Ap Us History #2

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Land Ordinance of 1785

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Passed by Congress, under the Articles, to sell western land (Ohio River Valley) to raise money. Set up the survey of this land (36 sections=1 township or 6 square miles, 1 section=640 acres). Congress then sold 1.5 million acres to the Ohio Company at 10 cents per acre with an option to buy 5 million more acres at 8 cents per acre.

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Northwest Ordinance of 1785

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Also passed by Confederation Congress. Set up how territories could become states. When 5000 males lived in area could set up a territorial legislature (representative gov't). When 60,000 total people lived there they could write a state constitution and apply for statehood to Congress. Had to forbid slavery until territory became a state. Publicly supported education encouraged.

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Shay's Rebellion

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Caused by states being deeply in debt from the Revolutionary Way which meant high property taxes; farm prices were depressed and loans were harder to pay off. Rebellion broke out in MA. 2,000 armed farmers went against the state militia, 3 men died, the leader was sentenced to death and later pardoned. Led George Washington to rethink national government.

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1787 Philadelphia Convention

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55 delegates attended at Independence Hall in Philadelphia; no one came form Rhode Island. Sought to amend the Articles of Confederation. Washington was chairman and James Madison was the architect of the Constitution that followed.

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The Virginia Plan

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Called for the establishment of a national government rather than a federation of states. Gave Congress all the power, the right to veto and tax at will. Specified a bicameral legislature and representation in both houses proportional to each state's population.

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New Jersey Plan

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Proposed by William Patterson. Recommended a unicameral Congress in which each state had an equal vote, like under the Articles.

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Great Compromise

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Proposed a bicameral legislature with the upper house having an equal number of representatives and votes from each state and the lower house's membership being based on population.

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3/5ths Compromise

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Proposed for more representation in the lower house of Congress. Gave slaves 3/5ths the count of a person when factoring the membership of men in the House of Representatives. Put forth by the South.

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Electoral College

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Made the voting process for the president through the votes of each state but not directly from the people

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Elastic Clause

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A method Madison used to keep the Constitution from limiting the rights of states and individuals.

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Bill of Rights

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The first ten amendments to the Constitution. Written by James Madison to make sure that they didn't restrict rights; guaranteed personal liberties but didn't strip the government of its power.

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Federalists

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Believed that the Constitution balanced the relationship between national and state governments and thereby lessened the opposition of those hostile to a centralizing of national authority. Supported a strong central government and checks and balances.

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Federalist Papers

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Written by Jay, Hamilton and Madison. A series of essays which provide a glimpse of the framer's intentions in designing the Constitution. Insisted that the Constitution has a twofold purpose: to defend the minority's rights against majority tyranny and to prevent a stubborn minority from blocking well considered measures that the majority believes necessary for the national interest.

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Anti-Federalist

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Opposed ratification of the Constitution because it took power away from the states, thus the people, and gave it to central government which in their opinion was the road to tyranny.

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Loose Constructionist

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Read into the Constitution to assume its meanings; lead by Alexander Hamilton.

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Strict Constructionist

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Only literal translation of the Constitution, no assumptions made; lead by Thomas Jefferson.

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George Washington

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First president, only one ever elected unanimously by the electoral college. Ex-military leader. His goal was to be a strong leader, not tyrannical.

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John Adams

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First Vice President and second president. Dour person but brilliant. Felt useless as V.P.

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Alexander Hamilton

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Secretary of Treasury for George Washington. Cared for the government and not the people. Financial plan including national debt, national bank, tariffs and luxury taxes.

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Judiciary Act of 17889

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Set the number of justices at 6, set up 13 federal district courts with at least one judge per count (jurisdiction).

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Hamilton's Financial Plan

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Wanted a national debt so people would support the government, wanted a national bank to create uniform currency and wanted to diversify the economy.

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The Bank of the U.S.

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Part of Hamilton's financial plan. Used money from government and private investors to set it up. Regulated state banks and expanded credit to help the economy.

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Whiskey Rebellion

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In 1792 excise tax was put on whiskey to be paid by the distiller which in turn increased the price. Whiskey was used as money for farmers because it was easier to ship-they tarred and feathered revenue collectors. Washington led 13,000 men to crush the rebellion. Set a precedent that the government was in power.

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Democratic Republicans

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Mostly made up of anti-federalists and their ideals strongly resembled that of those who wanted strict interpretation and states rights over central government.

