Ap Us: Chapter 15 - The Coming Crisis

Front 1

Lincoln vs. Douglas (7)

Back 1

- 1858
- Debate over slavery
- Demonstrated gravity of debate over slavery in the United States
- Seven debates
- Race for Illinois Senate Seat
- Gave Lincoln national recognition and a strong candidate for the Republican nomination in 1860 Election
- Demonatrated strong faith Americans had in their democratic institutions

Front 2

Abraham Lincoln (9)

Back 2

1. Self-educated
2. Lawyer
3. Ran for Illinois Senate in 1858 against Stephen Douglas
4. "Black Republican"
5. Did nto believe in social equality of the races
6. Slavery was a moral wrong
7. "ultimate extinction" of slavery
8. Preserve the Union at all costs
9. Lost support due to opposition of the Mexican-American War

Front 3

Stephen Douglas (7)

Back 3

1. Senator from Illinois
2. Needed to win Senate reelection in 1858 in order to qualify for the 1860 presidential nomination
3. Voted against allowing slavery in Texas
4. "Little Giant"
5. Appealed to racism in audience by supporting white rights
6. Implied that Lincoln and party favored social equality of whites and blacks
7. Won reelection into Senate in 1858

Front 4

Changes in America: 1800 - 1850 (9)

Back 4

1. Geograqphic expansion
2. Population increase
3. Economic development
4. Changes brought with the market revolution
5. Stronger sense of national identiy
6. Victory in the Mexican-Americans War
7. Gold rush in California
8. Tripled in size
9. Cotton was the biggest export

Front 5

American Renaissance (6)

Back 5

1. Americans felt pride for inspiring revolutions in Europe and their spread across the continent
2. Emerged from pride in democracy and a sense of national identity
3. Thoreau, Hawthorne, Whitman, Melville, Dickinson, Douglas
4. New literary forms that became distinctly American
5. Social critics
6. Most successful was Harriet Beecher Stowe's Uncle Tom's Cabin

Front 6

Initial struggle over slavery (3)

Back 6

1. Became with the Wilmot Proviso
2. People began to vote along sectional lines, not party lines
3. Political splits, inspired by social institutions, began to be seen in the Democrats and the Whigs

Front 7

Theodore Weld (2)

Back 7

1. Abolitionist leader
2. Saw political and social splits to be inevitable

Front 8

John C. Calhoun beliefs (7)

Back 8

1. The South had a right to secede to preseve its way of life
2. States rights
3. Congress did not have constitutional right to prohibit slavery
4. Territories were common property of all states
5. Slave owners had constitutional right to the protection of their property if they moved
6. Constitution protected slave owners
7. Position on slavery became major ideas of pro-slavery talk

Front 9

Daniel Webster Beliefs (3)

Back 9

1. Rejected Southern claims that peaceable secession was possible or desirable
2. Wanted abolitionists to compromise enough to keep the South in the Union
3. Spoke to Northerners who questioned why they should compromise the South

Front 10

President Zachary Taylor (3)

Back 10

1. Former general in the Mexican-American War
2. Meant to follow Jackson's precedent in the Nullification Crisis of 1832 and demand that the South compromise
3. Died of gastroenteritis on July 9, 1850

Front 11

James Birney (2)

Back 11

1. Liberty Party leader
2. Believed that "slave power" was a group of aristocratic slave owners who not only dominated the political and social life of the South, but conspired to control the federal government as well

Front 12

"Slave Power" (2)

Back 12

1. Coined by James Birney
2. Believed that a group of aristocratic slave owners dominated he political and social life of the SOuth and conspired to control the federal government as well

Front 13

Henry Clay (3)

Back 13

1. Assembled all the parts of the Comrpomise of 1850, but did not present it in Congress
2. Believed in preserving the Union through a series of compromises
3. "The Great Compromiser"

Front 14

Expansion ideas of the South (3)

Back 14

1. Expand into Cuba
2. Supported the Mexican-American War
3. Manifest Destiny

Front 15

Expansion ideas of the North (4)

Back 15

1. Opposed expansion into Mexico and Cuba
2. Opposed the Mexican-Americans War
3. Did not oppose expansionism as a whole
4. Manifest Destiny

