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284 Cards in this Set
- Front
- Back
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Ulysses S. Grant
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Was a general during the civil war and is known as hero and was the popular vote during the election of 1868.
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Horatio Seymour
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He lost in the election of 1868 to Ulysses S. Grant by 134 electoral votes.
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Jim Fisk
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A New York stockbroker who had a scheem to corner the gold market. He and his partner Jay Gould bid the price of gold sky high while smaller buisness owners suffered. His dealings in the gold market led to Black Friday(September 24, 1869).
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Jay Gould
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Millionaire partner with Jim Fisk, who bid the price of gold skyward on September 24, 1869 leading to "Black Friday", which then led to many honest business people suffering in the economy.
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Thomas Nast
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The nation's most prominent and gifted political cartoonist who drew for Harper's Weekly in the 1870's.
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Horace Greeley
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In 1872, he was nominated by the Liberal Republicans for the presidency. Greeley lost the election 286 to 66 in the electoral column. He was also the editor of the New York Times.
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Jay Cooke
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He was a Financier of the civil war and made many things capable. In the Republican nominating process of 1868, which eventually saw Ulysses S. Grant as the Republican party standard-bearer, Cooke backed Radical Republican Chief Justice Salmon P. Chase for President. In 1870 his firm financed the construction of the Northern Pacific Railway.
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Roscoe Conkling
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A U.S. senator strongly supporting the Licoln administration and its efforts during the Civil War. He took a strict, harsh stance against the south after its defeat, and was an important figure in the passage of the second Civil Rights Act in 1875.
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James G. Blaine
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Appointed as secretary of state in 1888 by Benjamin Harrison. Also ran against Grover Cleveland on the 1884 election where he lost favor with New York when one of his supporters denounced the democrats for the "Three R's"
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Rutherford B. Hayes
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He was voted the nineteeth President of the United States; beating his opponent, Samuel Tilden, by one electoral vote. Tilden won the popular vote, which made Hayes the first president to be chosen by congressional commission.
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Samuel Tilden
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was the Democratic candidate for the U.S. presidency in the disputed election of 1876, the most controversial American election of the 19th century. he was a Bourbon Democrat who worked closely with the New York City business community, led the fight against the corruption of Tammany Hall, and fought to keep taxes low.
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James A. Garfield
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James A. Garfield was elected in the presidential election of 1880, beating Winfield Scott Hancock by 59 electoral votes. He was shot, and later died months after his inauguration, making his the second shortest presidency.
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Chester A. Arthur
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Became president in 1881 after President Garfield was killed. Surprisingly, an avid supporter of reform who turned on his own supporters, the Stalwarts.
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Winfield S. Hancock
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Winfield S. Hancock was a career U.S. Army officer and the Democratic nominee for President of the United States in the election of 1880.
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Charles J. Guiteau
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A disappointed and mentally deranged office seeker who shot and killed President Garfield. His attorneys argued that he could not distinguish wrong from right, however, he was later found guilty of murder and hanged.
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Grover Cleveland
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The twenty-second and twenty-fourth president who failed to cope with the serious economic crisis in 1893. He was tied down in office and is known as one of the "forgettable presidents".
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Benjamin Harrison
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Benjamin Harrison was the Republican's canidate for presidency in 1888. He was the grandson of William Henry "Tippecanoe" Harrison. He was the first president to be voted out of his seat since the election of 1840.
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Thomas Reed
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Republican Speaker of the House, dominated the Billion-Dollar Congress which passed the McKinley Tariff Act of 1890.
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William McKinley
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Was the twenty-fifth President of the United States. McKinley was a nationally known Republican leader; his signature issue was high tariffs on imports as a formula for national prosperity, as shown by his McKinley Tariff of 1890. As the Republican candidate in the 1896 presidential election, he upheld the gold standard, and promoted the preservation of cultural and ethnic identities.
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James B. Weaver
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As a member of the Greenback Party, he represented Iowa in the House of Representatives between 1881 and 1889. To help usher in an end to the bloody shirt era, he ran for president in 1880 and 1892 as the third-party candidate.
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Tom Watson
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Thomas Watson was a United States politician from Georgia. He was a member of the Populist Party. Watson supported the Farmer's Alliance. He worked and supported the farmers and the working class. He was elected to the U.S senate two years before his death.
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Adlai E. Stevenson
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Vice president of Grover Cleveland.
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William Jennings Bryan
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He was the Democratic and Populist nominee in 1896 and the first person to speak around the country as a tactic to win the presidential election.
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J. P. Morgan
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J. P. Morgan was an American Financier who helped establish railroads and merging electric and steal companies. During the Civil War Morgan sold the millitary its own guns for a higher price.
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soft/cheap money
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Donating money to a party instead of a candidate in order to avoid limits or federal regulations.
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hard/sound money
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The redemption of all paper currency to gold at face value.
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contraction
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The so-called Magna Carta of civil-service reform. It made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examinations rather than "pull".
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resumption
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The act or an instance of resuming; a beginning again. There was the act of 1875 which pledge the government to the further withdrawal of greenbacks from circulation and to the redemption of all paper currency in gold face value, beginning in 1879.
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Gilded Age
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The Gilded Age was a period in history (1887-1890) after the Reconstruction era. A new diverse industrial working class arose and transportation and communication networks were created which helped contribute to a rising modern industrial economy. However a large portion of the political power was corrupt, and many scandals assoicated with the Reconstruction era left American shocked.
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spoils system
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crop-lien system
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The Crop-Lien System, otherwise known as "sharecropping," was a popular way of life in the poor rural South, after the Civil War. Store owners would provide Black farmers with necessities, like food, and tools, on loan (or credit), and expect the loan to be paid back to them after the farmers' lands had been harvested. The amount of credit the Black farmers recieved was based on the projected value of their crop, and because their crop's value was often overestimated, or there was a bad farming season, the Blacks often found themselves owing large amounts of debt to the store owners.
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pork-barrel bills
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it's a government project or appropriation that yields jobs or other benefits to a specific locale and patronage opportunities to its political representative.
