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326 Cards in this Set

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writ
GENERAL
A formal order under seal, issued in the name of a sovereign, government, court, or other competent authority, enjoining the officer or other person to whom it is issued or addressed to do or refrain from some specified act. Also any formal document in letter form, under seal, and in the sovereign's name.
enumerate (enumeration)
GENERAL
To mention separately as if in counting; name one by one; specify, as in a list.
To ascertain the number of; count.
representative democracy (1)
A government in which leaders make desisions by winning a competitive struggle for the popluar vote.
power elite view (1)
View that the government is dominated by a few top leaders, most of whom are outside of the government.
power (1)
The ability of one person to get another person to act in accordance with the first person's intentions.
pluralist view (1)
The belief that competition among all affected interests shapes public policy.
Marxist view (1)
View that the government is dominated by capitalists
legitimacy (1)
Political authority conferred by law or by a state or national constitution.
elite (1,7)
People who have a disproportionate amount of some valued resource, like money or power.
direct or participatory democracy (1)
A government in which all or most citizens participate directly.
democracy (1)
The rule of many.
bureaucratic view (1)
View that the government is dominated by appointed officials.
authority (1)
The right to use power.
Virginia Plan (2)
Proposal to create a strong national government.
unalienable (2)
A human right based on nature or God.
Shay's Rebellion (2)
A 1787 rebellion in which ex-Revolutionary War soldiers attempted to prevent foreclosures of farms as a result of high interest rates and taxes.
separation of powers (2)
Constitutional authority is shared by three different branches of government.
reserved powers (2)
Powers given to the state government alone
republic (2)
A government in which elected representatives make the decisions.
New Jersey Plan (2)
Proposal to create a weak national government.
line-item veto (2,14)
An executive's ability to block a particular provision in a bill passed by the legislature.
judicial review (2,16)
The power of courts to declare laws unconstitutional.
habeas corpus (2)
An order to produce an arrested person before a judge.
Great Compromise (2)
Plan to have a popularly elected House based on state population and a state-selected Senate, with two members for each state.
federalist (2)
Those who favor a stronger national government.
federalism (2,3)
Government authority shared by national and local governments.
faction (2)
A group with a distinct political interest.
ex post facto law (2)
A law that makes an act criminal although the act was legal when it was committed.
enumerated poweres (2)
Power given to the national government alone.
Constitutional Convention (2)
A meeting in Phildelphia in 1787 that produced a new constitution.
concurrent powers (2)
Powers shared by the national and state governments.
coalition (2)
An alliance of factions.
checks and balances (2)
Authority shared by three branches of government.
Bill of Rights (2)
First ten amendments to the Constitution.
Articles of Confederation (2)
A weak constitution that governed America during the Revolutionary War
Antifederalists (2)
Those who favor a weaker national government.
amendment (2)
A new provision in the Constitution that has been ratified by the states.
waiver (3)
A decision by an administrative agency granting some other part permission to violate a law or rule that would otherwise apply to it.
third-order devolution (3)
The increased role of nonprofit organizations and private groups in politicy implementation.
second-order devolution (3)
The flow of power and money from the states to local governments.
revenue sharing (3)
Federal sharing of a fixed percentage of its revenue with the states.
referendum (3)
Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature.
recall (3)
Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office.
referendum (3)
Procedure enabling voters to reject a measure passed by the legislature.
recall (3)
Procedure whereby voters can remove an elected official from office.
police power (3,6)
State power to enact laws promoting health, safety, and morals.
nullification (3)
The doctrine that a state can declare null and void a federal law that, in the state's opinion, violates the Constitution.
