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151 Cards in this Set

  • Front
  • Back
o   Majority rule
majority rule must be respected. Constitution has number of things to limit the power of the majority

 Electoral college, life tenure for supreme court justices, selection of senators by state legislatures
o   Unitary system
system of gov all power invested in central government
o   Federalism
a system of gov power dived by a written constitution between a central gov and gov ran in region(state gov).

§ Purpose – two or more levels of gov have formal authority over same geographic area of people (localized and not)
o   Expressed powers
PWERS SPECIFICALLY GRANTED TO FEDERAL GOV

-- I.E const gives congress specific power to coin money, impose taxes, regulate interstate commerce
= (ALSO CALLED ENUMERATED POWERS)
o   Implied powers -.
POWERS OF FEDERAL GOV THAT GO BEYOND THOSE ENUMERATED IN CONST

-§ DERIVED FROM ELASTIC OR NECESSARY AND PROPER CLAUSE
o   RESERVED POWERS
powers not given specifically to national gov but however not DENIED TO STATES, gives all those powers to states cause of the TENTH AMENMENT
o   Cooperative federalism
(fiscal federalism) _ national and state govs work together
o   Categorical grant
funds provided for a specific and clearly defined purpose
o   Block grant
funds granted to STATES for broadly defined purpose

§ Shift resources from federal govs – to states; contribute to growing number of state and local employes
o   Mandates
rules telling states what they have to do to comply with federal guidelines

§ Unfunded mantades require state and local govs to comply without provision of funds.
o   Devolution
a movement to transfer the responsibilities of governing from the federal government to sate and local governments
-        Political culture
a set of widely shared beliefs or value.

o Americas culture is characterized by strong support for – individual liberty, political equality, legal equality, rule of law, limited government
-        Political socialization
the processes by which political values are passed from each generation

o Family is most important agent for political socialization NOT MEDIA
-        Public opinion
attitude about a institution, leader, political issues, or event
-        Political IDEOLOGY
A COHESIVE SET OF BELIFES ABOUT POLITICS, PUBLIC POLICY, ROLE OF GOV


o I.E LIBERAL, CONSERVITIVE
-        POLITICAL EFFICACY
THE BELIEF THAT ONES POLITICAL PARTICIPATION MAKES A DIFFERENCE
-        SPLIT TICKET VOTEING
A PERSON WHO VOTES FOR CANDIDTES OF TWO DIFFERENT PARTIES IN SAME ELECTION

o Happening a lot now because more people are identifying themselves as independents
-        Political party
a group of citizens who organize to:
o WIN ELECTIONS
o HOLD PUBLIC OFFICIES
o OPERATE GOV
o DETERMINE PUBLIC POLICY
-        Plurality election
winning candidate who receives most votes but less then half the total
-        Single member district
an electoral district from which one person is chosen by the voters for each elected office.

o Leads to legislatures dominated by two political parties

LOOK UP
-        Party era
an historical period dominated by one political party
-        Critical election
an election when significant groups of voters change their traditional patterns of party loyalty

LOOK UP
-        Party realignment
majority party displaced by the minority party, ushering new party era

o I.E - 1932 FDR LED THE NEW DEAL COALITION OF BLUE COLLER WORKERS, RACIAL MINORITES, SOUTHERNERS, FARM LABOURS TO A SWEEPING ELECTORAL VICTORY
-        Divided gov
a gov when one party controls pres, and one party controls congress.

o I.E - 1932 FDR LED THE NEW DEAL COALITION OF BLUE COLLER WORKERS, RACIAL MINORITES, SOUTHERNERS, FARM LABOURS TO A SWEEPING ELECTORAL VICTORY
-        Interest group –
an organization of people with similar views on specific interest
o AND ATTEMPT TO INFLUENCE PUBLIC POLICY TO THEIR BENIFET
o DO NOT ELLECT PEOPLE TO OFFICE
-        PAC (political action committee)
a committee formed by business, labor, or other interest groups
o TO RAISE MONEY and make contributions to the campaigns and candidates they support
-        Free riders
people who benefit from interest groups without making any contributions
o Labor unions and public interest groups have free rider problems because people can benefit without joining.
-        Power elite theory
theory that small number of very wealth individuals dominate key policy areas
-        Pluralist theory
theory that many interest groups compete for power in a large number of policy areas
-        Hyper pluralist theory
the theory that gov is in gridlock and weekend because there are so many competing interest groups.
-        Linkage institutions
institutions that connect citizens to government.
o The mass media, interest groups, and political parties are the main linkage inst.
-        Horse race journalism
tendency that media covers candidates by how they stand in the polls instead of how they stand on issues.