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populism
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A highly democratic approach to government, demanding nationalization of rail-roads, telegraph lines, the ability to hold referendums, and directly elect their senators.
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grandfather clause
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A rule typical in the south(Louisiana) that stated that african-american males could only vote if they could've voted in the 1867 election (Before african americans could vote in the south), or if they were a decendent of someone who could vote in the 1867 election.
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“Ohio Idea”
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An idea by poor Midwesterners during theUS presidential election of 1868 to redeem federal war bonds in the United States dollars, known as greenbacks, rather than gold.
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the “bloody shirt”
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an expression used as a vote getting ploy by the Republicans during the election of 1876 to make up for charges of corruption by blaming the Civil War on the Democrats. This became for the first time a prominent feature of a presidential campaign. The expression is said to have been derived from a speech by Representative Benjamin F. Butler of Massachusetts, who allegedly waved before the House the bloodstained nightshirt of a Klan-flogged carpetbagger.
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Tweed Ring
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The phenomenon of "Boss" Tweed (William Marcy Tweed) milking New York City through bribery, graft, and fraudulent elections of 200 million dollars. The "New York Times" finally gained damaging evidence on Tweed and published it (even though offered 5 million not to do so) in 1871. He was prosecuted, arrested, and later died behind bars.
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Crédit Mobilier
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A scandal in 1872. Union Pacific Railroad inside men made up the Crédit Mobilier construction company and then hired themselves at sky high rates. They worried that congress might find out and make the scandal public so they paid off some high power congressmen. When it was made public and the investigation was complete they found that two congressmen and the vice president of the United States had taken bribes.
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Whiskey Ring
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Public officials and distillers defrauded the government of millions in liquor tax revenues.
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Liberal Republicans
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a political party that was organized in Cincinnati in May 1872, to oppose the reelection of President Ulysses S. Grant. The Liberal Republicans thought that the Grant Administration, and the president personally, were fully corrupt. More important they thought that the goals of Reconstruction had been achieved. With these goals achieved the tenets of republicanism demanded that federal military troops be removed from the South, where they were propping up corrupt Republican regimes
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“Crime of '73”
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Also known as the Coinage Act of 1873, the Crime of '73 standardized gold and reduced the strength of silver through denomitization. This standardization was met with widespread criticism from silver owners.
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Bland-Allison Act
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An 1878 law passed over the veto of President Hayes requiring the U.S. treasury to buy a certain amount of silver and put it into circulation as silver dollars. The goal was to subsidize the silver industry in the Mountain states and inflate prices
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Greenback Labor party
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Opposed the shift back to paper money.
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Grand Army of the Republic (GAR)
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Lobbied hundreds of private pension bills through Congress.
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Stalwart
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A faction led by Roscoe Conkling. The stlawart believed that by handing out civil service possitions the recipiants would give their vote to the party.
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Half-Breed
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The offspring of two different races.
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Compromise of 1877
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Danger of no president on inaguration day, due to who would count the votes, in march 1877 made statesmen hammer out a compromise. An electoral commission was set up fifteen men selected from the House, Senate, and Supreme court. The electoral commissions agreed that there would be a partisan vote of 8 republicans to 7 democrats, to accept the republicans returns. This compromise held off a electoral standoff.
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Pendleton Act
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The so-called Magna Carta of civil-service reform. It made compulsory campaign contributions from federal employees illegal, and it established the Civil Service Commission to make appointments to federal jobs on the basis of competitive examinations rather than "pull".
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Mugwumps
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Republican political activists who supported Democratic candidate Grover Cleveland in the the U.S. presidential election of 1884 They switched parties because they rejected the financial corruption associated with Republican candidate James G. Blaine In a close election, the Mugwumps supposedly made the difference in New York state and swung the election to Cleveland.
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“Redeemers”
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Redeemers were a political group in the south during the Reconstruction era who were fiercly against the Republicans who they saw as carpetbaggers and scalawags.
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Plessy v. Ferguson
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In 1896 the U.S. Supreme Court decided that a Louisiana law mandating separate but equal acommodations for blacks and whites on intrastate railroads was constitutional.
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Jim Crow
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Originally a performance that involved singing and dancing. It was made popular by Thomas Dartmouth "Daddy" Rice in the early 1800s, because of the fondness people had for his role as a musically-talented, crippled, plantation slave. Soon after, "Jim Crow" became a way to describe segregation laws in the South, as well as a degrading term.
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Chinese Exclusion Act
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The Chinese Exclusion Act was approved on May 6, 1882. It was the first significant law restricting immigration into the United States.Anti-Chinese sentiment had existed ever since the great migration from China during the gold rush, where white miners and prospectors imposed taxes and laws to inhibit the Chinese from success.
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U.S. vs. Wong Kim
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Supreme Court Ruling that guaranteed "jus soli" or birthright citizenship based on the 14th amendment. This determined who would be considered a citizen from then on.
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“Rum, Romanism, and Rebellion”
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An insult of the democratic party, given by a Republican clergyman, aimed at Irish Catholics, who made up a large number of the democrats. This insulted their culture, faith, and patriotism all at once.
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Billion Dollar Congress
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Emboldened by their success in the elections of 1888, the Republicans enacted virtually their entire platform during their first 303-day session, including a measure that provided American Civil War veterans with generous pensions and expanded the list of eligible recipients to include noncombatants and the children of veterans. Grover Cleveland had vetoed a similar bill in 1887. It was criticized as the "Billion Dollar Congress'" for its lavish spending and, for this reason it incited drastic reversals in public support that led to Cleveland's reelection in 1892
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People's Party (Populists)
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Formerly the Farmers' Alliances who soon grew into this political party, the political arm of the Populist movement. The People's Pary supported the generous coinage of silver. They also called for government ownership of railroads and telegraphs, a graduated income tax, direct election of U.S. senators, and shorter workdays. Their presidential candidate for 1892 won 1,029,846 popular votes, but did not have the electoral majority and came in third.