"necessary and proper" clause (3)
Section of the Constitution allowing Congress to pass all laws "necessary and proper" to its duties, and which has permitted Congress to exercise powers not specifically given to it (enumerated) by the Constitution.
mandates (3)
Terms set by the national government that states must meet whether or not they accept federal grants.
initiative (3)
Process that permites voters to put legislative measures directly on the ballot.
implied preemption (3)
A federal law or regulation that contains language conflicting with state or local laws, that cannot be effectively implemented due to such laws, or that concerns matters in which Washingtion posses exclusive Constitutional powers. (such as treaty-making) Or "occupies the field" (like federal employment securtity and retirement laws).
grants-in-aid (3)
Money given by the national government to the states.
express preemption (3)
A federal law or regulation that contains language explicitly displacing or superseding any contrary state or local laws.
dual federalism (3)
Doctrine holding that the national government is supreme in its sphere, the states are supreme in theirs, and the two spheres should be kept separate.
devolution (3)
The effort to transfer responsibility for many public programs and services from the federal government to the states.
conditions of aid (3)
Terms set by the national government that states must meet if they are to receive certain federal funds.
categorical grants (3)
Federal grants for specific purposes, such as building an airport.
block grants (3)
Money from the national government that states can spend within broad guidelines determined by Washington.
progressive (4)
A belief that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religion.
progressive (4)
A belief that personal freedom and solving social problems are more important than religion.
political efficacy (4)
A belief that you can take part in politics (internal efficacy) or that the government will respond to the citizenry (external efficacy).
political culture (4)
A distinctive and patterned way of thinking about how political and economic life ought to be carried out.
orthodox (4)
A belief that morality and religion ought to be of decisive importance.
internal efficacy (4)
The ability to understand and take part in politics.
civic competence (4)
A belief that one can affect government policies.
civic duty (4)
A belief that one has an obligation to participate in civic and political affairs.
class consciousness (4)
A belief that you are a member of an economic group whose interests are opposed to people in other such groups.
external efficacy (4)
The willingness of the state to respond to the citizenry
wall of separation (5)
Court ruling that government cannot be involved with religion.
symbolic speech (5)
An act that conveys a political message.
selective incorporation (5)
Court cases that apply Bill of Rights to states.
search warrant (5)
A judge's order authorizing a search.
search warrant (5)
A judge's order authorizing a search.
probable cause (5)
Reasonable cause for issuing a search warrant or making an arrest; more than mere suspicion.
prior restraint (5)
Censorship of a publication.
libel (5)
Writing that falsely injures another person.
good-faith exception (5)
An error in gathering evidence sufficiently minor that it may be used in a trial.
clear-and-present-danger test (5)
Law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions.
clear-and-present-danger test (5)
Law should not punish speech unless there was a clear and present danger of producing harmful actions.
due process of law (5)
Denies the government the right, without due process, to deprive people of life, liberty, and property.
equal protection of the law (5)
A standard of equal treatment that must be observed by the government.
establishment cause (5)
First Amendment ban on laws "respecting an establishment of religion".
exclusionary rule (5)
Improperly gathered evidence may not be introduced in a criminal trial.
freedom of expression (5)
Right of people to speak, publish, and assemble.
freedom of religion (5)
People shall be free to exercise their religion, and government may not establish a religion.
free-excerse clause (5)
First Amendment requirement that law cannot prevent free exercise of religion.
suspect classifications (6)
Classifications of people on the basis of their race or ethnicity.
strict scrutiny (6)
A Supreme Court test to see if a law denies denies equal protection because it does not serve a compelling state interest and is not narrowly tailored to achieve that goal.
separate-but-equal doctrine (6)
The doctrine establish in Plessy vs. Ferguson (1896) that African Americans could constitutionally be kept in separate but equal facilities.
reverse discrimination (6)
Using race or sex to give preferential treatment to some people.
affirmative action (6)
Programs designed to increase minortiy pariticapation in some institution (buinesses, schools, labor unions, or government agencies) by taking positive steps to appoint more minority-grouop members.
civil disobedience (6)
Opposing a law one considers unjust by peacefully disobeying it and accepting the resultant punishment.
civil rights (6)
The rights of people to be treated without unreasonable or unconstitutional differences.
de facto segregation (6)
Racial segregation that occurs in schools, not as a result of the law, but as a result of patterns of residential settlement.
de jure segregation (6)
Racial segregation that is required by law.
equality of opportunity (6)
Giving people an equal chance to succeed.
equality of result (6)
Making certain that people achieve the same result.