o More interesting
-        Congressional redistricting
- the reallocation of the number of representatives each state has in the house of reps

- THE STATE LEGISLATURE DRAWS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS.
-        GERRYMANDERING
A LEGISLATIVE PROCESS BY WHICH THE MAJORITY PARTY IN EACH STATE LEGISLATURE REDRAWS CONGRESSIONAL DISTICTS TO ENSURE THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SEATS.
-        Incumbent
office holder seeking reelection.
o Incumbency is single most important factor in determining the outcome of congressional ellections
-        FRANKING PRIVLEGE
the right of members of congress to mail newsletters to their constituents at the goverments expense.
-          Standing committees
– permanent subject – matter congressional committees that handle legislation and oversee the bureaucracy
-        Conference committee
temporary bodies that are formed to resolve difference between the house and senate version of bill.
-        House rules Committee –
o Set guidelines for floor debate
o Places the bill on the legislative calendar
o Limits time for debate
o Determines the type of amendments that will be allowed
-        House ways and means committee
house committee that handles tax bills
-        Seniority
UNWRITTEN RULE in BOTH houses of congress reserving committee chairs to members of the committee with the longest records of continuous service.
-        Filibuster
a way of delaying or preventing action on a bill by using long speeches and unlimited debate to “talk a bill to death”
-        Cloture
o A SENATE motion to end filibuster; requires a three-fifths vote
-        Logrolling
tactic of mutual aid and vote trading among legislatures.
o In the example, we have three individuals: Tanis, Alvin, and Rebekah. Tanis favors subsidies for agriculture, Alvin favors school construction, and Rebekah favors the recruitment of more firefighters. It seems as if the proposals are doomed to fail because each is opposed by a majority of voters. Even so, this may not be the outcome. Tanis may visit Rebekah and tell her that she will vote for Rebekah’s bill to recruit more firefighters as long as Rebekah votes for her policy, subsidies for agriculture, in return. Now, both proposals will win because they have gained a simple majority, even though in reality the subsidy is opposed by two of the three voters
-        Oversight
Congressional review of the activities of an executive agency, department, or office
o Separation of powers J
-        Delegate role of representation
members of congress cast vote based on the wishes of their constituents
-        Closed primary
cant split ticket only for voters in that party
-        Frontloading
recent pattern of states holding primaries earlier in order to maximize their media attention and political influence.

o 3/4s of primaries between feb. and mid march
-        SOFT MONEY –
o CONTRIBUTIONS TO POLITICAAL PARTIES FOR PARTY BUILDING ACTIVITIES
o Used to evade limits on hard money.
-        527 group
a tax exempt organization created to influence the political process
o Not regulated by the FEC(federal election commission) because they do not coordinate their activities with a candidate or party
-        Veto
presidents constitutional power to reject a bill passed by cong

o Cong may override with 2/3 vote in each chamber
-        line item veto
power to veto specific dollar amounts or line items from major cong spending bills.
o Supreme court struck down line item veto as unconstitutional expansion of veto power
-        Executive agreement
a pact between the pres and a head of a foreign state.

o Do not have to be approved by senate
o UNLIKE TREATIES executive agreements are not part of u.s Law and not binding on future presidents
-        Executive privilege
the presidents power to refuse to disclose confidential information

o USA v. NIXON, supreme court ruled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege
-        Lame duck period
period of time where presidents term is about to come to an end, have less influence
-        Bureaucracy
a large, complex organization of appointed officials
-        Executive order
a directive, order, or regulation issued by the president. Executive orders are based on constitutional or statutory authority and have the force of law.
-        IRON TRIANGLE
AN ALLIANCE AMONG AN ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY, INTEREST GROUP, AND A CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE. EACH MEMBER OF THE IRON TRIANGLE PROVIDES KEY SERVICES, INFORMATION, OR POLICY FOR OTHERS.
-        Issue network
network that includes policy experts, media pundits, congressional staff members, and interest groups who regularly debate an issue
-        POLICY AGENDA
A SET OF ISSUES AND PROBLEMS THAT POLICY MAKERS CONSIDER IMPORTANT.