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Sherman Silver Purchase Act
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An act that increased the amount of silver the government was required to purchase every month by request of farmers who had immense debts they could not pay off. It was meant to boost the economy but was repealed in 1893 in an attempt to stop the panic of 1893 by Grover Cleveland.
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McKinley Tariff
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It was passed by the billion-dollar congress and sponsored by William McKinley. It made it necessary for poor farmers to buy over priced American manufactured goods but sell their products in the world market.
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Leland Stanford
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One of the Big Four and ex-governor of California. He had useful political connections and helped financially back the building of the transcontinental railroad.
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Collis P. Huntington
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Was one of the Big Four (popular name given to entrepreneurs in the building of the Central Pacific Railroad) of western railroading who built the Central Pacific Railroad as part of the first U.S. transcontinental railroad. He then helped lead and develop other major interstate lines such as the Southern Pacific Railroad and the Chesapeake and Ohio Railway.
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James J. Hill
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The railroad executive credited with the development of the Great Northern Railway, which ran from Minnesota to Washington and was completed in 1893.
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Cornelius Vanderbilt
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An American entrepreneur who built his wealth in shipping and railroads. He created the Accessory Transit Company and improved and created many railroads and shipping in rivers.
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Jay Gould
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For thirty years he boomed and busted the stock of the Erie, the Kansas Pacific, the Union Pacific, and the Texas and Pacific.
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Alexander Graham Bell
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Invented the telephone and introduced it in 1876.
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Thomas Edison
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Invented the phonograph, the mimeograph the dictaphone, the "moving picture", and his most famous invention the electric lightbulb.
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Andrew Carnegie
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"The Steel King", this man pioneered in the steel-making business, using vertical-integration( combining all phases of manufacturing from mining to marketing in one organization-thus eliminating the middleman's fees).
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John D. Rockefeller
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“The oil baron”. He perfected a device for controlling bothersome rival, “the trust.” Ruthlessly wielding vast power his company, standard oil, cornered virtually the entire world petroleum market. His success inspired many imitators.
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J. Pierpont Morgan
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The banker’s banker who, with John Rockefeller, exercised his genius in devising ways to circumvent competition. He came up with interlocking directorates.
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Terence Powderly
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is most remembered for leading the Knights of Labor, a labor union whose goal was to organize all workers, skilled and unskilled, into one big union united for workers' rights and economic and social reform.
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John P. Altgeld
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The 20th governor of Illinois and was a major leader of the nation’s drive for child labor and workplace safety laws.
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Samuel Gompers
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The first and longest-serving president of the American Federation of Labor.
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Philip Armour
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A businessman from New York, who founded the major meating packing plant named "Armour and Company" and revolutionized factory distribution methods.
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William Graham Sumner
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The American sociologist and educator William Graham Sumner was one of the earliest proponents of sociology in the United States and was especially notable for his advocacy of the evolutionary viewpoints of Herbert Spencer in academic and public circles.
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Russell Conwell
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A reverend who gave the lecture, "Acres of Diamonds". Was a supporter of survival of the fittest in society who provided support, and exhibited the ideas of the era.
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Herbert Spencer
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A Victorian biologist and philo sopher who originally came up with the concept of evolution.
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James Buchanan Duke
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James Buchanan Duke was a U.S. tobacco and electric power industrialist best known for his involvement with Duke University.
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land grant
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Primarily given to railroads by the government to make a transcontinental railroad, they were made in broad belts along the proposed route. In these belts the railroads were allowed to choose alternate mile-square sections in a checkerboard fashion.
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stock watering
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The practice of making cattle thirsty by feeding them salt and then having them bloat themselves with water before they were weighed for sale.
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pool
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A form of railroad company combination, an agreement to divide the business in an area and share the profits.
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rebate
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An amount paid by way of reduction, return, or refund on what has already been paid or contributed.
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vertical integration
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The method Andrew Carnegie used involving several separate integrated firms which completed all the phases of manufacturing and transporting steel within a single organization.
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horizontal integration
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a strategy used by a business or corporation that seeks to sell a type of product in markets.
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trust
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Describes any large-scale business combination.
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interlocking directorate
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Officers of Morgan's banking syndicate placed on various boards of directors to consolidate rival enterprises and to ensure future harmony.
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capital goods
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goods used for the production of other goods and capital
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plutocracy
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Government rule by the wealthy, or power provided by wealth. Concept of law, where rich merchants control fractions of the government.
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injunction
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An equitable remedy in the form of a court order, whereby a party is required to do, or to refrain from doing, certain acts.
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trust-busting
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Any government activity designed to break up trusts or monopolies.
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company town
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One of the first in the United States was Pullman, Chicago, developed in the 1880s just outside the Chicago city limits. The town, entirely company-owned, provided housing, markets, a library, churches and entertainment for the 6,000 company employees and an equal number of dependents.
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nonproducers
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People who do not produce a good to sell.
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anarchists
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An advocate of or a participant in anarchism. Anarchism is a doctrine urging the abolition of government or governmental restraint as the indispensable condition for full social and political liberty.
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pure and simple unionism
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The expression was coined by Samuel Gompers, in his speech at the American Federation of Labor convention. The concept of "pure and simple unionism" is rooted in wage workers' natural tendency to organize in an attempt to save their rights as laborers.
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Union Pacific Railroad
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Incorporated on July 1, 1862 in the wake of the Pacific Railroad Act of 1862. The Union Pacific Railroad in Omaha, Nebraska, is the largest railroad network in the United States.
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closed shop
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A business in which union membership was a prerequisite for employment. This allowed for worker's unions to make more powerful strides to better conditions for working men and women.
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Central Pacific Railroad
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Established to achieve Manifest Destiny. It spanned from Sacramento California to connect with eastern railroads already in existence. It was started in 1863 and completed in 1869.
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Grange
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Wabash case
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In this case, the Supreme Court announced that individual states had no power to regulate interstate commerce.