federal-question case (6)
Cases concering the Constitution, federal laws, or treaties.
sampling error (7)
The difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time.
sampling error (7)
The difference between the results of random samples taken at the same time.
public opinion (7)
How people think or feel about particular things.
random sample (7)
Method of selecting from a population in which each person has an equal probability of being selected.
public opinion (7)
How people think or feel about particular things.
poll (7)
A survey of public opinion.
political socializtion (7)
Process by which backround traits influenc one's political views.
political ideology (7)
A more or less consistent set of belief about what policies government ought to pursue.
political elites (7)
Persons with a disproportionate share of political power.
norm (7)
A standard of right or proper conduct.
exit polls (7)
Polls based on interviews conducted on Election Day with randomlly selected voters.
gender gap (7)
Difference in political views between men and women.
white primary (8)
The practice of keeping blacks from voting in the southern states' primaries through arbitrary use of registration requirements and intimidation.
voting-age population (8)
Citizens who are eligible to vote after reaching the minimum age requirement.
registered voters (8)
People who are registered to vote.
poll tax (8)
A requirement that citizens pay a tax in order to register to vote.
literacy test (8)
A requirement that citizens show that they can read before registering to vote.
grandfather clause (8)
A clause in registration laws allowing people whe do not meet registration requirements to vote if they or their ancestors had voted before 1867.
activists (8)
People who tend to participate in all forms of politics.
Australian ballot (8)
A government-printed ballot of uniform dimensions to be cast in secret that many states adopted around 1890 to reduce voting fraud associated with party-printed ballots cast in public.
two-party system (9)
An electoral system with two dominant parties that compete in national elections.
superdelegates (9)
Party leaders and elected officials who become delegates to the national convention without having to run in primaries or caucuses.
straight ticket (9)
Voting for candidates who are all of the same party.
sponsored party (9)
A local or state political party that is largely supported by another organization in the community.
split ticket (9)
Voting for candidates of different parties for various offices in the same election.
solidary incentives (9,11)
The social rewards (sense of pleasure, status, or companionship) that lead people to join political organizations.
political party (9)
A group that seeks to elect candidates to public office.
political machine (9)
A party organization that recruits members by dispensing patronage.
plurality system (9)
An electoral system in which the winner is the person who gets the most votes, even if he or she does not receive a majority; used in almost all American elections.
personal following (9)
The political support provided to a candidate on the basis of personal popularity and networks.
party-column ballot (9)
A ballot listing all candidates of a given party together under the name of that party; also called an "Indiana" ballot.
office-bloc ballot (9)
A ballot listing all candidates of a given office under the name of that of office; also called a "Massachusetts" ballot.
national convention (9)
A meeting of party delegates held every four years.
national committee (9)
Delegates who run party affairs between national conventions.
national chairman (9)
Day-to-day party manager elected by the national committee.
mugwumps or progressives (9)
Republican party faction of the 1890's to the 1910's composed of reformers who opposed patronage.
ideological party (9)
A party that values principled stands on issues above all else.
caucus (9,10,13)
A meeting of party members to select delegates backing one or another primary candidate.
congressional compaign committee (9)
A party committee in Congress that provides funds to members and would-be members.
critical or realignment period (9)
Periods when a major, lasting shift occurs i nthe popular coalition supporting one or both parites.
valence issue (10)
An issue about which the public is united and rival candidates or political parties adopt similar positions in hopes that each will be thought to best represent those widely shared beliefs.
sophomore surge (10)
An increase in the votes congressional candidates usually get when they first run for reelection.
soft money (10)
Funds obtained by political parties that are spent on party activities, such as get-out-the-vote drivers, but not on behalf of a specific candidate.
runoff primary (10)
A second primary election held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary.
runoff primary (10)
A second primary election held when no candidate wins a majority of the votes in the first primary.
retrospective voting (10)
Voting for a candidate because you like his or her past actions in office.
prospective voting (10)
Voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas for handling issues.
prospective voting (10)
Voting for a candidate because you favor his or her ideas for handling issues.