o The MASS MEDIA play an important role in influencing the issues which receive public attention.
-        Appellate jurisdiction
the authority of a court to hear an appeal from a lower court
-        Senatorial courtesy
an UNWRITTEN tradition were the senate will not confirm nominations for lower court positions that are opposed by a senator of the presidents own party from the state in which the nominee is to serve ???
-        Writ of certiorari
An order by the supreme court directing a lower court to send up the record in a given case.
-        Rule of four
supreme court will hear a case if four justices agree to do so
- Solicitor general
RESPONSIBLE FOR HANDLING ALL APPEALS on behalf of the u.s gov to the supreme court
-        Amicus curiae brief
a friend of the court brief filled by an interest group or interested party to influence the supreme court decision.
 -       Stare Decisis
“let the decision stand”

o A VAST MAJORITY OF S.C(SUPREME COURT) DECISIONS ARE BASED ON PRECEDENTS ESTABLISHED IN EARLIER CASES
        Judicial restraint
philosophy that S.C should use PRECEDENT and the FRAMERS ORIGIONAL INTENT( STRICT CONSTITUTION) TO DECIDE CASES.
        Judicial activism
philosophy that the S.C must correct injustices when other branches of gov or states refuse to do so.
o   Majority rule
majority rule must be respected. Constitution has number of things to limit the power of the majority
Monetary Policy
        – regulating the:
money supply
o Controlling inflation
o Adjusting interest rates
o CONTROLED BY THE FEDERAL RESERVE BOARD (FRB)
o   Unitary system
system of gov all power invested in central government
o   Federalism
a system of gov power dived by a written constitution between a central gov and gov ran in region(state gov).

§ Purpose – two or more levels of gov have formal authority over same geographic area of people (localized and not)
        Fiscal policy
raising and lowering taxes, and gov spending programs.

o CONTROLLED BY EXECUTIVE AND LEGISLATIVE BRANCHES
-        Entitlement program –
o A gov sponserd program that provides MANDATED benefits to those who meet eligibility requirements.
 Social security, medicare LARGEST ENTITLEMENTS
-        Office of management and budget (OMB) –
responsible for preparing the budget that the president submits to congress.
-        Civil liberties
LEGAL and CONSTITUTIONAL rights that protect people from arbitrary acts of gov.
o Include freedom of speech, fair trial, BILL OF RIGHTS
-        Civil rights
policies designed to protect people from arbitrary or discriminatory treatment by government officials or individuals.
o Include laws prohibiting racial and gender discrimination.
-        Selective incorporation
case by case process by which liberties listed in the BoR have been applied to states using the due process clause of the 14th amendment.

