A&p Unit 2

Front 1

Blue Cones (nm)

Back 1

420nm

Front 2

Rods (nm)

Back 2

500nm

Front 3

Green Cones (nm)

Back 3

530nm

Front 4

Red Cones (nm)

Back 4

560nm

Front 5

3 places of refraction in the eye

Back 5

Entering cornea, entering lens, leaving lens

Front 6

Myopia

Back 6

Nearsightedness, eyeball too long, corrected with concave lens

Front 7

Hyperopia

Back 7

Farsightedness, eyeball too short, corrected with convex lens

Front 8

Dark retinal

Back 8

11-cis, bent

Front 9

Light retinal

Back 9

All-trans, straight

Front 10

Visual Pathway to Brain

Back 10

Optic nerve

Optic chiasma

Optic tract

Lateral geniculate nucleus

Optic radiation

Primary visual cortex

Front 11

Mitral Cells

Back 11

Smell function

Front 12

Fungiform papillae

Back 12

Scattered across the tongue, house taste buds

Front 13

Foliate papillae

Back 13

On side walls of tongue

Front 14

Vallate papillae

Back 14

Largest (8-12), form a "V"

Front 15

Sweet taste

Back 15

Carbs, sugars, alcohol

Front 16

Sour taste

Back 16

Hydrogen ions

Front 17

Salty taste

Back 17

Metal ions, sodium chloride

Front 18

Bitter taste

Back 18

Alkaloids, nonalkaloids

Front 19

Umami taste

Back 19

Amino acids, MSG, glutamate/aspartate

Front 20

Tensor tympani and Stapedius

Back 20

Stabilize the ossicle with loud sounds

Front 21

Spiral Organ pathway to brain

Back 21

Spiral ganglion (bipolar cell)

Cochlear nuclei

Superior olivary nucleus

Lateral lemniscus

Inferior colliculus

Medial geniculate nucleus

Primary auditory cortex

Front 22

Static Equilibrium receptors

Back 22

Maculae in vestibule

Front 23

Dynamic equilibrium receptors

Back 23

Cristae ampullaris in semicircular canals

Front 24

Amino Acid based hormones

Back 24

Water soluble, g-linked pathway to cell

Front 25

Steroid hormones (and thyroid)

Back 25

Lipid soluble, diffuse across membrane

Front 26

G-linked pathway through membrane

Back 26

Hormone binds

GTP activated

Enzyme (adenylate cyclase) activated

Enzyme converts ATP to cAMP

cAMP activated kinases

Kinases phosphorylate

Front 27

Humoral stimuli for endocrine glands

Back 27

Changing blood chemistry

Front 28

Diabetes Insipidus

Back 28

Hyposecretion of ADH due to damage of hypothalamus or posterior pituitary

Front 29

Syndrome of inappropriate ADH secretion (SIADH)

Back 29

Hypersecretion of ADH, characterized by fluid retention and headaches

Front 30

Posterior pituitary

Back 30

Smaller, neural tissue, stores & secretes (oxytocin, ADH)

Front 31

Anterior pituitary

Back 31

Larger, glandular tissue, makes hormones (GH, TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH, PRL)

Front 32

Tropic hormones

Back 32

TSH, ACTH, FSH, LH

Front 33

TH Synthesis

Back 33

1. Thyroglobulin is synthesized & discharged into follicle lumen

2. Iodide is trapped

3. Iodide is oxydized to iodine

4. Iodine is attached to tyrosine

5. Iodinated tyrosine are linked to form T3 & T4

6. Thyroglobulin colloid is endocytosed and combined with lysosome

7. Lysosome enzymes cleave T3 & T4 from Thyroglobulin and hormones diffuse into the blood stream

Front 34

PTH hormone result

Back 34

Stimulates osteoclasts to digest bone and release Ca, enhances absorption of Ca, promotes activation of Vit D by kidneys which increases absorption of Ca by intestines

Front 35

Zona glomerulosa hormone

Back 35

Aldosterone (mineralocorticoids)

Front 36

Zona fasciculata hormone

Back 36

Cortisol (glucocorticoids)

Front 37

Zona reticularis hormone

Back 37

Androgens (gonadocorticoids)

Front 38

Normal volume blood glucose

Back 38

90mg/100ml

Front 39

Cardiac tamponade

Back 39

Excess fluid leak into pericardial space, compresses heart's ability to pump

Front 40

Angina pectoris

Back 40

Thoracic pain caused by fleeting deficiency in blood delivery to myocardium (weakened cells)