primary election (10)
An election held to choose candidates for office.
postition issues (10)
An issue about which the public is divide and rival candidates or political parties adopt different policy positions.
political action committee (PAC)
A committee set up by a corporation, labor union, or interest group that raises and spends campaign money from voluntary donations.
open primary (10)
A primary election in which voters may choose in which party to vote as they enter the polling place.
malapportionment (10)
Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts so that they are unequal in population.
independent expenditures (PAC) (10)
Spending by political action committees, corporations, or labor unions that is done to help a party or candidate but is done independently of them.
incumbent (10)
The person already holding an elective office.
blanket primary (10)
A primaray election in which each voter may vote for candidates from both parties.
closed primary (10)
A primary election in which voting is limited to already registered party members.
closed primary (10)
A primary election in which voting is limited to already registered party members.
coattails (10)
The alleged tendency of candidates to win more votes in an election because of the presence at the top of the ticket of a better-known candidate, such as the president.
527 organizations (10)
Organizations that, under section 527 of the Internal Revenue Code, raise and spend money to advance political causes.
general election (10)
An election held to chose which candidate will hold office.
gerrymandering (10)
Drawing the boundaries of legislative districts in bizarre or unusual shapes to favor one party.
social movement (11)
A widely shared demand for change in some aspect of the social or political order.
public-interest lobby (11)
A political organization whose goals will principally benefit nonmembers.
ratings (11)
Assessments of a representative's voting record on issues important to an interest group.
ratings (11)
Assessments of a representative's voting record on issues important to an interest group.
purposive incentive (11)
A benefit that comes from serving a cause or principle.
public-interest lobby (11)
A political organization whose goals will principally benefit nonmembers.
political cue (11)
A signal telling a legislature what values are at stake in a vote, and how that issue fits into his or her own political views on party agenda.
material incentives (11)
Money or things valued in monetary terms.
incentive (11)
Something of value one cannot get without joining an organization.
ideological interest group (11)
Political organizations that attract members by appealing to their political convictions or principles.
501(c)(3) organization (11)
Nonprofit group that may legally address political matters but may not lobby or campaign; donations to it are tax deductable.
501(c)(4) organization (11)
Nonprofit group that is permitted tolobby and campaign; donations to it are not tax deductable.
trial balloon (12)
Information leaked to the media to test public reaction to a possible policy.
sound bite (12)
A radio or video clip of someone speaking.
selective attention (12)
Paying attention only to those news stories with which one already agrees.
routine stories (12)
Media stories about events that are regularly covered by reporters.
routine stories (12)
Media stories about events that are regularly covered by reporters.
loaded language (12)
Words that imply a value judgment, used to persuade a reader without having made a serious argument.
insider stories (12)
Media stories about events that are not usually made public.
adversarial press (12)
The tendency of the national media to be suspicious of officials and eager to reveal unflattering stories about them.
backround (12)
A public official's statement to a reporter that is given on condition that the official not be named.
bill of attainder (12)
A law that declares a person, without a t`rial, to be guilty of a crime.
blog (12)
A series, or log, of discussion items on a page of the World Wide Web.
equal time rule (12)
An FCC rule that if a broadcaster sells time to one candidate, it must sell equal time to other candidates.
feature stories (12)
Media stories about events that, though public, are not regularly covered by reporters.
whip (13)
A senator or representative who helps the party leader stay informed about what party members are thinking.
voice vote (13)
A congressional voting procedure in which members shout "yea" in approval or "nay" in disapproval, permitting members to vote quickly or anonymously on bills.
teller vote (13)
A congressional voting procedure in which members pass between two tellers, the "yeas" frist and the "nays" second.
standing committees (13)
Permanently established legislative committees that consider and are responsible for legislation within a certain subject area.
simple resolution (13)
An expression of opinion either in the House or Senate to settle procedural matters in either body.
sequential referral (13)
A congressional process by which a Speaker may send a bill to a second committee after the first is finished acting.
select committees (13)
Congressional committees appointed for a limited time and purpose.
safe districts (13)
Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55 percent or more.