Front 16

Free Soil Party (2)

Back 16

1. Spoke of expansionism in terms of personal liberties
2. Believed that new territory should be closed to slavery

Front 17

South's perspective in 1850 (3)

Back 17

1. They were the great engine of national economic growht from the cotton industry
2. Slavery was a blessing to an inferior race and the cornerstone of democracy
3. Northern abolitionists were discriminating against the class of slave owners and inciting rebellions

Front 18

North's perspective in 1850 (4)

Back 18

1. The South was demonstrating censorship with the use of the gag rule
2. The South was an econimic backwater
3. Slave system was immoral and dragged down the entire nation
4. They were strong and dynmical, giving economic opportunity to the common man

Front 19

Compromise of 1850 (7)

Back 19

1. Admitted California as a free state
2. Residents of New Mexico and Utah territories were to decide slavery by popular sovereignty
3. Ended the slave trade in the District of Colmbia
4. Passed a new fugitive slave law
5. Texas admitted as a slave state, but ceded New Mexico to pay for $10 million in debts to be paid by the federal government
6. Result of Mexican-American War
7. Final Act of Calhoun, Clay and Webster in Congress

Front 20

Popular sovereignty (3)

Back 20

1. Coined by Michigan senator Lewis Cass
2. Territorial residents, not Congress, would decide slavery's fate
3. Promoted by Stephen Douglas

Front 21

Moderates in Congress (2)

Back 21

1. Southern Whigs
2. Northern Democrats

Front 22

Radicals in Congress (2)

Back 22

1. NOrthern Whigs
2. Southern Democrats

Front 23

Fugitive Slave Act (8)

Back 23

1. Part of the Compromise of 1850
2. Requrid the authorities in the North to assist southern slave catchers and return runaway slaves to their owners
3. Major defeat for abolitionist
4. Many free citizens were brought under slavery
4. Example fo the "Slave Power Conspiracy"
5. Counteracted north liberty laws
6. Enforced by President Fillmore
7. Strong resistance in Boston
8. Brought home reality of slavery to residents of free states

Front 24

Solomon Northup (2)

Back 24

1. Twelve Years a Slave
2. Free black who was kidnapped and shipped South under the Fugitive Slave Act

Front 25

Thomas Wentworth Higginson (2)

Back 25

1. Led group of armed abolitionists in resistance to Fugitive Slave Act
2. Attempted to save escaped slave Anthony Burns

Front 26

Election of 1852 (3)

Back 26

1. Both parties faced difficulties
2. Last election in which Whigs would field a presidential candidate
3. Democrat Franklin Pierce was victorious!

Front 27

William Seward

Back 27

Became unoffical head of the Whig Party after the death of Henry Clay

Front 28

Election of 1852 candidates (5)

Back 28

1. General Winfield Scott (Whig)
2. Lewis Cass (D)
3. Stephen Douglas(D)
4. James Buchanan (D)
5. Franklin Pierce (D)

Front 29

President Millard Fillmore (2)

Back 29

1. Vice-president under Zachary Taylor
2. Weak president

Front 30

Franklin Pierce (4)

Back 30

1. President from 1852 - 1856
2. Democrat
3. Promised "failful execution" of all the parts of the Compromise of 1850
4. New Hampshire

Front 31

"Young America" Movement (5)

Back 31

1. Supported by Franklin Pierce
2. Begun by a group of writers and politicians of the New York Democratic Party
3. Believed in the democratic and nationlism promise of "manifest destiny"
4. John Sullivan was a member
5. Aimed to conquer Central America and Cuba for the spread of slavery

Front 32

William Walker (2)

Back 32

1. Most famous of the filibsuters
2. Led three invasions of Nicaragua

Front 33

Pierce administration (2)

Back 33

1. Actively sought the acquisition of Cuba
2. Lost much of the support of the North with extreme efforts at expansion

Front 34

Ostend Manifesto (5)

Back 34

1. Created by Pierre Soulé, John Mason and James Buchanan
2. Asked Spain to allow Cuba to join the United States because of similarities between Cuba and southern United States
3. Meant to be secret
4. Leaked to the press
5. Pierce administration had to repeal it