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Washington's Farewell Address

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As the first president left office he warned against foreign entanglements and political parties.

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Citizen Genet

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Frenchman sent to the U.S. to enlist American support against the British in 1793. Encouraged Privateers. Wasn't successful because the government expelled him

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Neutrality Act of 1793

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During French and British fighting Washington declared that U.S. would remain neutral even though Hamilton wanted to support the British and Jefferson the French due to the Franco-American Alliance.

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Jay's Treaty

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Said America didn't want to be in war. Said nothing about the British impressment. England didn't pay for ships and cargoes seized. Was a massive disappointment with Americans and the diplomat responsible was burned in effigy.

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Pinckney's Treaty

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Made with Spain, gave U.S. trading rights in New Orleans and access to Mississippi River.

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Treaty of Greenville

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1795. Made with Indians and opened up most of modern day Ohio for white settlement. Ended Indian hostilities for 16 years.

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X,Y,Z Affair

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French were seizing American Ships, killing any Americans on the British ships. Adams sent diplomats to France. 3 French diplomats demanded $250,000 to set up an appointed with French Foreign Minister Tallyrand. U.S. refused to pay and left. This destroyed the Franco-American Alliance.

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Alien Act

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1798. Aimed at stopping immigrant support and votes for Democratic-Republicans. Said the in order to become a full citizen one would have to live in the U.S. for 14 years.

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Sedition Act

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1798. Aimed at stopping Democratic-Republican criticism of Federalists and John Adams. Said couldn't print anything bad about the government or the president. punished by jail or fined.

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Nullification

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Principle that states could declare federal actions unconstitutional and not follow or ignore federal laws.

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Virginia/Kentucky Resolution

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1800. Written in response to Alien and Sedition Acts. Said states could nullify laws that the government passed.

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Aaron Burr

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Republican candidate for VP in 1800. 1804 election again VP candidate but tried to maneuver into presidency. A tie within the electoral college took place and Hamilton got the House of Representatives to vote for Jefferson; started a deadly rivalry between the two.

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Judiciary Act of 1801

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Passed by Federalists to put 16 more district court judges and 1 more supreme court justice. The midnight judges.

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John Marshall

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Named by John Adams in the midnight judges scandal, he was the first strong leader of the Supreme Court. The decisions of the court were pro-contracts and nationalistic. established judicial review.

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Judicial Review

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Precedent established by Marbury v. Madison, Supreme Court can determine laws/actions of Congress to be unconstitutional or constitutional.

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Toussaint Louverture

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Led successful slave rebellion in Haiti that deeply worried Southerners and ended Napoleon's dreams of a western empire. Established first black led government in the New World.

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Albert Gallatin

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Secretary of Treasury under Jefferson. Repealed excise tax on whiskey; then needed more money so cut government spending.

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Justice Samuel Chase

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Impeached for excessive partisanship (federalist). John Randolph botched the prosecution and failed to maintain a 2/3 majority needed for conviction.

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Barbary Pirates/Tripolean War

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1801-1803. If countries didn't pay ransom to the pirates in the Mediterranean they would kill crew members. Pasha of Tripoli extorted money by guaranteeing protection against pirates. A treaty was negotiated and a payment of $60,000 was made to get the crews back.

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Hamilton-Burr Duel

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1804 Burr ran for governor of New York as a Federalist and perhaps a secret supporter of secession of New England from the U.S. Hamilton accused him of treason and he lost the election. A duel was scheduled and Burr killed Hamilton.

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Lewis & Clark Expedition

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1804-1806. Both led 48 others up the Mississippi and to Oregon while documenting all the organisms they came across.

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Zebulon Pike

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Set out to find the source of the Mississippi River in 1805 and source of the Arkansas River in 1806. Said the Great Plains were a desert and uninhabitable, thus perfect for Native Americans.

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Burr-Conspiracy

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1805-1806. Burr returned from Europe after being wanted for killing Hamilton. Conspired with Wilkinson, territorial governor of New Orleans, to secede from the nation. Wilkinson told Jefferson and burr was exiled.

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Impressment

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British practice to take British born Americans and to force them into the Royal Navy.

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National Road

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Proposed by Henry Clay in 1807 as part of his American System. In 1811 started in MD and went to VA in 1818. Made of crushed stones. Made travel easier.

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American System

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Proposed by Henry Clay. Though tariffs make internal improvements like create better connection between east and west and support american manufacturing.