safe districts (13)
Districts in which incumbents win by margins of 55 percent or more.
roll-call vote (13)
A congressional voting procedure that consists of members answering "yea" or "nay" to their names.
restrictive rule (13)
An order from the House of Rules Committee that permits certain kinds of amendments but not others to be made into a bill on the floor.
public bill (13)
A legislative bill that deals with matters of general concern.
quorum call (13)
A roll call in either house of Congress to see whether the minimum number of representatives required to conduct business is present.
quorum (13)
The minimum number of members who must be present for business to be conducted in Congress.
public bill (13)
A legislative bill that deals with matters of general concern.
private bill (13)
A legislative bill that deals only with specific, private, personal, or local matters.
pork-barrel legislation (13,17)
Legislation that gives tangible benefits to constituents in several districts or states in the hope of winning their votes in returen.
party polarization (13)
A vote in which a majority of Democratic legislators oppose a majority of Republican legislators.
open rule (13)
An order from the House Rules Committee that permits a bill to be amended on the floor.
multiple referral (13)
A congressional process whereby a bill may be referred to several important committees.
minority leader (13)
The legislative leader elected by party members holding a minority of seats in the House or the Senate.
marginal districts (13)
Political districts in which candidates elected to the House of Representatives win in close elections, typically by less thean 55 percent of the vote.
majority leader (13)
The legislative leader elected by party members holding the majority of seats in the House or the Senate.
joint resolution (13
A formal expression of congressional opinion the must be approved by both houses of Congress and by the president; constitutional amendments need not be signed by the president.
joint committees (13)
Committees on which both senators and representatives serve.
cloture rule (13)
A rule used by the Senate to end or limit debate.
concurrent resolution (13)
An expression of opinion without the force of law that requires the approval of both the house and the Senate, but not the President.
conferecnce committee (13)
A joint committee appointed to resolve differences in the Senate and House versions the same bill.
conservative coalitions (13)
An alliance between Republican an conservative Democrates.
closed rule (13)
An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor.
closed rule (13)
An order from the House Rules Committee that sets a time limit on debate; forbids a bill from being amended on the floor.
bicameral legislature (13)
A lawmaking body made up of two chambers or parts.
discharge petition (13)
A device by which any member of the House, after a committee has had the bill for thirty days, may petition to have it brought to the floor.
division vote (13)
A congressional voting procedure in which members stand and are counted.
double-tracking (13)
A procedure to keep the Senate going during a filbuster in which the disputed bill is shelved temporarily so that the Senate can get on with other counted.
fillibuster (13)
An attempt to defeat a bill in the Senate by talking indifferntly, thus preventing the Senate from taking action on the bill.
franking privilege (13)
The ability of members to mail letters to their constituents free of charge by substituting their facsimile signature for postage.
veto message (14)
A message from the president to Congress stating that he will not sign a bill it has passed. Must be produced within ten days of the bill's passage.
unified government (14)
The same party controls the White House and both houses of Congress.
signing statement (14)
A presidental document that reveals what the president thinks of a new law and how it ought to be enforced.
pyramid structure (14)
A president's subordinates report to him through a clear chain of command headed by a chief of staff.
pocket veto (14)
A bill fails to become law because the president did not sign it within ten days before Congress adjourns.
legislative veto (14,15)
The authority of Congress to block a presidential action after it has taken place. The Supreme Court has held that Congress does not have this power.
lame duck (14)
A person still in office after he or she has lost a bid for reelection.
impeachment (14)
Charges against a President approved by a majority of the House of Represenatives.
gridllock (14)
The inability of the government to act because rival parties control different parts of the government.
circular structure (14)
Several of the president's assistants report directly to him.
cabinet (14)
The heads of the fifteen exevutive branch departments of the federal government.
bully pulpit (14)
The president's use of his prestige and visibility to guide or enthuse the American people.
ad hoc structure (14)
Several subordinates, cabinet officers, and committees report to the president on different matters.
divided government (14)
One party controls the White House and another party controls one or both houses of Congress.
electoral college (14)
The people chosen to cast each state's votes in a presidential election. Each state can cast one electoral bote for each senator and representative it has. The District of Columbia has three electroal votes, even though it cannot elect a representative or senator.
trust funds (15)
Funds for government programs that are collected and spent outside the regular government budget.
red tape (15)
Complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done.
red tape (15)
Complex bureaucratic rules and procedures that must be followed to get something done.
name-request job (15)
A job that is filled by a person whom an agency has already identified.
laissez-faire (15)
An economic theory that government should not regulate or interfere with commerce.