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Bessemer process
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Also called the Bessemer-Kelly process; it is a process of making cheap steel. Cold air blown on red-hot iron caused the metal to become white hot by igniting the carbon and thus eliminating impurities. Product was called "Kelly's fool steel", and Bessemer and Kelly called crazy.
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United States Steel
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America’s first billion-dollar corporation, created by J. P. Morgan.
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gospel of wealth
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A philosophy formulated by Andrew Carnegie’s movement toward the creation of a new mode of giving which would create opportunities for the beneficiaries of the gift to better themselves. The gift would not be merely consumed, but would be productive of even greater wealth throughout the society
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Sherman Act
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The antitrust law which limited combinations, trusts, and monopolies. This law also granted Congress the right to regulate interstate commerce and contracts.
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New South
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a phrase that has been used since the civil war to describe the American south.
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Interstate Commerce Act
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Prohibited rebates and pools and required the railroads to publish their rates openly. It also forbade unfair discrimination against shippers and outlawed charging more for a short haul than for a long one over the same line.
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National Labor Union
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It was organized in 1866 and represented some 600,00 members. It won the eight-hour workday for government workers and agitated for the arbitration of industrial disputes.
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Haymarket riot
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violence in the market center in Chicago in which anarchists were blamed for haveing thrown a bomb into the middle of the market place.
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American Federation of Labor
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Labor union founded in 1886 by a Jewish cigar-maker Samuel Gompers, which was an association of self-governing national unions, each who kept their independence with the A.F.L unifying overall strategy.
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Jane Addams
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Established Hull House adn condemmed war as well as poverty.
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Florence Kelley
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A guerilla warrior who led the women of Hull House successfully lobby for an Illinois antisweat-shop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor. She was a lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. She served three decades as a general secretary of the National Consumers League.
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Dwight Lyman Moody
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It was while on a trip to England in Spring of 1872 that he became well known as an evangelist. Some have claimed he was the greatest evangelist of the 19th century. He preached almost a hundred times and came into communion with the Plymouth Brethren. On several occasions he filled stadiums of 2,000 to 4,000 capacity. In the Botanic Gardens Palace, a meeting had between 15,000 to 30,000 people.
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James Gibbons
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James Cardinal Gibbons was a Roman Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore who published the famous book “The Faith of Our Fathers: A Plain Exposition and Vindication of the Church Founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ”. This book became a very popular conversion novel in the late 1800s. Gibbons also went on to found The Catholic University of America in Washington D.C., and then went on to become its first Chancellor.
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Booker T. Washington
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Booker Taliaferro Washington was an American educator, orator, author, and leader of the African-American community.
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W. E. B. Du Bois
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William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was an American civil rights activist, who attempted every possible method to improve African Americans' standing in society in the early 1900s.
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William James
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William James was an original thinker in and between the disciplines of physiology, psychology and philosophy.
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Henry George
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Philosopher who believed the maldistribution of wealth, with the propertied class reaping ever increasing benefits, was wrong. Left a major mark on socialism in Britain after writing his treatise "Progress and Poverty."
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Horatio Alger
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Horation Alger was a 19th century author. His wrote short stories for newspapers and some books.
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Mark Twain
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Samuel Langhorne Clemens was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels //Adventures of Huckelberry Finn//, which has since been called the Great American Novel, and //The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.//
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman
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A major feminist prophet who published "Women and Economics" and a distant relative of Harriet Beecher Stowe. She called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy. She also advocated centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens to facilitate women's participation in the work force.
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Carrie Chapman Catt
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The leader of the suffragets at this time. She campaigned for women to have the vote for the simple reason that their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers were being discharged. This argument brought around the vote to women in local areas (where the law was passed) and led to complete sufferage for women throughout the country.
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Charles W. Eliot
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Became the president of Harvard college in the 1870s. Changed the school's motto from //Christo et Ecclesiae// (For Christ and Church) to //Veritas// (Truth).
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Emily Dickinson
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Lyric poet, did not become famous untill 1886 when she died and her poems were discovered.
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Henry Adams
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Jack London
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The nature writer who wrote Call of the Wild, White Fang, and Iron Heel.
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Paul Laurence Dunbar
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was an American of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Dunbar gained national recognition for his 1896 //Lyrics of a Lowly Life//, one poem in the collection being Ode to Ethiopia
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Theodore Dreiser
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A social novelist who wrote Sister Carrie.
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Victoria Woodhull
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She publicly proclaimed her belied in free love in 1871 and published //Woodhull and Clafin's Weekly// together with her sister.
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William F. Cody
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Buffalo Bill, a scout durring the Civil War, he was imortalized in the novels of Ned, Buntline.
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megalopolis
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An urban area that contains numerous large cities and suburbs.
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settlement house
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Became centers of women's activism and of social reform.
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new immigration
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The New Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe. Among them were Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles. Many of them worshipped in orthodox churches or synagogues. They came from countries with little history in democratic government, where people had grown accustomed to cringing before despotism and where opportunities for advancement were few. Most new immigrants tried to seek industrial jobs in jam-packed cities.
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social gospel
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a movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The movement applied ChristainEthics to social problems, especially poverty, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.
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nativism
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Nativism is a movement in which local inhabitants of a country are opposed to immigration or to specific cultural groups from a different nation. Nativism usually looks upon immigrants as hostile to the culture already set up in the nation.
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evolution
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Any process of formation or growth.
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pragmatism
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In the context of of the 1800s, pragmatism often referred to the actions of some individuals in society who were constantly meddling in other people's business.
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talented tenth
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concept espoused by black educator and author W.E.B. Du Bois, emphasizing the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of black Americans.
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land-grant colleges
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Colleges that were built on federal land. They promised to provide certain services such as military training.
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yellow journalism
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Yellow journalism is a biased opinion portrayed as fact. It became widely used when newspapers could print off multiple papers at a time. The phrase was coined in 1895 because of a comic published in the New York Journal called "The Yellow Kid".
