Ap Us- Ch. 11 &12

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made up of originial southern states of atlantic coast
rely on cultivation of tobacco, rice

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upper south

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expanding agric. regions in new sattes of SW
booming cotton economy
2/3 export by civil war
later known as "deep south" "cotton kingdom"

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lower south

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located in Richmond this facility compared favorably w/ iron mills in NE

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Tredegar Iron Works

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these people were brokers who marketed planter's crops in New Orleans, Charleston, Mobile, Savannah
find buyers for cotton and purchase goods for planters
provide planters with credit

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Factors

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he was a resident of New Orleans
published mag. advocating southern commerical and agric. expansion

why?: econ, indep from north

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De Bow's Review

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term for white southerners
free from base insticts of "yankees" to north
traditional and refined way of life

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cavalier

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owned 40+ slaves & 800+ acres
excercise power and influence far in excess of #'s
apex of society
typically new to wealth

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planter aristocracy

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white males in the south abide by a code of chivalry, defend dignity

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cult of honor

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men dominant over woman

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paternalism

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characteristics of a _______:
centered around home
little access to public world
spiinning weaving, etc
less educ. than north
incr. birth rate. incr, mortality rate

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"Southern Lady"

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the modest yeomen farmer
owned few slaves (3/4 white didnt own any slaves)
subsistence farming; some cotton

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plain folk

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nonslaveowning whites who oppose the planter elite
App. Mtns. Ozarks "back country"
most isolated; subsistence

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hill people

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"sand hillers" "crackers"
degraded class of whites
owned No land, support through hunting, suffer from disease, sometimes worrse off than african americans

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"poor white trash"

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southerns euphemism for slavery
describe as distinctive, special

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"peculiar institution"

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forbade slaves to hold property, leave w/o permission, be out after dark, congregate except @ church, carry firearms, can't testify in court against whites, cant learn to read and write

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slave codes

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used on large plantation- rice culture
slaves assigned a particular task each day> free for the rest of the day

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task system

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lg plantations- cotton sugar tobacco
slaves divided into groups, directed by a driver, compelled to work for many hours

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gang system

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sterotype
stupid slave. shuffle feet, grinning= charade

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Sambo

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gathered 1000 rebellious slaves (1800) outside richmond
stopped by VA militia before it began- 35 men executed

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Gabriel Prosser

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free black (1822) 9000 foloowers prepare to revolt in charleston
suppressed and punished

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Denmark Vesey

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salve preacher- 1831
led Af-Amer armed w. guns and axes
went house to house and killed men women and children
100+ blacks executed
only actual slave insurrection in 19th century

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Nat Turner

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language of mix of african american words and english

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pidgin language

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created realtionships "adopted" family members of slaves

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kinship networks

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movement that said an innately good spirit resides within every individual
indiv. should strive to fully express inner spirit

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Romanticism

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set up by Frederic Church, Thomas Cole, Thomas Doughty, Asher Durand
1st great school of Amer. painters
NY
painted vistas of rugged Hudson Valley

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Hudson River School & Associated Artists

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1st great american novelist
30 novels in 3 decades
evocated wilderness
"Leatherstocking Tales"- Deerslayer
effort to produce american lit

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James Fenimore Cooper

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self-proclaimed poet of Amer. Democracy
Leaves of Graces- celebrate democ. libertation of individual

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Walt Whitman

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greatest american novelist of era
Moby Dick
story of courage and indiv. wills
search for personal fullfillment could also destroy

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Herman Melville

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southern writer
sad poems and stories
images of indiv. arising above intellectual confines

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Edgar Allan Poe

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most distinguished of region's men of letters
strong defender of southern insitutions and unique quality to southern life

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William simms

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grou of NE writers and philospohers who embrace individual that rested on a distinction between reason and understanding

reason= cpapcity to grasp beauty and truth
understanding= allow emotions to control

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transcendentalists

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leader of the transcendtalists
drew rapturous crowds. "Nature"
indiv should work for communion with natural world
"the American Scholar" truth and beauty can come from instinct

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Emerson

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transcendtalist
indiv should work on self-realization by resisting presures to conform to socety
Walden- live simply

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Thoreau

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experimental community by George Ripley
West Roxbury, Mass. 1841
all residents have equal labor and leisure
individualism>socialism; experiment dissolved in 1847

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Brook Farm

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original resident of Brookfarm
expressed disillusionment with experiment in the Blithedale Romance
the Scarlet Letter

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Nathanial Hawthorne

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scottish industrialst and philanthropist
fouded NEW HARMONY
inidiana 1825
"village of cooperation" -residents live in equality
economic failure

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Robert Owen

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leading transcendentalist and assoc. of Emerson
discovering "self" realted to antebellum reform and question of gedner roles

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Margaret Fuller

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community by John Humphrey Noyes
upstate NY- 1848
reject trad. notion of family and marriage
no permananent ties; children raised communally. liberation of woman from trad. bonds