Keynesianism (15)
The belief that fovernment must manage the economy by spending more money when in a recession and cutting spending when there is inflation.
issue network (15)
A network of people in Washington, D.C.-based interest groups, on congressional staffs, in universities and think tanks, and in the mass media, who regularly discuss and advocate public policies.
iron triangle (15)
A close relationship between an agency, a congressional committee, and an interest group.
government by proxy (15)
Washington pays state and local governments and private groups to staff and administer federal programs.
competitive service (15)
The government offices to which people are appointed on the basis of merit, as ascertained by a written exam or by applying certain selection criteria.
committee clearance (15)
The ability of a congressional commitee to review and approve certain agency dicisions in advance and without passsing a law.
bureaucracy (15)
A large, complex organization composed of appointed ofiicails. (1)
authorization legislation (15)
Legislative permission to begin or continue a government program or agency.
appropration (15)
A legislative grant of money to finance a government program or agency.
judicial restraint approach (16)
The view that judges should decide cases strictly on the basis of the language of the laws and the Constitution.
discrectionary authority (15)
The extent to which appointed bureaucrats can choose courses of action and make policies taht are not spelled out in advance by laws.
stare decisis (16)
"Let the decision stand," or allowing prior rulings to control the current case.
standing (16)
A legal rule stating who is authorized to start a lawsuit.
sovereign immunity (16)
The rule that a citizen cannot sue the government without the government's consent.
remedy (16)
A judicial order enforcing a right or redressing a wrong.
political question (16)
An issue the Supreme Court will allow the executive and legislative branches decide.
plaintiff (16)
The party that initiates a lawsuit.
per curian opinion (16)
A brief, unsigned court opinion.
opinion of the court (16)
A signed opinion of a majority of the Supreme Court.
litmus test (16)
An examination of the political ideology of a nominated judge.
legislative courts (16)
Courts created by Congress for specialized purposes whose judges do not enjoy the protections of Article III of the Constitution.
in forma pauperis (16)
A method whereby a poor person can have his or her case heard in a federal court without charge.
constitution court (16)
A federal court authorized by Article III of the Constitution that keeps judges in office during good behavior and prevents their salaries from being reduced. They are the Supreme Court (created by the Constitution) and appellate and district courts crated by Congress.
concurring opinion (16)
A signed opinion in which one or more members agree with the majority view but for different reasons.
class-action suit (16)
A case brought by someone to help him or her and all others who are similarly situated.
class-action suit (16)
A case brought by someone to help him or her and all others who are similarly situated.
brief (16)
A written statement by an attorney that summarizes a case and the laws and rulings that support it.
amicus curiae (16)
A brief submitted by a "friend of the court."
activist approach (16)
The view that judges should discern the general principles underlying laws or the Constitution and apply them to modern circumstances.
court of appeals (16)
Federal courts that hear appeals from district courts; no trials.
dissenting opinion (16)
A signed opinion in which one or more justices disagree with the majority view.
district courts (16)
The lowest federal courts; federal trials can be held only here.
diversity cases (16)
Cases involving citizens of different states who can bring suit in federal courts.
fee shifting (16)
A rule that allows a plaintiff to recover cost from the defendant if the plaintiff wins.
process regulation (17)
Rules governing commercial activities designed to improve consumer, worker, or environmental conditions. Also called -social regulation.
political agenda (17)
Issues that people believe require governmental action.
policy entrepreneurs (17)
Activists in or out of government who pull together a political majority on behalf of unorganized interests.
majoritarian politics (17,19)
A policy in which almost everybody benefits and almost everybody pays.