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paperbacks
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Paperbacks allowed for cheaper and more easily transported books, which offered the chance of more and more people reading and becoming more literate
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new morality
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A battle for sexual freedom that began to be reflected in soaring divorce rates, the spreading practice of birth control, and increasingly frank discussion of sexual topics.
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Macy's/Marshall Field's
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A chain of mid ranged department stores founded by Rowland Hussey Macy in 1858. It has been called the world's largest store since 1924.
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America fever
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The attitude in Europe during the 1900s of leaving behind everything in Europe and moving to America for a new life and new oppurtunities.
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Hull House
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The most prominent American settlement house, established by Jane Addams.
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The Origin of Species
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American Protective Association
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The nativist organization founded in 1887 which called for its members to vote against Roman Catholics running for office.
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Salvation Army
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is a Protestant Christian Church denomination that is organised in a military manner. This Christian church also does a lot of social services and charitable work.
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Christian Science
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A faith that preaches that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness.
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Chautauqua movement
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Launched in 1874 on the shores of Lake Chautauqua in New York, and included nationwide public lectures to partially cure the deficiency of adult education in public schools.
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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Organization founded on the educational and social advancement of colored people, partially founded by W.E.B. Du Bios.
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Morrill Act
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Law that provided a generous grant of public lands to states for support of education, these soon became state universities.
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Progress and Poverty
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A book written by Henry George in 1879, which attempted to solve the association of progress with poverty.
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Comstock Law
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It was developed my Anthony Comstock. The Comstock Law of 1873 was a federal law that made it a crime to sell or distribute materials that could be used for contraception, or abortion, to send such materials or information about such materials through the federal mail system, or to import such materials from abroad
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Women's Christian Temperance Union
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Founded in Evanston, Illinois in 1873, the group spearheaded the crusade for prohibtion. Members in Fredonia, New York advanced their cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloon keepers to stop selling alcohol.
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”Richardsonian”
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Jane Addams
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Established Hull House adn condemmed war as well as poverty.
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Florence Kelley
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A guerilla warrior who led the women of Hull House successfully lobby for an Illinois antisweat-shop law that protected women workers and prohibited child labor. She was a lifelong battler for the welfare of women, children, blacks, and consumers. She served three decades as a general secretary of the National Consumers League.
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Dwight Lyman Moody
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It was while on a trip to England in Spring of 1872 that he became well known as an evangelist. Some have claimed he was the greatest evangelist of the 19th century. He preached almost a hundred times and came into communion with the Plymouth Brethren. On several occasions he filled stadiums of 2,000 to 4,000 capacity. In the Botanic Gardens Palace, a meeting had between 15,000 to 30,000 people.
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James Gibbons
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James Cardinal Gibbons was a Roman Catholic Archbishop of Baltimore who published the famous book “The Faith of Our Fathers: A Plain Exposition and Vindication of the Church Founded by Our Lord Jesus Christ”. This book became a very popular conversion novel in the late 1800s. Gibbons also went on to found The Catholic University of America in Washington D.C., and then went on to become its first Chancellor.
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Booker T. Washington
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Booker Taliaferro Washington was an American educator, orator, author, and leader of the African-American community.
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W. E. B. Du Bois
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William Edward Burghardt Du Bois was an American civil rights activist, who attempted every possible method to improve African Americans' standing in society in the early 1900s.
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William James
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William James was an original thinker in and between the disciplines of physiology, psychology and philosophy.
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Henry George
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Philosopher who believed the maldistribution of wealth, with the propertied class reaping ever increasing benefits, was wrong. Left a major mark on socialism in Britain after writing his treatise "Progress and Poverty."
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Horatio Alger
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Horation Alger was a 19th century author. His wrote short stories for newspapers and some books.
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Mark Twain
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Samuel Langhorne Clemens was an American author and humorist. He is most noted for his novels //Adventures of Huckelberry Finn//, which has since been called the Great American Novel, and //The Adventures of Tom Sawyer.//
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Charlotte Perkins Gilman
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A major feminist prophet who published "Women and Economics" and a distant relative of Harriet Beecher Stowe. She called on women to abandon their dependent status and contribute to the larger life of the community through productive involvement in the economy. She also advocated centralized nurseries and cooperative kitchens to facilitate women's participation in the work force.
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Carrie Chapman Catt
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The leader of the suffragets at this time. She campaigned for women to have the vote for the simple reason that their traditional duties as homemakers and mothers were being discharged. This argument brought around the vote to women in local areas (where the law was passed) and led to complete sufferage for women throughout the country.
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Charles W. Eliot
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Became the president of Harvard college in the 1870s. Changed the school's motto from //Christo et Ecclesiae// (For Christ and Church) to //Veritas// (Truth).
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Emily Dickinson
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Lyric poet, did not become famous untill 1886 when she died and her poems were discovered.
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Henry Adams
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an American architectural engineer. Emigrated to Baltimore from Germany having been educated as a building engineer. He later worked with the District of Colombia government buildings, and established a longstanding private practice in Baltimore, Maryland.
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Jack London
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The nature writer who wrote Call of the Wild, White Fang, and Iron Heel.
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Paul Laurence Dunbar
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was an American of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Dunbar gained national recognition for his 1896 //Lyrics of a Lowly Life//, one poem in the collection being Ode to Ethiopia
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Theodore Dreiser
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A social novelist who wrote Sister Carrie.
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Victoria Woodhull
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She publicly proclaimed her belied in free love in 1871 and published //Woodhull and Clafin's Weekly// together with her sister.
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William F. Cody
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Buffalo Bill, a scout durring the Civil War, he was imortalized in the novels of Ned, Buntline.
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megalopolis
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An urban area that contains numerous large cities and suburbs.
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settlement house
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Became centers of women's activism and of social reform.
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new immigration
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The New Immigrants came from southern and eastern Europe. Among them were Italians, Croats, Slovaks, Greeks, and Poles. Many of them worshipped in orthodox churches or synagogues. They came from countries with little history in democratic government, where people had grown accustomed to cringing before despotism and where opportunities for advancement were few. Most new immigrants tried to seek industrial jobs in jam-packed cities.
