A&p Unit 1, Ch.3

Front 1

cells

Back 1

basic struct. & funct. unit of life
3 Parts:
1. plasma mem-flex outer surface
2. cytoplasm- has organelles surrounded by cytosol
3. nucleus-contains chromosomes

Front 2

Plasma membrane

Back 2

functions:
1. Boundary- separates fluids
2. Cell Comm.-interacts w/other cells, controls passage in/out
3. Phospholipid bilayer- has diverse proteins (glycocalyx)

Front 3

cytoplasm

Back 3

organelles, cytoskeleton,cytosol

Front 4

Phospholipid bilayer-

Back 4

amphilic molecules in bilayer
*hydrophilic phosphate heads
*hydrophobic tails-
**75% of membr. lipids are phospholipids

Front 5

Membrane proteins

Back 5

Transmembrane- pass through, amphilic, drift freely in phospholipid film, some anchored to cytoskeleton
2. Peripheral- tethered to cytoskell, adhere to 1 face of membrane

Front 6

Membrane protein functions

Back 6

PIC:
Periph- attach to cytoskel & ext
Intercell adhesion
Cell to cell recognition

Front 7

Integral Membrane Protein functions

Back 7

RET:
Receptors for signals, cell comm.
Enzymatic activity- breaks down proteins
Transport- channel, cell comm.

Front 8

Ion channels

Back 8

transmem. proteins w/ pores that allow H2O & ions to pass
-some open, some gated

Front 9

ligand

Back 9

chemically gated ion channels

Front 10

membrane carriers/pumps

Back 10

transmem proteins bind to glucose, electrolytes, & transfer across membrane
-pumps consume ATP

Front 11

3 types of cell memb. junctions

Back 11

1. Tight-interlocking, encircles cell, prevents substance & bact. from cell (urinary tract/GI)
2. Desmosome- anchor attached along sides, binds cells together (uterus, heart, skin)
3. Gap- communicating junct. that allows chem. subst. to pass (embryos, cardiac, smooth muscle)

Front 12

Membrane transport-

Back 12

plasma mem is selectively permeable
2 types of transport:
1. Passive (no ATP)
a. diffusion
b. osmosis
c. filtration
2. Active transport- uses ATP
-transports against gradient, requires channel, carrier

Front 13

Simple diffusion

Back 13

movement down conc. gradient until equilibrium
*diffuses through lipid bilayer & through channel proteins

Front 14

Facilitated diffusion

Back 14

transport of glucose, aacids, andions
-they bind to carrier prot or pass through channels

Front 15

3 types of diffusion

Back 15

simple
facilitated (carrier or channel)
Osmosis- like diffu, but w/ water
*water moves in response to diff. in solute conc.& always moves toward higher solute

Front 16

Osmotic pressure

Back 16

amt. of hydrostatic press.required to stop osmosis

Front 17

Osmosis

Back 17

occurs when conc. of solvent is diff. on opposite sides of memb.
-diffus of water across semi permeable membrane

Front 18

Osmolarity

Back 18

total conc. of solute particles in a solution (soup)

Front 19

Tonicity

Back 19

how a solution affects cell volume & pressure

Front 20

Varying Tonicity

Back 20

Isotonic- solutions w/ same conc. as that of the cytosol
Hypertonic- having greater solute conc. than that of the cytosol
Hypotonic- having less solute conc. than cytosol

Front 21

Filtration

Back 21

passage of water & solutes through membrane by hydrostatic pressure.

Front 22

Sodium-Pot Pump

Back 22

primary active transport that uses ATP and moves solutes from area of lower conc. to higher conc.

Front 23

Functions of Na/K pump

Back 23

HoMeRS:
Heat production
Maintenance of mem. potential
Regulation of cell volume
Secondary Active transport

Front 24

Secondary Active Transport

Back 24

energy from existing ion powers process, indirectly dependent on ATP-
*symport-2 subs moved in same direction
*antiport- 2 subs moved in opp. directions

Front 25

Vesicular Transport-

Back 25

transport of large particles in vesicles.
(exo,trans, endo-cytosis)

Front 26

Exocytosis

Back 26

moves substance from cell int. to extracell space (out of cell) by secretion and removal of plas mem.

Front 27

Transcytosis

Back 27

move substances into, across, and then out of cell (small int. epithelium)

Front 28

Endocytosis

Back 28

enables large particles to enter cell
3 ways:
*Phagocytosis- pseudopods engulf solids & bring them in
*Pinocytosis
*Receptor- mediated endocytosis.

Front 29

Phagocytosis

Back 29

pseudopods engulf solids and bring them in. Keeps tissues free of debris and infectious microorganisms

Front 30

Mitochondria

Back 30

double membrane structure that provides most of cell's ATP
*contains own DNA/RNA

Front 31

Ribosomes

Back 31

granules containing protein & RNA. Site of protein synthesis,
*Free ribos make proteins for cytosol
*Attached ribos make pro for membranes

Front 32

Endoplasmic Reticulum

Back 32

interconnected tubes that is continuous w/ nuclear membrane.

Front 33

Rough ER

Back 33

manufactures secreted proteins,synthesizes proteins packed in other organelles, external studded w/ ribos,

Front 34

Smooth ER

Back 34

Catalyzes reactions in organs:
-liver
-testes
-intestinal cells
-skel. & card. muscle

Front 35

Golgi Apparatus

Back 35

processes and packages proteins

Front 36

Lysosomes

Back 36

Contain digestive enzymes used to break down used cells

Front 37

Peroxisomes

Back 37

contains oxidative enzymes imp. in metabolism

Front 38

Proteasomes

Back 38

breaks down worn out or unneeded proteins

Front 39

Cytoskeleton

Back 39

rods running through cytosol. functions:
-determines shape, organizes, moves,

Front 40

Centrioles

Back 40

bases of cilia/flagella that are located in centrosome near nucleus. They organize mitotick spindle during mitosis

Front 41

Cilia

Back 41

whip like motile cell exts. They move fluid in one direction across cell surface.

Front 42

Cilia structure-

Back 42

9 + 2 structure of microtubules; form basal body inside cell membrane

Front 43

Cilia & Cystic Fibrosis

Back 43

disease in which cells make chloride pumps but fail to install them in plasma membrane
*thick mucus plugs pancreatic ducts

Front 44

Flagella

Back 44

similar to cilia but much larger, moves cells along

Front 45

Nucleus

Back 45

contains nuclear envelope, nucleoli, chromatin
*genetic library, dictates kinds & amts of substances synth

Front 46

Chromatin

Back 46

combo of histone proteins & DNA that are present in chromosome (we have 23 pairs of chromos)