Front 35

Pierre Soulé (3)

Back 35

1. Pierce's minister to Spin
2. Authorized to try and force the Spanish to sell Cuba for $130 million
3. 1854

Front 36

Commodore Matthew Perry (3)

Back 36

1. Sent to Japan by Pierce to persuade Japan to open ports to American trade
2. Resulted in commerical treaty that opened Japan to American trade
3. 1854

Front 37

Kansas-Nebraska Act (6)

Back 37

1. 1854
2. Introduced by Stephen Douglas
3. Created Kansas and Nebraska territories to be left open to popular sovereignty
4. Repealed the Missouri Compromise
5. Killed the Whigs and destroyed the Democrats Later
6. Commergressman voted completely along sectional lines

Front 38

Douglas' motives in Kansas-Nebraska Act (5)

Back 38

1. Satisfy expansionist aims
2. Presidential ambition
3. Help the construction of a transcontinental railroad across the "Great American Desert" to end in Chicago
4. Satisfy South by popular soverignty
5. Satisfy North by transcontinental railroad

Front 39

Results of Kansas-Nebraska Act (7)

Back 39

1. Northern Democrats lost 2/3 of their seats
2. Major political parties were badly strained
3. Whig party was killed
4. More than 300 anti-Nebraska rallies occured while Congress debated the bill
5. Cotton Whigs urged southern politicans to vote against the bill to preserve slavery
6. Compromise with the South was impossible
7. Treaties were made with Indians, relocating them and buying their land

Front 40

Cotton Whigs

Back 40

Northern businessman who urged southern politicans to vote against the Kansas-Nebraska Act because it would create strong anti-slavery feelings

Front 41

Bleeding Kansas (3)

Back 41

1. Term for the bloodshed in Kansas due to popular soverengty
2. Missouri residents and northern abolitionists took up residence in Kansas
3. Corrupt elections using votes of Missouri "border ruffians" had Kansas vote in favor of the slavery

Front 42

Nativism (4)

Back 42

1. Reaction to eruption of violence throughout the country
2. Result of the breakdown of the Whig party
3. Led to growth of the American Party
4. Disapproved of immigrants because of povery and Catholicism, and they believed them to be the cause of increase in crime and rising cost of relief for the poor

Front 43

Know-Nothing Party (7)

Back 43

1. American Party
2. Founded in 1850
3. Filled void left when Whig Party dissolved
4. Nativism
5. Made up of secret societies who pledged to never vote for a Catholic
6. Won control of legislature in Massachuetts
7. Took 40% of the vote in Pennsylvania in the election of 1854

Front 44

Republican Party (5)

Back 44

1. Formed in 1854
2. Result of the controversy of the Kansas-Nebraska Act
3. Consisted for former Whigs, some northern Democrats and many Know-Nothings
4. Supported by many former Whigs, Free-Soil party members and northern reforms
5. Attracted merchants and industrialists who wanted a strong national government to promote economic growth by protective tariffs, transportation improvements and cheap land for western farmers

Front 45

Democratic Nomination Candidates for 1856 (3)

Back 45

1. President Pierce
2. Stephen A. Douglas
3. James Buchanan

Front 46

James Buchanan (5)

Back 46

1. Pennsylvania
2. "Northern man with Southern principles"
3. Nominated in election as a compromise between Douglas and Pierce
4. Won election
5. Claimed to speak for national interests

Front 47

Candidates of Election of 1856 (3)

Back 47

1. John C. Frémont (Republican)
2. James Buchanan (Democrat)
3. Millard Fillmore (Know-Nothing Party)

Front 48

Election of 1856 (4)

Back 48

1. Buchanan was victorious!
2. One of strongest voter turnouts in American history
3. Voters favored politicans who claime dto speak for national interests
4. Replibcans emerged as a major political party

Front 49

Charles Sumner and Preston Brooks

Back 49

Fought on the Senate floor, showing the mounting tensions in the country due to slavery

Front 50

Dred Scot v. Sanford (6)