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social gospel
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a movement is a Protestant Christian intellectual movement that was most prominent in the late 19th century and early 20th century. The movement applied ChristainEthics to social problems, especially poverty, inequality, liquor, crime, racial tensions, slums, bad hygiene, child labor, weak labor unions, poor schools, and the danger of war.
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nativism
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Nativism is a movement in which local inhabitants of a country are opposed to immigration or to specific cultural groups from a different nation. Nativism usually looks upon immigrants as hostile to the culture already set up in the nation.
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evolution
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Any process of formation or growth.
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pragmatism
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In the context of of the 1800s, pragmatism often referred to the actions of some individuals in society who were constantly meddling in other people's business.
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talented tenth
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concept espoused by black educator and author W.E.B. Du Bois, emphasizing the necessity for higher education to develop the leadership capacity among the most able 10 percent of black Americans.
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land-grant colleges
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Colleges that were built on federal land. They promised to provide certain services such as military training.
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yellow journalism
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Yellow journalism is a biased opinion portrayed as fact. It became widely used when newspapers could print off multiple papers at a time. The phrase was coined in 1895 because of a comic published in the New York Journal called "The Yellow Kid".
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paperbacks
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Paperbacks allowed for cheaper and more easily transported books, which offered the chance of more and more people reading and becoming more literate
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new morality
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A battle for sexual freedom that began to be reflected in soaring divorce rates, the spreading practice of birth control, and increasingly frank discussion of sexual topics.
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Macy's/Marshall Field's
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A chain of mid ranged department stores founded by Rowland Hussey Macy in 1858. It has been called the world's largest store since 1924.
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America fever
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The attitude in Europe during the 1900s of leaving behind everything in Europe and moving to America for a new life and new oppurtunities.
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Hull House
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The most prominent American settlement house, established by Jane Addams.
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The Origin of Species
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a seminal work in scientific literature work in evolutionary biology written by Charles Darwin in 1859.. It introduced the theory that populations evolve over the course of generations through a process of natural selection.
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American Protective Association
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The nativist organization founded in 1887 which called for its members to vote against Roman Catholics running for office.
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Salvation Army
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is a Protestant Christian Church denomination that is organised in a military manner. This Christian church also does a lot of social services and charitable work.
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Christian Science
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A faith that preaches that the true practice of Christianity heals sickness.
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Chautauqua movement
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Launched in 1874 on the shores of Lake Chautauqua in New York, and included nationwide public lectures to partially cure the deficiency of adult education in public schools.
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National Association for the Advancement of Colored People
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Organization founded on the educational and social advancement of colored people, partially founded by W.E.B. Du Bios.
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Morrill Act
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Law that provided a generous grant of public lands to states for support of education, these soon became state universities.
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Progress and Poverty
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A book written by Henry George in 1879, which attempted to solve the association of progress with poverty.
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Comstock Law
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It was developed my Anthony Comstock. The Comstock Law of 1873 was a federal law that made it a crime to sell or distribute materials that could be used for contraception, or abortion, to send such materials or information about such materials through the federal mail system, or to import such materials from abroad
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Women's Christian Temperance Union
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Founded in Evanston, Illinois in 1873, the group spearheaded the crusade for prohibtion. Members in Fredonia, New York advanced their cause by entering saloons, singing, praying, and urging saloon keepers to stop selling alcohol.
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”Richardsonian”
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Sitting Bull
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Inspired the Sioux to take the warpath when hordes of greedy gold-seekers came into the Sioux lands to look for gold.
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George A. Custer
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The "White Chief with Yellow Hair" who was wiped out with his 264 officers and men in 1876 that resulted in a series of battles across the northern plains when the U.S. Army relentlessly hunted down the Indians who killed him.
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Chief Joseph
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Leader of a band of "some 700 Nez Perece Indians", who surrendered at the Battle of Little Bighorn.
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Geronimo
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Apache leader who fought both the United States and Mexico due to a lifelong hatred of the Mexican army which killed his mother, wife, and three children in 1851. In 1886, he was persuaded by American authorities to surrender and later served in President Roosevelt's 1905 election victory parade.
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Helen Hunt Jackson
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Published a book called A Century of Dishonor in 1881 which told of the record of government ruthlessness in dealing with the Indians. She also wrote Ramona in 1884 which told of injustice to the California Indians.
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Wiliam F. Cody
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Starting in 1883, he led the wild west shows. He was known as “Buffalo Bill”. And was knightly, goateed and free drinking. He killed over 4000 animals in eighteen months while employed by the Kansas Pacific.
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Oliver H. Kelley
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In 1867, he laid the groundwork to build a new foundation for American agriculture through the organization of the Grange, of which he was the first secretary until he resigned in 1878.
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William Hope Harvey
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William "Coin" Hope Harvey was an American author best known for his book "Coin's Financial School. Harvey overwhelmed many economists with his arguments for free silver.
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Mary Elizabeth Lease
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An American lecturer, writer, and political activist. Much of her political work was focused on the cause of temperance.
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Frederick Jackson Turner
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He was a historian in the early 1900s, who is best known for writing //The Significance of the Frontier in American History.//
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James B. Weaver
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American politician who leaned toward agrarian radicalism; he twice ran unsuccessfully for the U.S. presidency, as the Greenback-Labor candidate (1880) and as the Populist candidate (1892).
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Jacob S. Coxey
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A "General" in the populist "army". He led 500, 000 unemployed workers to D.C., only to be arrested for walking on the grass.
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Eugene V. Debs
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An American union leader, one of the founding members of the International Labor Union and the Industrial Workers of the World, as well as a candidate for President of the United States as a member of the Social Democratic Party in 1900, and later as a member of the Socialist Part of America in 1904, 1908, 1912, and 1920.
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William McKinley
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The leading candidate for president of the Republican party in the election of 1896 whom leaned toward hard-money policies and declared for the gold standard. On election day, McKinley won with a vote of 271 to 176, beginning a Republican grip on the White House for sixteen consecutive years. Almost as soon as he took office, the tariff he issued forced itself to the fore.
