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54 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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The Enlightenment
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18th century began in W. Europe: roots in the scientific revolution
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Thomas Hobbes
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Argued: In a state of nature, humans do evil and are poor, nasty, short.. The best way to protect life = total power to an absolute monarchy.
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John Locke
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Life, liberty, and property were natural rights granted by god.
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Chales de Montesquieu
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His book advocated for the separation of powers into three branches of government.
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Jean Jacques Rousseau
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ONLY GOOD GOVT:
-freely formed with consent of the people -this consent was shown in a powerful agreement among people. |
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Weaknesses of "Articles of Confederation"
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-couldn't draft soldiers
-dependent on state legislatures for funding -couldn't tax citizens -couldn't pay off revolutionary war debt -no supreme court to interpret laws -no executive branch to enforce laws -no national currency -no control over import/export taxes between states -needed everyone to agree to amend Articles -needed 9/13 approval to pass legislaiton |
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Shay's Rebellion
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6 months rebellion with 1000 armed farmers protesting the foreclosure of farms in Mass.
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Constitutional Convention
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in Phili in 1787
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Constitutional Convention: Virginia Plan
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an idea for a strong govt. with each state represented proportionally to its population
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Constitutional Convention: New Jersey Plan
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Each state would be represented equally
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Constitutional Convention: Great Compromise
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The solution: a bicameral legislature with the house of reps. (based on population) and the senate (equal representation from each state)
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Constitutional Convention: Three Fifths Compromise
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slaves would count as 3/5 of a person when apportioning votes.
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Before Bills become law, they require presidential approval, and the president has the power to
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veto acts of legislature. But the congress can override a presidential veto by 2/3 vote of both houses.
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Three men who supported the Constitution(wrote the federalist papers):
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James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, John Jay
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Hamilton Feared that once citizens rights were written down explicitly,
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those would be their ONLY rights.
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Anti-Federalists believed the constitution would:
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threaten citizens personal liberties and effectively make the president into king.
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Bill of Rights
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protect citizens rights from government infringement
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Necessary and Proper Clause (Elastic Clause)
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allows Congress to "make all laws" that appear "necessary and proper" to implement its delegated powers.
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Judicial Review
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the power for the Supreme Court to overturn laws passed by the legislature. (decided during Marbury v. Madison)
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Federalism
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a system of government under which the national government and local governments share powers.
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Delegated Powers (enumerated or expressed)
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powers that belong to the national government:
-print money -regulate interstate and international trade -conducting foreign policy and making treaties -declaring war |
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Reserved Powers
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powers that belong only to the state government:
-issue license -regulation of in-state business -run and pay for federal elections |
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Concurrent Powers
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powers shared by the state and federal government:
-operate courts of law -build roads -borrow money -collect taxes |
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Full Faith and Credit Clause
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Federal govt protects states and in return, the states have to abide by court judgements, licenses, and contracts of other states.
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Privileges and Immunities Clause
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A state has to provide police protection or access to their courts to a US citizen even if he lives in a different state.
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Extradition
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states must return fugitives to the states from which they fled
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Dual Federalism
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when the early federal and state governments remained separate and independent.
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States' Rightists define Federalism
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as a relationship in which the states remain retain most of the political power
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Nationalists often see Federal Govt. as
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being supreme in all matters and ultimately in control.
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Most federal government programs are administered through
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the states
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Grants-in-Aid
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gifts of money to the states without any strings
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Categorical Grants (favored by who)
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aid with strict provisions from the federal government on how it may be spent (favored by nationalists)
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Block Grants (favored by who)
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aid that allows the state to experiment and use the money as they see fit (favored by States' Rightists)
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Legislative Branch
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makes the laws (congress)
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Executive Branch
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enforces the laws (president)
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Judicial Branch
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Interprets the laws (supreme court)
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The president chooses the nominees for _____,____,____.
But the nominees must be approved by _________. |
federal judges, cabinet officials, ambassadors.
The Senate |
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Negotiation of Treaties (separation of powers)
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president can negotiate treaties but none can be enacted until a 2/3 approval by Senate.
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Enactment of Legislation (separation of powers)
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-only congress can pass laws.
-president can veto legislation. -2/3 vote of both houses can override presidential veto -Courts can overturn legislation on the basis of unconstitutionality. |
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To amend the constitution:
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- a proposed amendment is approved by both houses by a 2/3 vote
-then the amendment is passed on to the 50 state legislatures. 3/4 of them must approve. -or a ratifying constitution with delegates specifically to vote on proposed amendments. |
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Judicial Review
(est. by Chief Justice John Marshall) |
The power fot he Supreme Court to declare laws and executive actions unconstitutional.
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Line-Item Veto
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Presidents can't use is, but State Governors can: it's when one rejects a part of a proposed legislation and leaves the rest.
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Characteristics of Public opinion: Saliency
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the saliency of an issue is the degree to which it is important to a particular individual of group.
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Characteristics of Public opinion: Stability
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how quickly the public opinion changes about certain issues compared to others.
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Public Opinion Polls: function
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regularly measure public opinion
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Public Opinion Polls: Random Sampling
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a method that allows pollsters to get a representative cross section of the public.
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Public Opinion Polls: Exit Polls
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at a voting precinct, pollsters will ask random people as they leaving.
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Political Ideology: definition
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A coherent set of thoughts and beliefs about politics and government.
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Political Ideology: Conservative
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-individuals should not need government assistance
-oppose federal regulations -laissez-faire economics |
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Political Ideology: Liberal
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-government should remedy the social and economic injustices of the marketplace
-strongly fight to enforce separation of church and state |
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Political Ideology: Moderate
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-use common sense instead of philosophical principles to solve political problems.
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Political Behavior: liberal
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blacks/minorities, jews, protestants, women more than men, upper class, North, Mid west region
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Political Behavior: conservative
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deep south, blue collar workers,
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Public Agenda set by
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the mass media
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