Back 50

1. Decision made on March 6, 1857
2. Supreme Court ruled that the Missouri Compromise was unconstitutional because the federal government had to right to interfere wit hthe free movement of property throughout the territories
3. Case dismissed on the grounds that only citizens could bring suits before federal courts and blacks were not citizens
4. Established idea of states rights
5. Represented challenge for the Republican Party
6. Feared conspiracy by Buchanan administration to persuade Robert C. Grier to rule against Dred Scot

Front 51

Dred Scot (4)

Back 51

1. Brought as a slave into free territory by John Emerson
2. Married and had a child in free territory
3. Sued the court for the freedom of himself and his family
4. Sued in 1846

Front 52

Chief Justice Roger B. Taney (3)

Back 52

1. Maryland
2. Voted in favor of the South
3. Hoped to settle the issue of expansion of slavery, but only managed to worsen the issue

Front 53

Lecompton Constitution (10)

Back 53

1. Proslavery draft written by Kansas territorial delegates elected under questionable circumstances
2. Rejected by two governors
3. Supported by Buchanan in his biggest mistake during his presidency
4. Defeated by Congress
5. Free-Soilers in Kansas boycotted convention to write a constitution, leaving only proslavery citizens to write the constitution
6. 1857
7. Rejected by Douglas because it did not show true popular sovereignty
8. Kansas gained statehood in January 1861 as a free state
9. Its defeat ersulted in more violence in Kansas and Congress and the break-up of the Democratic Party
10. Douglas lost support of the southern wing of the Democratic Party

Front 54

Panic of 1857 (5)

Back 54

1. Panic selling because of the failure of an Ohio investment house, which resulted in business failures and slowdowns
2. Increased unemployment
3. Short downturn in agricultural exports to Britain
4. Banking crisis that led to a credit crunch in the North
5. Less harmful to the South than the North

Front 55

John Brown's Raid (6)

Back 55

1. Plained to start a slave uprising in the South
2. October 16, 1859: Led 22 men against an arsenal at Harpers Fery, Virginia
3. Failed to notify the Virginia slaves and failed to plan for escape
4. Executed
5. Thought of as a martyr, but opposed by many northern abolitionists who feared that his acts were too violent
6. Helped inspire talk of secession

Front 56

Constitutional Union Party (4)

Back 56

1. 1860
2. Formed by former Whigs
3. Emphasized allegiance to the Union and strict emforcement of all national legislature
4. Elected John Bell of Tennessee

Front 57

Election of 1860 (7)

Back 57

1. John C. Breckinridge (Democrat)
2. John Bell (Constitutional Union Party)
3. Senator William H. Seward / Abraham Lincoln (Republican)
4. Stephen Douglas (Democrat)
5. Breckinridge vs. Bell in the South
6. Lincoln vs. Douglas in the North
7. Lincoln was victorious!

Front 58

Secession (3)

Back 58

1. South Carolina secedes on December 20, 1860
2. Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana and Texas seceded
3. Southerners believed that it was the last resort

Front 59

Confederate States of America (5)

Back 59

1. Constitution modeled after Constitution of the United States
2. Led by Jefferson Davis and Alexander Stephens
3. February, 1861
4. Supported states' rights and made abolition of slavery practically impossible
5. Lacked strong central government to lead military defense

Front 60

Jefferson Davis (4)

Back 60

1. Mississippi
2. President of the Confederate States of America
3. Moderate
4. Not a strong believer in the South

Front 61

Cooperationists (2)

Back 61

1. Those in the South opposed to immediate secession
2. Silenced or left behind once the South seceded

Front 62

North's Political Options after secession (3)

Back 62

1. Compromise
2. Encourage pro-Union sentiment in the South while discouraging additional southern states from seceding
3. Force

Front 63

The "Secret Six" (7)

Back 63

1. Six prominent Southerners who were willing to finance armed attacks on the slave system with John Brown
2. Gerritt Smith
3. George Stearns
4. Franklin Sanborn
5. Thomas Wentworth Higginson
6. Theodore Parker
7. Samuel Gridley Howe

Front 64

The "Secret Six" (7)

Back 64

1. Six prominent Southerners who were willing to finance armed attacks on the slave system with John Brown
2. Gerritt Smith
3. George Stearns
4. Franklin Sanborn
5. Thomas Wentworth Higginson
6. Theodore Parker
7. Samuel Gridley Howe