Front 41

AP of contractile heart muscle

Back 41

1. At -90mV: Depolarization by fast voltage - gated Na channels cause Na influx

2. Also opens slow Ca channels (at +30mV Na close) and slowly close to form plateau

3. After 200ms Ca close and voltage - gated K open and K efflux occurs to repolarize the cell

Front 42

Junction rhythm

Back 42

AV node is in charge 40-60bpm

Front 43

P wave

Back 43

Depolarization of SA node

Front 44

QRS complex

Back 44

Atrial repolarization and ventricular Depolarization

Front 45

T wave

Back 45

Ventricular repolarization

Front 46

Junctional rhythm EKG

Back 46

No P waves

Front 47

Second-degree heart block EKG

Back 47

More P waves than QRS complexes

Front 48

Ventricular fibrillation EKG

Back 48

Chaotic

Front 49

CO equation

Back 49

HR (beats/min) * SV (mL/min)

Front 50

Normal CO

Back 50

5.25 L/min

Front 51

Cardiac Reserve

Back 51

Difference between resting CO and maximal CO; higher for athletes

Front 52

Preload

Back 52

Degree of stretch of heart muscle right before contraction

Front 53

Contractility

Back 53

Contractile strength at any given length

Front 54

Afterload

Back 54

Back pressure exerted by arterial blood that must be overcome to eject blood

Front 55

Foramen ovale in fetus

Back 55

Opening that connects the atria (fossa ovalis)

Front 56

Ductus arteriosus in fetus

Back 56

Connects pulmonary trunk to aorta (ligamentum arteriosum)

Front 57

GH growth hormone

Back 57

Metabolic & growth, anterior pituitary, not Tropic

Front 58

TSH thyriod stimulating hormone

Back 58

Thyroid releases thyroid hormone, anterior pituitary, tropic

Front 59

ACTH adrenocorticotrophic hormone

Back 59

Promotes release of glucocorticoids and androgens, anterior pituitary, tropic

Front 60

FSH follicle stimulating hormone

Back 60

Ovarian follicle maturation, estrogen production, sperm production, gametogenesis, anterior pituitary, topic

Front 61

LH luteinizing hormone

Back 61

Sex hormone, anterior pituitary, tropic

Front 62

PRL prolactin

Back 62

Promotes lactation, anterior pituitary, not tropic

Front 63

Oxytocin

Back 63

Uterine contraction, let down reflex, posterior pituitary and hypothalamus

Front 64

ADH anti-diuretic hormone

Back 64

Fluid retention, posterior pituitary and hypothalamus

Front 65

Hypothalamus hormones (6)

Back 65

Oxytocin, ADH, TRH, CRH, GnRH, PIH

Front 66

Calcitonin

Back 66

Lower blood Ca levels, stimulates osteoblasts activity, thyroid

Front 67

PTH parathyroid hormone

Back 67

Raise blood Ca levels, stimulates osteoclasts, parathyroid

Front 68

Aldosterone (which corticoid?)

Back 68

Mineralocorticoid, regulates minerals, Zona glomerulosa in adrenal cortex

Front 69

Cortisol (which corticoid?)

Back 69

Glucocorticoid, stabilize glucose levels, help resist stressors, Zona fasciculata in adrenal cortex

Front 70

Androgens (which corticoid?)

Back 70

Sexual maturation, Zona reticularis of adrenal cortex

Front 71

Epinephrine and NE

Back 71

Sympathetic response, adrenal medulla

Front 72

Melatonin

Back 72

Control circadian rhythms, pineal gland

Front 73

Glucagon hormone

Back 73

Increases blood glucose levels (alpha), pancreas

Front 74

Insulin hormone

Back 74

Decreases blood glucose levels (beta), pancreas

Front 75

Estrogen, progesterone, testosterone

Back 75

Fertility, ovaries/placenta and testes

Front 76

Leptin hormone

Back 76

Appetite control, adipose

Front 77

Gastrin hormone

Back 77

Release HCl, GI tract

Front 78

ANP hormone

Back 78

Lowers blood volume and pressure, heart

Front 79

Erythropoietin hormone

Back 79

Stimulates RBC production, hematopoiesis, kidneys

Front 80

Renin hormone

Back 80

Regulates aedosterone

Front 81

Osteocalcin hormone

Back 81

Regulates blood glucose, bone

Front 82

Cholecalciferol hormone

Back 82

Vitamin D sybthesis, skin

Front 83

Thymulin hormone

Back 83

T cell maturation, thymus