o All states must abide by these amendments
-        Establishment clause
a provision of the first amendment, PROHIBTS CONGRESS FROM ESTABLISHING an official government sponserd religion.
-        Free exersice clause
right to belive what her or she wants 1st amend. However, a religion cannot make an act legal that would be illegal otherwise.
o Ex human sacrifice
-        Clear and present danger test
judicial interpretation of 1st amendment that gov. my not ban speech unless it poses an imminent threat to society
-        Writ of Habeas corpus
o A court order directing that a prisoner be brought before a court, and that the court officer show cause why the prisoner should not be realesed
-        Bill of Attainder
a LEGISLATIVE act that provided for the punishment of a person without a court trial.
-        Ex post facto law
A LAW APPLIED TO AN ACT COMMITTED BEFORE LAW WAS ENACTED
-        Exclusionary rule
S.C guideline that prohibits evidence obtained by illegal searches from being admitted in court.
-        Miranda warnings
warnings that police must read to suspects prior to questioning that advises them of their right.
-        Strict security
Sumpreme court rule that classification by race and ethnic background is inherently suspect and must be justified by a “COMPELLING PUBLIC INTEREST”
-        AFFIRMATIVE ACTION
A policy requiring: federal agencies, universities, and employers to take positive steps to remedy the effects of past discrimination.
-        Divided gov
a gov when one party controls pres, and one party controls congress.
o   This pattern has dominated u.s since 1970’s
-        Interest group – an organization of people with similar views on specific interest
o   AND ATTEMPT TO INFLUENCE PUBLIC POLICY TO THEIR BENIFET
o   DO NOT ELLECT PEOPLE TO OFFICE
-        PAC (political action committee)
a committee formed by business, labor, or other interest groups
o   TO RAISE MONEY and make contributions to the campaigns and candidates they support
-        Free riders
people who benefit from interest groups without making any contributions
o   Labor unions and public interest groups have free rider problems because people can benefit without joining.
-        Hyper pluralist theory
the theory that gov is in gridlock and weekend because there are so many competing interest groups.
-        Linkage institutions
institutions that connect citizens to government.
o   The mass media, interest groups, and political parties are the main linkage inst.
-        Horse race journalism
tendency that media covers candidates by how they stand in the polls instead of how they stand on issues.
o   More interesting
CONGRESS (IMPORTANT!!!)
-        Congressional redistricting - the reallocation of the number of representatives each state has in the house of reps
-        THE STATE LEGISLATURE DRAWS CONGRESSIONAL DISTRICTS.
-        GERRYMANDERING
A LEGISLATIVE PROCESS BY WHICH THE MAJORITY PARTY IN EACH STATE LEGISLATURE REDRAWS CONGRESSIONAL DISTICTS TO ENSURE THE MAXIMUM NUMBER OF SEATS.
-        Incumbent
office holder seeking reelection.
o   Incumbency is single most important factor in determining the outcome of congressional ellections
-        FRANKING PRIVLEGE
the right of members of congress to mail newsletters to their constituents at the goverments expense.
-          Standing committees
permanent subject
-        Conference committee
temporary bodies that are formed to resolve difference between the house and senate version of bill.
-        House rules Committee –
o   Set guidelines for floor debate
o   Places the bill on the legislative calendar
o   Limits time for debate
o   Determines the type of amendments that will be allowed
-        House ways and means committee
house committee that handles tax bills
-        Seniority
UNWRITTEN RULE in BOTH houses of congress reserving committee chairs to members of the committee with the longest records of continuous service.
-        Filibuster
a way of delaying or preventing action on a bill by using long speeches and unlimited debate to “talk a bill to death”
-        Cloture
o   A SENATE motion to end filibuster; requires a three-fifths vote
-        Logrolling
tactic of mutual aid and vote trading among legislatures.
o   In the example, we have three individuals: Tanis, Alvin, and Rebekah. Tanis favors subsidies for agriculture, Alvin favors school construction, and Rebekah favors the recruitment of more firefighters. It seems as if the proposals are doomed to fail because each is opposed by a majority of voters. Even so, this may not be the outcome. Tanis may visit Rebekah and tell her that she will vote for Rebekah’s bill to recruit more firefighters as long as Rebekah votes for her policy, subsidies for agriculture, in return. Now, both proposals will win because they have gained a simple majority, even though in reality the subsidy is opposed by two of the three voters
-        Oversight
Congressional review of the activities of an executive agency, department, or office
o   Separation of powers J
-        Delegate role of representation
members of congress cast vote based on the wishes of their constituents
Presidential elections, the presidency, and bureaucracy
-        Closed primary
cant split ticket only for voters in that party
-        Frontloading
recent pattern of states holding primaries earlier in order to maximize their media attention and political influence.
o   3/4s of primaries between feb. and mid march
-        SOFT MONEY –
o   CONTRIBUTIONS TO POLITICAAL PARTIES FOR PARTY BUILDING ACTIVITIES
o   Used to evade limits on hard money.
-        527 group
a tax exempt organization created to influence the political process
o   Not regulated by the FEC(federal election commission) because they do not coordinate their activities with a candidate or party
-        Veto
presidents constitutional power to reject a bill passed by cong
o   Cong may override with 2/3 vote in each chamber
-        line item veto
power to veto specific dollar amounts or line items from major cong spending bills.
o   Supreme court struck down line item veto as unconstitutional expansion of veto power
-        Executive agreement
a pact between the pres and a head of a foreign state.
o   Do not have to be approved by senate
o   UNLIKE TREATIES executive agreements are not part of u.s Law and not binding on future presidents
-        Executive privilege
the presidents power to refuse to disclose confidential information
o   USA v. NIXON, supreme court ruled that there is no constitutional guarantee of unqualified executive privilege
-        Lame duck period
period of time where presidents term is about to come to an end, have less influence
-        Bureaucracy
a large, complex organization of appointed officials
-        Executive order
a directive, order, or regulation issued by the president. Executive orders are based on constitutional or statutory authority and have the force of law.
-        IRON TRIANGLE
AN ALLIANCE AMONG AN ADMINISTRATIVE AGENCY, INTEREST GROUP, AND A CONGRESSIONAL COMMITTEE. EACH MEMBER OF THE IRON TRIANGLE PROVIDES KEY SERVICES, INFORMATION, OR POLICY FOR OTHERS.