson Turner, wrote about the significance of the frontier in american history
~ points to frontier conservatism and imitativeness, the influence of varying racial groups, and the persistence of European ideas and institutions

Front 43

"Crowd Nobody"

Back 43

~ the idea that people should move rest so they don't crowd anybody
~ Greely encouraged New Yorkers to move west