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Marcus Alonzo Hanna
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An Ohian who made a fortune in the iron business. He nominated, organized, and funded the campaign of fellow Ohian William McKinley for president. MicKinley was elected.
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William Jennings Bryan
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Was a young driven politician from Nebraska that gave the famous Cross of Gold Speech.
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Sioux Wars
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Conflict between the Sioux and the western settlers when the treaties were broken and the Sioux's land was reduced. This led to clashes like the Fetterman masacre.
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Nez Percé
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A tribe of Native Americans who live in the Pacific Northwest region of the United States.
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Apache
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Tribes of Native Americans who were forced towards Mexico from Arizona and New Mexico because of the railroad and settlers. This further diminished the Native American population in the US.
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Ghost Dance
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A Native American movement which called upon the spirits of the dead and sought an end to the oppressive white expansionism.
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Battle of Wounded Knee
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On December 29, 1890, 500 troops of the U.S calvary supported by four Hotchkiss guns surrounded an encampment of Miniconjou Sioux and Hunkpapa Sioux (Lakota).
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Dawes Severalty Act
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Indian policy that dissolved many Indian tribes as legal entities, wiped out tribal ownership of land, and set up individual Indian families heads with 160 free acres.
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Little Big Horn
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Where General Custer was defeated and humiliated by 2,500 well-armed warriors when two supporting columns failed to come to their rescue in 1876.
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Buffalo Soldiers
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African American U.S. Army personel on the fronteir. Also a great song by Bob Marley.
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Comstock Lode
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A rich discovery of gold and silver in 1859 in Virginia city, Nevada by Henry T. P. Comstock.
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Long Drive
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Consisted of the Texas Cowboys driving herds of cattle over unfenced plaines until they reached a railroad terminal to where they could be sold.
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Homestead Act
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It was a United States Federal law that gave an applicant freehold title to 160 acres-640 acres of undeveloped land outside of the original 13 colonies.
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Sooner State
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Oklahoma is the 28th most populous and 20th-largest state. The state's name is derived from the Choctaw words //okla// and //humma//, meaning "red people", and is known informally by its nickname,
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safety-valve theory
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the theory that when hard times came, the unemployed who cluttered the city pavements mereley moved west, took up farming, and prospered. This theory is fairly wrong as relatively few city dwellers migrated to the frontier during depressions. However, many immigrant farmers did move west, and employers might of had to keep high wages in order to keep the employees from leaving west.
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Bonanza farms
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Given the concentration of immigrants and population on the Eastern coast, it was hypothesized that making free land available in the West, would relieve the pressure for employment in the East.
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National Grange
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This organization was formed just after the Civil War by a group of farmers, who chose to band together for the common good of the American agricultural economy.
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Granger laws
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A major goal of the Granger movement of the early 1870s was to bring about public regulation of railroads.
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Farmers' Alliance
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Founded in Central Texas in the late 1870's, this alliance was formed of white farmers who collectively purchased and sold goods. Was the base of the populist party.
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Colored Farmers National Alliance
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Founded in central Texas in 1877, through the efforts of farmers at self-protection from 'land sharks,' merchants, horse thieves and cattle ranchers. in the 1880s in the USA, when both black and white farmers faced great difficulties due to the rising price of farming and the decreasing profits which were coming from farming.
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Populist (People's) Party
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The Populist party in the election of 1896 had many of the same causes as teh Democratic Party at the national level. They also nominated the same presidential candidate, William Jennings Bryan, as the Democratic party. They also backed the gold standard. However, instead of nominating the Democratic running mate, Arthur Sewall, they nominated Thomas E. Watson instead.
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Coin's Financial School
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An enormously popular pamphlet written by William Hope Harvey that advocated free coinage of silver.
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Coxey's Army
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A small army led by "General Jacob S. Coxey. They wanted the government to relieve unemployment.
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Pullman Strike
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The Pullman Palace Car Company in Chicago cut wages because of the depression. Workers went on strike and overturned Pullman cars, blocking railroad traffic. U.S. attorney general Richard Olney wanted to end the strike by calling in federal troops because the strikers were interfering with the transit of the U.S. mail. President Cleveland agreed and allowed troops to crush the strikes.
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Cross of Gold speech
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A speech delivered by William Bryan at the 1896 Democratic National Convention. The speech advocated bimetallism. At the time, the Democratic Party wanted to standardize the value of the dollar to silver and opposed pegging the value of the U.S. dollar to a gold standard alone.
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Gold Bugs
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The name of the group of supporters of using gold instead of silver to back up the US monetary system. These were mostly democrats and their opinion eventually won out.
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“16 to 1”
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The free and unlimited coinage of silver to gold ratio.
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“fourth party system”
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is the term used in political science and history for the period in American political history from about 1896 to 1932 that was dominated by the Republican Party
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Dingley Tariff bill
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Raised tariffs to counteract the Wilson Gorman tariff which had lowered the rates.
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Gold Standard Act
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Passed in 1900, it provided that the paper currency be redeemed freely in gold.
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Alfred Thayer Mahan
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A United States Navy flag officer, geostrategist, and educator. His ideas on the importance of sea power influenced navies around the world, and helped prompt naval buildups before WWI.
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James G. Blaine
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He was a dominant Republican just after the Civil War, who worked as Speaker of the House and even received the Republican nomination for the Election of 1884, but lost to Grover Cleveland.
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Richard Olney
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Valeriano Weyler
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The Spanish General sent to Cuba to crush the rebellion in 1896. Known for his cruel tactics, such as "reconcentration" camps.
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Dupuy de Lóme
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The Spanish minister to the United States who, in a letter criticized the United States and the President. The letter was found and the United States requested a formal apology from Spain, which they recieved. This effected neutrality with Spain.
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Theodore Roosevelt
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The twenty-sixth President of the United States. A leader of the Republican Party and the Progressive Party, he was a govenor of New York and a professional, historian, naturalist, explorer, hunter, author, and soldier.