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Oneida

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redefined tra. sexulaity and gender roles
by ANN LEE
1770s
complete celibacy= shakers had to choose faith> attract more woman than men. limited contact with opposite sex

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Shakers

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young man who published the Book of Mormo
translation of gold tablets given to him by an angel in mts of NY
church of Jesus christ of latter day saints= mormons

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Joseph Smith

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successor to smith
ked 12000 people to Utah- Salt Lake City= mormon permanent settlement

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Brigham Young

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he was an evangelistic presbyterian minister who was the most influential revial leader in the 1820 & 1830s
said calvinist doctrines of pre.destination and indiv helplessness were obsolete
each person can achieve own salvation

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Charles Granidson Finney

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this was a series of towns along the Erie Canal that was prone to relig. awakenenigns ; experienced econ. & social transformation

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burn-over district

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made up of new reformers in 1826
used techniques of revivalism in preaching abstinence

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American Society for the Promotion of Temperance

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society by 6 reformed alcholics in 1840
workers were heavily represented= hear confessions of sins> 1 million ppl sign formal pledge to forgo liquor

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Washington Temperance Society

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CT presbyterian minister and reformer
prescribed fruits and vegetables and bread instead of meat
"graham cracker"

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Sylvester Graham

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by Orson and Lorenzo Fauler in the 1830s
said shape of head indicates character/ intelligence
way to measure indiv fitness for position in life
>> no true sci. value

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phrenology

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boston essayist and poet in 1843
study puerperal fever (secepticemia)
= conludes disease transmitted from 1 person to another
>> met w/ criticism but confirmed= infection spread by med students who touched corspe
if they washed hands= NO diease

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Oliver Wendell Holmes

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developed vaccine against small pox

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Edward Jenner

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1st sec of mass board of educ.
lengthed academic year to 6 months, dbl teacher salary, enrich curriculum, introduced proffesional training of teacher

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Horace Mann

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NE transcendentalist
experimental school= children teach themselves, not teacher

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Bronson Alcott

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institutions of charitable acitivities
>perkins school for the blind

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Benevolent Empire

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movement for the criminals and mentally ill
replace being thrown in jail w/ penitentiaries

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Asylum Movement

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mental institution that provides proper environment
1st in NY 1821

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penitentiaries

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she was a Mass. reformer
began national movement for new methods of treating mentally ill

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Dorthea Dix

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these two women were outspoken abolitionists in SC
"men and women are created equal"

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Sarah and Angelina Grimke

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these american women were delgates in london
turned away by men @ procedding=> desire to elevate women
organize Seneca Falls convention

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Lucretia Mott
Elizabeth Cady Stanton
Susan B. Anthony

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convention organized by Mott Stanton and Anthony
discuss question of women's rights

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Seneca Falls

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said all men and women are created equal
want right to vote> suffrage movement
rejects social spheres

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The Decleration of Sentiments and Resolutions

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this group already had many women involved
embraced sexual equality

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Quakers

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1st ordained woman minister in US

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Antoinette Brown Blackwell

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this society was amde up of prominent white virginians- 1817
challenged slavery w/o challenging prop. rights or southern sensibilities
by gradual manumission; masters get compensation; slaves brought out of country
>>>recieved funding from private donors- several af. amer transporeted back to africa== negligible forace b/c lack of funding

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American Colonization Society

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he published an anti-slavery paper- Liberator
said opponents to slavery should look at slave's view; talk about damage to blacks, extend american citizanenship to blacks
>> gained lg group of followers in North

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William Lloyd Garrison

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founded by Garrison 1833
develop strength and assertiveness for antislavery movement

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American AntiSlavery Society

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free black in Boston 1829
published Walker's Appeal to the Colored Citizen
> america is more black's than whites> most militant

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David Walker

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he was a previous MD slave escaped in 1830
outspoken antislavery leader
purcahsed freedom in 1847
foudned antislavery newspaper- North Star
demanded full social and economic equality

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Frederick Douglass

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editor of antislavery newspaper in IL
was victim of repeated mob violence> each time he rebuilt his machines
killed in 1837

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Elijah Lovejoy

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moderate abolitionists
helped fund legal battle over spanish slave vessel
africans headed for slavery in Cuba. seized ship--1832 tried to go back to africa. us seized ship. supreme ct declared them free

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Amistad

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abolitionists in the northern state passed these forbidding state official to assist in capturing runaways

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Personal Liberty Laws

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case said states dont have to retun fugitive slaves

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Prigg v. Pennsylvania
1842

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movement by the Liberty Party
said keeping slaves out the terriotoriesattracted support of lg. #'s of N. population

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Free Soil

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writer of Uncle Tom's Cabin
combined emotional controversy of novel w/ politc ideas of abolition
brought aboltion to new audience
inflamed sectional tension

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Harriet Beecher Stowe

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an english reformer who attacked British connections with the slave trade
said continuing slavery would create more slave revolts
1807 parliament passed law ending slave trade withing British empire

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William Wilberforce