logrolling (17)
A legislator supports a proposal favored by another in return for support of his or hers.
interest group politics (17)
A policy in which one small group benefits and another small group pays.
interest group (17)
An organization of people sharing a common interest or goal that seeks to influence the making of public policy.
entrepreneurial politics (17)
A policy in which almost everybody benefits and a small group pays the cost.
client politics (17,19)
A policy in which one small group benefits and almost everybody pays.
client politics (17,19)
A policy in which one small group benefits and almost everybody pays.
benefit (17)
A satisfaction that people believe thay will enjoy if a policy is adopted.
cost (17)
A burden that people believe they must bear if a policy is enacted.
supply-side theory (18)
The belief that lower taxes and fewer regulations will stimulate the economy.
sequester (18)
Automatic spending cuts.
Reaganomics (18)
The belief that a combination of monetarism, lower federal spending, and supply-side economics will stimulate the economy.
Reaganomics (18)
The belief that a combination of monetarism, lower federal spending, and supply-side economics will stimulate the economy.
national debt (18)
The total deficit from the first presidency down to the present.
monetary policy (18)
Managing the economy by altering the supply of money and interest rates.
monetarism (18)
The belief that inflation occurs when too much money is chasing too few goods
gross domestic product (18)
The total of all goods and services produced in the economy during a given year.
economic planning (18)
The belief that government plans, such as wage and price controls or the direction of investment, can improve the economy.
buget resolution (18)
A congressional desision that states the maximum amount of money the government should spend.
budget (18)
A document that states tax collections, spending levels, and the allocation of spending among purposes.
deficit (18)
What occurs when the government in one year spends more money than it takes in from taxes.
discretionary spend (18)
Spending that is not required to pay for contracts, interest on the national debt, or entitlement programs such as Social Security.
entitlements (18)
A claim for government funds that cannot be changed without violating the rights of the claimant.
fiscal policy (18)
Managing the economy by the use of tax and spending laws.
fiscal year (18)
For the federal government, October 1st through the following September 30th.
globalization (18)
The growing integration of the economies and societies of the world.
service strategy (19)
A policy providing poor people with education an djob training to help lift them out of poverty.
means test (19)
An income qualification program that determines whether one is eligible for benefits under government programs reserved for lower-income groups.
insurance progarm (19)
A self-financing government program based on contributions that provide benefits to unemployed or retired persons.
income strategy (19)
A policy giving poor people money to help lift them out of poverty.
charitable choice (19)
Name given to four federal laws passed in the late 1990's specifying the condtions under which nonprofit religious organizations could compete to administer certain social service delivery and welfare programs.
assistance program (19)
A government program finaced by general income taxes that provides benefits to poor citizens without requiring contribution from them.
Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC) (19)
A provision of a 1978 law that entitles working families with children to receive money from the government if their total income is below a certain level. The program was expanded in the early 1990's.
worldviews (20)
A comprehensive opinion of how the United States should respond to world problems
unipolar world (20)
A political landscape with one superpower.
polarization (20)
A deep and wide conflict over some government policy.
military-industrial complex (20)
An alleged alliance between military leaders and corporate leaders.
isolationism (20)
The opinion that the United States should withdraw from world affairs.
human rights (20)
The view that we should try to improve the lives of people in other countries.
gold plating (20)
The tendency of Pentagon officials to ask weapons contractors to meet excessively high requirements.
containment (20)
The belief that the United States should resist the expansion of aggressive nations, especially the former Soviet Union.
bipolar world (20)
A political landscape with two superpowers.
cost overruns (20)
When the money actually paid to military suppliers exceeds the estimated costs.
disengagement (20)
The belief that the United States was harmed by its war in Veitname and so should avoid supposedly similar events.
command-and-control strategy (21)
A strategy to improve air and water quality, involving the setting of detailed pollution standards and rules.
environmental impact statement (21)
A report required by federal law that assesses the possible effect of a project on the environment if the project is subsidized in whole or part by federal funds.
writ of certiorari (16)
An order by a higher court directing a lower court to send up a case for review.