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George Dewey
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A Commodore who commanded the American Asiatic Squadron at Hong Kong (??). He was ordered by Theodore Roosevelt to descend upon Spain's Philippines and capture Manila. On May 1, 1898 he destroyed the Spanish fleet in Manila Bay. Then a few months later with the help of long-awaited American troops he finally stormed and captured Manila on August 13.
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Emilio Aguinaldo
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A spanish general exiled from the Philippines by the Spanish. He was later brought back to aid the American invasion of the Philippines. A year later he fled the Philippines when insurrections against the Americans began.
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William Howard Taft
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Later a US president but in 1901 he became the civil govenor of the Philippines.
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John Hay
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Secretary of State, dispatched the Open Door note that urged all of the powers to announce that in their leaseholds or sphres of influence they would respect Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition.
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Philippe Bunau-Varilla
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A French soldier and engineer who greatly influenced the United States' decision on the construction site of the Panama Canal. Was also largely responsible for convincing Theodore Roosevelt to support the Panamanian Revolution.
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George Washington Goethals
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He organized the construction of the Panama Canal in 1904 and served as an officer in the United States Army.
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reconcentration
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act or policy of concentrating the rural population in or about towns and villages for convenience in political or military administration, as in Cuba during the revolution of 1895-98.
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jingoism
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Extreme nationalism that happen during the imperial era in America.
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imperialism
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Lead to many objections that argued it was against the philosophy in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, was costly and unlikely ever to turn a profit, and would propel the United States into the political and military cauldron of East Asia.
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guerrilla warfare
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Insurrectos, Cuban Natives fighting foreign Spanish rule.
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spheres of influence
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A territorial area over which political or economic influence is held by one nation.
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“yellow peril”
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a color metaphor for race which the white californians ranted about and feared being drowned in "an Asian sea."
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Pan-American Conference
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James G Blaine presided over this in 1889 in Washington DC. It was established as an international organization for cooperation on trade and other issues.
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Maine
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The territory was confirmed as part of Massachusetts when the United States was formed, although the final border with British territory was not established until the Webster-Ashburton Treaty of 1842. (Indeed, in 1839 Governor Fairfield declared war on Britain over a boundary dispute between New Brunswick and northern Maine
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Teller Amendment
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This proviso proclaimed to the world that when the United States had overthrown Spanish misrule, it would give the Cubans their freedom.
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Rough Riders
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The name bestowed on the first united States Volunteer Cavalry.
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Treaty of Paris
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This document was signed on December 10, 1898; it brought an end to the Spansih-American War. It also gave Cuba its independence from Spain, but kept it under the control of the United States.
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Anti-Imperialist League
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Foraker Act
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Congressional act that granted Puerto Rico a limited amount of popular government, and improved sanitation, education, and transportation. The act did not provide for eventual independence, or statehood however.
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insular cases
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Decisions regarding the application of the Constitution and the Bill of Rights to overseas and new territories. This was signifigant in the US attempt to become a major world power.
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Platt Amendment
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A rider appended to the Army Appropriations Act, a United States federal law passed on March 2, 1901, which stipulated the conditions for the withdrawl of United States troops remaining in Cuba since the Spanish-American War, and defined the terms of Cuban-U.S. relations until the 1934 Treaty of Relations.
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Philippine insurrection
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This insurrection (rebellion) began because Washington had excluded them from the peace negotiations with Spain. Bitterness toward the occupying American troops soon erupted into an open insurrectio on February 4, 1899 under Emilio Aguinaldo. In 1901, the Americans captured Aguinaldo, but the fighting still dragged on for many months. All that the Filipinos asked for was freedom, and they finally got it on the Fourth of July, 1946. (p. 642)
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Open Door notes
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A note dispatched by Secretary of State John Hay to the great powers urging them to respect certain Chinese rights and the ideal of fair competition.
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Boxer Rebellion
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The outbreak that ended with the murder of over two hundred foreigners and thousands of Chinese Christians.
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the Rough Rider
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A volunteer regiment consisting of mostly western cowboys, commanded by Colonel Leonard Wood and organized by Thdodore Roosevelt, that was part of the force that invaded Cuba.
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big-stick diplomacy
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The term used to describe American foreign policy during T. Roosevelt's administration. Roosevelt claimed the U.S. had the right to oppose European actions in the Western Hemisphere. The U.S., he said, also had the right to intervene economically and militarily in the domestic affairs of its neighbors if they proved incapable of maintaining peace and sovereignty on their own.
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Clayton-Bulwer Treaty
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It was signed in 1850 and stated that neither the United States nor Britain could take exclusive control over any Isthmian waterways.
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Hay-Pauncefote Treaty
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nullified the Clayton-Bulwer Treaty of 1850 and gave the United States the right to create and control a canal across Central America, connecting the Pacific and Atlantic Oceans
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Hay-Bunau-Varilla Treaty
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It determine the price of the Panama canal.
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Panama Canal
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It increased the strength of the navy by increasing its mobility and made easier the defense of recent acquisitions such as Puerto Rico, Hawaii, and the Philippines, while facilitating the operations of the U.S. merchant marine.
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Roosevelt Corollary
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Preventative Intervention, "In the event of future financial malfeasance by latin american nations the U. S. would intervene and take over debts to keep trouble some European Nations on the other side of the atlantic."
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Russo-Japanese War
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War fought between Japan and Russia in the years 1904-1905, mostly over territorial claims in Manchuria,China. In the end Japan won, emerging as a major world power and holder of the territories in Manchuria.
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Portsmouth Conference
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in 1905, President Roosevelt guided Russia and Japan to a settlement that satisfied neither side and left the Japanese, who felt they had won the war, especially resentful.
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Gentlemen's Agreement
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An informal agreement between the US and Japan, which stated that the US would not put restriction on Japanese immigration and students, and Japan would no longer allow immigration into the US. Their goal was to reduce the tension between the nations.
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Great White Fleet
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